基于气候变化的线性菲涅尔聚光系统能流密度分布规律

文章针对小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统设计了一套能流密度测试装置,研究了呼和浩特地区风沙大和纬度高等特点下系统能流密度的变化。结果表明:线性菲涅尔聚光系统的能流密度存在明显的季节性差异,夏季在11:00-15:00焦平面的平均能流密度较高,而春季和秋季在9:00-10:00和15:00-16:00焦平面上能流密度较高,冬季9:00-10:00的平均能流密度较高,夏季焦平面上的平均能流密度比冬季高2.27 kW/m^(2)。反射镜表面连续积尘54 d后,焦平面上的能流密度下降了62.7%,以镜面积尘密度作为量化指标发现,镜面积尘密度每增加1 g/m^(2),焦平面上的平均能流密度就会下降0.63 kW/m^(2)。该研究可为小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统在干旱高纬度地区运行维护提供数据参考。

Modeling and Performance Simulation of an Innovative Concept of Linear Fresnel Reflector based CSP System

Concentrating solar power technology is one of the most promising alternative energy technologies.In recent past,Linear Fresnel Reflector systems have received great attention and novel designs have been proposed keeping in view the objective to enhance its functionality and performance.For achieving the same objective,this study presents a novel concept where a conventional LFR is enclosed in a greenhouse called greenhouse-LFR.It was expected that such an enclosure can:(1)increase the incoming solar radiation,(2)further improve the overall efficiency due to simplified cleaning process and(3)reduce the capital cost for the construction of LFR support system.A complete thermal and optical analysis was presented for modeling and performance evaluation of the solar field of both conventional-LFR and novel greenhouse-LFR.Sets of non-linear equations for each system were solved using Newton-Raphson method.More detailed optical analysis was further performed for conventional-LFR considering the seasonal variations.The results concluded that the greenhouse-LFR is better than the conventional-LFR as it had higher efficiency and useful heat with lesser heat losses.For greenhouse-LFR,the maximum thermal efficiency was 73.2%whereas for conventional-LFR it was 37.2%.Also,there was an average increase of useful heat by 3 times in the month of February and 4.7 times in the month of September.SolTrace^(TM) analysis indicated significant spillage loss when a conventional-LFR was used without a secondary reflector or slight curvature of the mirrors.

Daily, monthly and annual thermal performance of a linear Fresnel reflector to drive an organic Rankine-cycle system

The organic Rankine cycle(ORC)coupled with a linear Fresnel reflector(LFR)utilizes a low-grade heat source.This article presents the study of a small-scale LFR-ORC power-generation plant under the climatic conditions of Almatret,Spain.The mathematical modelling is performed using thermodynamic equations and simulations are conducted to evaluate the optical performance of the LFR system and thermal performance of the ORC plant.Therminol-62 is used as a heat-transfer fluid(HTF)in the solar field,whereas NOVEC^(TM) 649 is used as the working fluid in the ORC power system.The LFR is integrated with a thermal-storage unit based on a two-tank system and stores the solar thermal energy via a heat exchanger.The thermal-energy output of the receiver tube of the LFR system is 108 kW and thermal losses are 7.872 kW during the peak time operation of a day at 1:00 p.m.The mechanical power output of the ORC turbine is 7.296 kW using the specific design conditions and the two-tank thermal-storage system adds 4 operation hours to the power plant after sunset.

用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC仿真研究

以用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC为研究对象,在Matlab环境下建立了数学模型。利用光线跟踪法对不同间隙、不同最大接受半角和不同截取比的CPC汇聚率进行仿真研究,结果表明用于线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的CPC对不同入射角光线具有特定的汇聚率,随着入射角的变化会出现极小值,极小值所对应的入射角仅与CPC最大接收半角相关,与截取比和间隙无关。仿真计算了间隙为50 mm、最大接受半角为45°、截取比为0.75的CPC汇聚率为80.15%。最后通过实验验证了仿真方法的有效性。

线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的镜场布置与优化

单根真空集热管和复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)组成的接收器(单管接收器)对线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的镜场布置有特殊要求。本文根据单管接收器的特点,提出了利用CPC最大接受半角控制镜场高宽比实现镜场无阴影布置的方法。利用几何关系推导了镜场无阴影布置的数学表达式,并给出了数值计算方法。通过算例,将一次反射镜和镜场中心的距离与镜场地面覆盖率相结合对镜场布置进行了优化。研究结果表明:对于CPC最大接受半角为45°、反射镜宽度为380mm、而反射镜列数为21的镜场,当系统无阴影工作时间确定为6h时,相邻一次反射镜间距最大为537mm较为合理,而此时地面覆盖率为73.28%。该方法对于单管接收器线性菲涅尔聚光镜场的布置具有普适性,对线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的设计具有较好的指导意义。

镜面积尘对线性菲涅尔镜场反射比及系统集热性能的影响

针对线性菲涅尔镜场镜面积尘所导致的聚光损失问题,建立镜场积尘数学模型,通过理论分析和试验测试,分析平面镜积尘遮挡机理及积尘前后相对反射比变化规律,实验测试积尘对不同波长太阳辐射的反射规律,以及积尘时间对系统反射比及热性能影响进行分析。结果表明:随着太阳入射角的增大,相对反射比呈递减趋势;随着积尘密度的增加,相对反射比降低;积尘密度为1 mg/cm2时,相对反射比由0.63降至0.24;在无降雨自然积尘10 d后,镜元相对反射比降低,系统瞬时集热效率降低29.37%;降雨使镜元积尘密度减小,但同时会使积尘形态发生变化,相对反射比降低,瞬时集热效率减小。

基于线聚焦菲涅耳透镜的空间聚光光伏系统特性的实验研究

对线聚焦菲涅耳透镜的空间聚光光伏系统的特性开展了实验研究,以期解决工程设计时多参数合理匹配和选择的问题。通过研制由菲涅耳透镜—单晶硅太阳电池光伏组件、太阳模拟器和测试设备组成的实验装置,开展了菲涅耳透镜失焦距离、聚光比和太阳电池短路电流、开路电压、最佳功率、填充因子、效率、温度等之间的关系以及不同失焦距离和不同太阳光线横向偏角对聚焦宽度的影响的实验测试和实验分析工作。研究结果表明:聚光太阳电池性能随短路电流和最佳功率的提高而提高,短路电流和最佳功率分别随聚光比的增加而近似呈线性增大,开路电压基本不随聚光比变化;失焦距离变化引起透镜聚焦宽度变化,进而影响电池表面辐射强度和有效聚光比,应控制失焦距离在可允许范围内;太阳电池串联电阻对聚光太阳电池工作性能存在不利影响,需尽可能选择低串联内阻、高填充因子的太阳电池;应保证聚光太阳电池具有良好的散热条件;太阳光线横向偏角会导致聚焦宽度变大、聚光比减小,并使聚焦光线偏离太阳电池,应控制横向偏角在规定范围内。研究结果为线聚焦菲涅耳透镜空间聚光光伏系统工程设计提供了技术支持。

太阳能热发电集热系统终端受限非线性模型预测控制

针对线性菲涅尔太阳能热发电集热系统的平稳性问题,提出了基于终端受限非线性模型预测控制(TLNMPC)策略。建立了系统预测模型;将终端约束条件转换为对控制量的约束条件,在模型预测滚动优化过程中加入粒子群(PSO)算法和梯度下降法形成混合寻优(PSOTLNMPC)算法;采用反馈校正修正模型预测值;按照不同的天气设定集热系统出口导热油温度目标曲线;采用MATLAB软件,通过TLNMPC算法和PSO-TLNMPC算法跟踪目标曲线,对比2种算法的控制效果。结果表明:在不同太阳辐射强度下,PSO-TLNMPC算法精度均较TLNMPC算法高,且滞后时间短,均方差显著小于TLNMPC。因此,PSO-TLNMPC算法跟踪误差小且控制精度高,控制效果优于TLNMPC算法。

用算符法处理衍射问题

本文用简单的算符法推导出在傍轴条件下描述光波传播过程的微分方程，然后用付氏变换求解，从中得到菲涅耳公式．

Comprehensive Review of Line-Focus Concentrating Solar Thermal Technologies: Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) vs Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)

In the present review,parabolic trough collector(PTC)and linear Fresnel reflector(LFR)are comprehensively and comparatively reviewed in terms of historical background,technological features,recent advancement,economic analysis and application areas.It is found that although PTC and LFR are both classified as mainstream line-focus concentrating solar thermal(CST)technologies,they are now standing at different stages of development and facing their individual opportunities and challenges.For PTC,the development is commercially mature with steady and reliable performance;therefore,extension of application is the main future demand.For LFR,the development is still in rapid progress to commercial maturity,yet indicating very promising potentials with high flexibility in novel designs and remarkable reduction in capital and operational costs.The question,which has to be answered in order to estimate the future perspectives of these two line-focus CST technologies,becomes which of these characteristics carries more weight or how to reach an optimal trade-off between them.

Influence of Dust Accumulation on the Solar Reflectivity of a Linear Fresnel Reflector

Solar reflecting and heat collecting systems are generally operated outdoors year-round,and the optical performance of the reflector is reduced by dust accumulation on the surface.In this study,the dust accumulation on a linear Fresnel reflector was investigated.The relative reflectivity of the mirror before and after dust accumulation and the physical and chemical characteristics of the dust were measured using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer,scanning electron microscope,and X-ray diffractometer.The results showed that the dust density on the mirror increased,and the relative reflectivity decreased with an increase in the dust accumulation time.During 48 days of dust accumulation,the average relative reflectivity decreased 9.4%for a 1 g/m^(2)increase in the dust density.Additionally,the dust density on the mirror increased while the relative reflectivity decreased with a decrease in the mirror tilt angle.The rate of decrease of the relative reflectivity was higher for the aluminum mirror than that of the silver mirror after dust accumulation.The main component of the dust particles in the test area was SiO_(2),and the particle size range of the dust was 0.9 um to 87µm.According to the physical and chemical properties of the dust and the shielding effect of the dust on the mirror,a model to predict the influence of natural dust accumulation on the relative reflectivity of the linear Fresnel reflector was proposed.The predicted results deviated about 1%from the test results.

线性菲涅尔单轴跟踪系统的设计与实现

针对能源需求不断提高、太阳能热发电日趋成熟的现状,设计了一种基于DSP TMS320F2812的线性菲涅尔单轴跟踪系统。给出了系统硬件的详细设计过程,提出了跟踪系统的控制算法,完成了对整个系统的控制,使线性菲涅尔镜场中反射镜能实时跟踪太阳,并将太阳光线反射到固定安装的吸收器上。经联机上电试验,验证了该跟踪控制系统设计方案的可行性,达到了设计的跟踪精度。

Optimization of solar thermal power station LCOE based on NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm

In view of the high cost of solar thermal power generation in China,it is difficult to realize large-scale production in engineering and industrialization.Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)is applied to optimize the levelling cost of energy(LCOE)of the solar thermal power generation system in this paper.Firstly,the capacity and generation cost of the solar thermal power generation system are modeled according to the data of several sets of solar thermal power stations which have been put into production abroad.Secondly,the NSGA-II genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm are applied to the optimization of the solar thermal power station LCOE respectively.Finally,for the linear Fresnel solar thermal power system,the simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the effects of different solar energy generation capacities,different heat transfer mediums and loan interest rates on the generation price.The results show that due to the existence of scale effect,the greater the capacity of the power station,the lower the cost of leveling and electricity,and the influence of the types of heat storage medium and the loan on the cost of leveling electricity are relatively high.

线性菲涅尔集热系统与地源热泵耦合供暖系统

以清洁化为目标、减少大气污染为立足点,结合太阳能及地热能两种清洁能源的资源特点及技术优势,提出线性菲涅尔集热系统与地源热泵耦合供暖系统。线菲集热系统承担基础热负荷,优先采用线菲集热系统供暖,地源热泵作为调峰热源。以我国西北地区某工业园区热源系统改造项目为依托,提出系统最优配置。

Solar Flux Measuring and Optical Efficiency Forecasting of the Linear Fresnel Reflector Concentrator after Dust Accumulation

The linear Fresnel reflector concentrator(LFRC)is widely used in the field of solar energy utilization due to its simple structure,low cost,and excellent wind resistance.Nevertheless,the LFRC operates outdoors all year round,and the dust accumulation on the mirror will reduce the optical efficiency of the system,so it needs to be perfected and improved.In this paper,a focal plane energy flux experimental device was designed to test the energy flux of the system under different dust accumulation times.The results indicate that,the dust density on the mirror increased and the energy flux on the focal plane decreased with increase of dust accumulation time.After undergoing dust accumulation for 35 days,the dust density on the mirror reached 4.33 g/m^(2)and the average energy flux on the focal plane decreased to 1.78 kW/m^(2).Additionally,the variation of reflectivity caused by dust accumulation on mirror was taken as the quantitative index,and a prediction model for the impact of dust on the optical efficiency of the system was proposed.The results will provide guidance for improving the optical efficiency of the LFRC.

Comparative Study on Heat Flux and Temperature Distribution Performance of Linear Fresnel Collector Based on Uniformity Index

Linear Fresnel collector system as main solar energy collecting technology is widely studied.The secondary reflector has significant influence on the heat flux distribution on the linear Fresnel collector.In this work,the heat flux and temperature distribution on linear Fresnel collector is compared with different secondary reflectors of simple trapezoidal concentrator,segmented parabolic concentrator and compound parabolic concentrator under varied incident ray angle.The uniformity index is applied to evaluate the Linear Fresnel reflector system heat flux distribution performance.The results show that the value of uniformity index increases with the increasing of incident ray angle.The compound parabolic concentrator has the highest value of uniformity index compared with simple trapezoidal concentrator and segmented parabolic concentrator in this work.The highest value of uniformity index is 0.8137 with compound parabolic concentrator.This work provides effective and practical guide to design and evaluate the secondary reflector in linear Fresnel reflector system.

菲涅尔太阳能集热器驱动的冷热电联供系统热力性能分析

为了提高冷热电联供系统的灵活性和热力学性能,将线性菲涅尔集热器、吸收式热泵、有机朗肯循环、地源热泵相结合,提出了一种基于线性菲涅尔太阳能集热器的新型冷热电联供系统。在EES软件中建立了提议系统和参考系统的热力学模型,将提议冷热电联供系统和参考系统的性能进行比较,并分析了一些关键参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明:该系统在设计工况下,一次能源利用率可达到78.04%,太阳能发电效率为8.2%,热电比为10.13;与参考系统相比,节约了一次能源11.8%,提高了系统满足用户负荷的灵活性;夏季辐照强度每增加100 W/m^(2),一次能源利用率约增加0.95%,太阳能发电效率增加2.73%;在热分配比为0.2时,系统一次能源利用率最大为80.5%;热电比随着辐照强度和热分配比的增大而减小,当热分配比增大0.4时,夏季系统热电比下降了86.2%,冬季热电比下降了84.9%。

Design and optimization of CSP power plants for Pakistan:a comparative study

Despite having very high solar irradiance,Pakistan still does not have any installed concentrated solar power(CSP)plant.Several studies have shown that multiple locations within the country are suitable for CSP plants,but there is limited availability of comprehensive comparative studies.Therefore,this article presents a comparative analysis of different CSP technologies in Pakistan,focusing on their potential to address the country’s energy crisis.The study evaluates the pros and cons of different CSP technologies at various locations through site assessment,modelling,optimization and economic analysis using the System Advisor Model.Quetta and Nawabshah were selected as the locations for modelling multiple scenarios of 100-MW plants,using central receiver systems,parabolic trough collectors and linear Fresnel reflectors.The plants were integrated with thermal energy storage and the storage capacity was optimized using parametric analysis.The results showed that a central receiver system for the location of Quetta was the most favourable option,with an annual energy yield of 622 GWh at 7.44 cents/kWh,followed by a central receiver system for Nawabshah(608 GWh,9.03 cents/kWh).This study is the first to show that switching between line-concentrated and point-concentrated CSP technologies can open new opportunities for sites in Pakistan with relatively high solar resources,resulting in a 21.3%reduction in the levelized cost.

线性菲涅尔式聚光系统单管接收器的设计与优化

接收器是决定线性菲涅尔式聚光集热系统光学效率的关键部件之一.设计了一种适用于高温介质(>500°C)的线性菲涅尔式聚光系统的接收器,由单根真空集热管和CPC组成,并重点研究了CPC最大接受半角和截取比选择对其性能的影响.研究结果表明:CPC汇聚率随最大接受半角的增大而缓慢增大;若截取比小于0.65,则CPC汇聚率急剧下降;最大接受半角为45°、截取比为0.75的CPC开口宽度为475.49 mm,汇聚率为80.15%;基于该CPC的系统光热效率为58.06%,由此得出CPC实际汇聚率高于78.42%.

细多管CPC线性菲涅耳聚光系统仿真及实验研究

线性菲涅耳聚光发电系统具有迎风面小、土地占有率高等优点,从而受到市场的青睐,但是聚光系统建造的高成本制约着其发展应用。针对上述问题,采用多个细集热管代替一个粗集热管的方式来解决,使复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)的总开口达到1118.79mm,一次反射镜的宽度达到831.81mm。同时本文对于该设计思路下的聚光系统进行了研究,得到CPC开口半角θ=45°较好,在工作时长6h内,照射在一次镜场中的光线进入CPC的比率均达到75%以上,瞬时进入率也高达75%以上,实验验证在夏天晴朗天气中午系统光学效率达到61%。