A Simple Theory of Asymmetric Linear Elasticity

Rotation is antisymmetric and therefore is not a coherent element of the classical elastic theory, which is characterized by symmetry. A new theory of linear elasticity is developed from the concept of asymmetric strain, which is defined as the transpose of the deformation gradient tensor to involve rotation as well as symmetric strain. The new theory basically differs from the prevailing micropolar theory or couple stress theory in that it maintains the same basis as the classical theory of linear elasticity and does not need extra concepts, such as “microrotation” and “couple stresses”. The constitutive relation of the new theory, the three-parameter Hooke’s law, comes from the theorem about isotropic asymmetric linear elastic materials. Concise differential equations of translational motion are derived consequently giving the same velocity formula for P-wave and a different one for S-wave. Differential equations of rotational motion are derived with the introduction of spin, which has an intrinsic connection with rotation. According to the new theory, S-wave essentially has rotation as large as deviatoric strain and should be referred to as “shear wave” in the context of asymmetric strain. There are nine partial differential equations for the deformation harmony condition in the new theory;these are given with the first spatial differentiations of asymmetric strain. Formulas for rotation energy, in addition to those for (symmetric) strain energy, are derived to form a complete set of formulas for the total mechanical energy.

A LOCKING-FREE ANISOTROPIC NONCONFORMING FINITE ELEMENT FOR PLANAR LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM

The main aim of this article is to study the approximation of a locking-free anisotropic nonconforming finite element for the pure displacement boundary value problem of planar linear elasticity. The optimal error estimates are obtained by using some novel approaches and techniques. The method proposed in this article is robust in the sense that the convergence estimates in the energy and L^2-norms are independent-of the Lame parameter λ.

SOME PROBLEMS FOR LINEAR ELASTIC SYSTEMS WITH DAMPING

In the present paper we investigate linear elastic systems with damping in Hilbert spaces, where A and B ars unbounded positive definite linear operators. We have obtained the most fundamental results for the holomorphic property and exponential stability of the semigroups associated with these systems via inclusion relation of the domains of A and B.

Implementing the Node Based Smoothed Finite Element Method as User Element in Abaqus for Linear and Nonlinear Elasticity

In this paper,the node based smoothed-strain Abaqus user element(UEL)in the framework of finite element method is introduced.The basic idea behind of the node based smoothed finite element(NSFEM)is that finite element cells are divided into subcells and subcells construct the smoothing domain associated with each node of a finite element cell[Liu,Dai and Nguyen-Thoi(2007)].Therefore,the numerical integration is globally performed over smoothing domains.It is demonstrated that the proposed UEL retains all the advantages of the NSFEM,i.e.,upper bound solution,overly soft stiffness and free from locking in compressible and nearly-incompressible media.In this work,the constant strain triangular(CST)elements are used to construct node based smoothing domains,since any complex two dimensional domains can be discretized using CST elements.This additional challenge is successfully addressed in this paper.The efficacy and robustness of the proposed work is obtained by several benchmark problems in both linear and nonlinear elasticity.The developed UEL and the associated files can be downloaded from https://github.com/nsundar/NSFEM.

C^1 natural element method for strain gradient linear elasticity and its application to microstructures

C^1 natural element method （C^1 NEM） is applied to strain gradient linear elasticity, and size effects on mi crostructures are analyzed. The shape functions in C^1 NEM are built upon the natural neighbor interpolation （NNI）, with interpolation realized to nodal function and nodal gradient values, so that the essential boundary conditions （EBCs） can be imposed directly in a Galerkin scheme for partial differential equations （PDEs）. In the present paper, C^1 NEM for strain gradient linear elasticity is constructed, and sev- eral typical examples which have analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the constructed method. In its application to microstructures, the size effects of bending stiffness and stress concentration factor （SCF） are studied for microspeciem and microgripper, respectively. It is observed that the size effects become rather strong when the width of spring for microgripper, the radius of circular perforation and the long axis of elliptical perforation for microspeciem come close to the material characteristic length scales. For the U-shaped notch, the size effects decline obviously with increasing notch radius, and decline mildly with increasing length of notch.

A linear elastic Ni_(50)Mn_(25)Ga_9Cu_(16) martensitic alloy

The linear elasticity was studied in a martens- tic alloy NisoMn25Ga9Cu16. A 0.4 % linear elastic strain is btained in the polycrystalline sample under compressive stress of 745 MPa. The elastic modulus is 186 GPa. The obtained linear elastic strain and elastic modulus are much higher than that of ternary Ni-Mn-Ga martensitic alloys.~.bstract The linear elasticity was studied in a martens- tic alloy NisoMn25Ga9Cu16. A 0.4 % linear elastic strain is ~btained in the polycrystalline sample under compressive stress of 745 MPa. The elastic modulus is 186 GPa. The obtained linear elastic strain and elastic modulus are much higher than that of ternary Ni-Mn-Ga martensitic alloys.

Probabilistic analysis of linear elastic cracked structures

This paper presents a probabilistic methodology for linear fracture mechanics analysis of cracked structures. The main focus is on probabilistic aspect related to the nature of crack in material. The methodology involves finite element analysis; sta- tistical models for uncertainty in material properties, crack size, fracture toughness and loads; and standard reliability methods for evaluating probabilistic characteristics of linear elastic fracture parameter. The uncertainty in the crack size can have a significant effect on the probability of failure, particularly when the crack size has a large coefficient of variation. Numerical example is presented to show that probabilistic methodology based on Monte Carlo simulation provides accurate estimates of failure prob- ability for use in linear elastic fracture mechanics.

On plane Λ-fractional linear elasticity theory

Non-local plane elasticity problems are discussed in the context of Λ-fractional linear elasticity theory. Adapting the Λ-fractional derivative along with the Λ-fractional space, where geometry and mechanics are valid in the conventional way, non-local plane elasticity problems are solved with the help of biharmonic functions. Then, the results are transferred into the initial plane.Applications are presented to homogeneous and the fractional beam bending problem.

Quasi-optimal complexity of adaptive finite element method for linear elasticity problems in two dimensions

This paper introduces an adaptive finite element method （AFEM） using the newest vertex bisection and marking exclusively according to the error estimator without special treatment of oscillation. By the combination of the global lower bound and the localized upper bound of the posteriori error estimator, perturbation of oscillation, and cardinality of the marked element set, it is proved that the AFEM is quasi-optimal for linear elasticity problems in two dimensions, and this conclusion is verified by the numerical examples.

Surface Waves in the Half-Plane Linear Elasticity

Rayleigh waves in the two-dimensional half-plane linear elasticity were investigated. First, the solutions of the equations of motion of linear elasticity were generalized, which has been studied by Lord Rayleigh. Then the explicit formula with different decay rates was also obtained. Secondly, by the free boundary conditions, the secular equation is derived. It is shown that some Rayleigh waves with different decay rates does exist.

THE RECIPROCAL THEOREM AND LINEAR ELASTIC VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES

In this paper classical linear elastic variational principles are systematically derivedfrom the reciprocal theorem and mixed variational principles of variations of boundaryconditions are given.

The Direct Method of Lines for Forward and Inverse Linear Elasticity Problems of Composite Materials in Star-shaped Domains

In this paper,we generalize the direct method of lines for linear elasticity problems of composite materials in star-shaped domains and consider its application to inverse elasticity problems.We assume that the boundary of the star-shaped domain can be described by an explicit C 1 parametric curve in the polar coordinate.We introduce the curvilinear coordinate,in which the irregular star-shaped domain is converted to a regular semi-infinite strip.The equations of linear elasticity are discretized with respect to the angular variable and we solve the resulting semidiscrete approximation analytically using a direct method.The eigenvalues of the semi-discrete approximation converge quickly to the true eigenvalues of the elliptic operator,which helps capture the singularities naturally.Moreover,an optimal error estimate of our method is given.For the inverse elasticity problems,we determine the Lam´e coefficients from measurement data by minimizing a regularized energy functional.We apply the direct method of lines as the forward solver in order to cope with the irregularity of the domain and possible singularities in the forward solutions.Several numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness and accuracy of our method for both forward and inverse elasticity problems of composite materials.

A New Locking-Free Virtual Element Method for Linear Elasticity Problems

This paper devises a new lowest-order conforming virtual element method(VEM)for planar linear elasticity with the pure displacement/traction boundary condition.The main trick is to view a generic polygon K as a new one K with additional vertices consisting of interior points on edges of K,so that the discrete admissible space is taken as the V1 type virtual element space related to the partition{K}instead of{K}.The method is proved to converge with optimal convergence order both in H^(1)and L^(2)norms and uniformly with respect to the Lam´e constantλ.Numerical tests are presented to illustrate the good performance of the proposed VEM and confirm the theoretical results.

A family of symmetric mixed finite elements for linear elasticity on tetrahedral grids

A family of stable mixed finite elements for the linear elasticity on tetrahedral grids are constructed,where the stress is approximated by symmetric H(div)-Pk polynomial tensors and the displacement is approximated by C-1-Pk-1polynomial vectors,for all k 4.The main ingredients for the analysis are a new basis of the space of symmetric matrices,an intrinsic H(div)bubble function space on each element,and a new technique for establishing the discrete inf-sup condition.In particular,they enable us to prove that the divergence space of the H(div)bubble function space is identical to the orthogonal complement space of the rigid motion space with respect to the vector-valued Pk-1polynomial space on each tetrahedron.The optimal error estimate is proved,verified by numerical examples.

QUADRILATERAL FINITE ELEMENTS FOR PLANAR LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM WITH LARGE LAME CONSTANT

In this paper, we discuss the quadrilateral, finite element approximation to the two-dimensional linear elasticity problem associated with a homogeneous isotropic elastic material. The optimal convergence of the finite element method is proved for both the L-2-norm and energy-norm, and in particular, the convergence is uniform with respect to the Lame constant lambda. Also the performance of the scheme does not deteriorate as the material becomes nearly incompressible, Numerical experiments are given which are consistent with our theory.

Hybridized weak Galerkin finite element method for linear elasticity problem in mixed form

A hybridization technique is applied to the weak Galerkin finite element method （WGFEM） for solving the linear elasticity problem in mixed form. An auxiliary function, the Lagrange multiplier defined on the boundary of elements, is introduced in this method. Consequently, the computational costs are much lower than the standard WGFEM. Optimal order error estimates are presented for the approximation scheme. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical results.

A WEAK GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE LINEAR ELASTICITY PROBLEM IN MIXED FORM

In this paper, we use the weak Galerkin （WG） finite element method to solve the mixed form linear elasticity problem. In the mixed form, we get the discrete of proximation of the stress tensor and the displacement field. For the WG methods, we define the weak function and the weak differential operator in an optimal polynomial approximation spaces. The optimal error estimates are given and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and the accuracy of the weak Galerkin finite element method.

Linearized Double-Shock Approximate Riemann Solver for Augmented Linear Elastic Solid

In this work,in order to capture discontinuities correctly in linear elastic solid,augmented internal energy is defined according to the first law of thermodynamics and Hooke’s law.The non-conservative linear elastic system is then rewritten into a conservative form with the help of an augmented total energy equation.We find that the non-physical oscillations occur to the popular HLL and HLLC approximate Riemann solvers when directly applied to simulate the augmented linear elastic solid.We analyze the intrinsic reason by defining a discrepancy factor which can be used to estimate the difference of the total stress across a contact discontinuity,where it is physically required to be continuous.We discover that non-physical oscillations inevitably appear in the vicinity of the contact discontinuity if this factor is away from zero for an approximate Riemann problem solver.In order to overcome this difficulty,we propose an approximate Riemann solver based on the linearized double-shock technique.Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that in comparison to the HLL and HLLC approximate Riemann solvers,the present linearized double-shock Riemann solver can eliminate the non-physical oscillations effectively.

Matrix-Free Higher-Order Finite Element Method for Parallel Simulation of Compressible and Nearly-Incompressible Linear Dedicated to Professor Karl Stark Pister for his 95th birthday Elasticity on Unstructured Meshes

Higher-order displacement-based finite element methods are useful for simulating bending problems and potentially addressing mesh-locking associated with nearly-incompressible elasticity,yet are computationally expensive.To address the computational expense,the paper presents a matrix-free,displacement-based,higher-order,hexahedral finite element implementation of compressible and nearly-compressible(ν→0.5)linear isotropic elasticity at small strain with p-multigrid preconditioning.The cost,solve time,and scalability of the implementation with respect to strain energy error are investigated for polynomial order p=1,2,3,4 for compressible elasticity,and p=2,3,4 for nearly-incompressible elasticity,on different number of CPU cores for a tube bending problem.In the context of this matrix-free implementation,higher-order polynomials(p=3,4)generally are faster in achieving better accuracy in the solution than lower-order polynomials(p=1,2).However,for a beam bending simulation with stress concentration(singularity),it is demonstrated that higher-order finite elements do not improve the spatial order of convergence,even though accuracy is improved.

SPLITTING EXTRAPOLATIONS FOR SOLVING BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF LINEAR ELASTICITY DIRICHLET PROBLEMS ON POLYGONS BY MECHANICAL QUADRATURE METHODS

Taking hm as the mesh width of a curved edge Гm （m = 1, ..., d ） of polygons and using quadrature rules for weakly singular integrals, this paper presents mechanical quadrature methods for solving BIES of the first kind of plane elasticity Dirichlet problems on curved polygons, which possess high accuracy O（h0^3） and low computing complexities. Since multivariate asymptotic expansions of approximate errors with power hi^3 （i = 1, 2, ..., d） are shown, by means of the splitting extrapolations high precision approximations and a posteriori estimate are obtained.