Nuclear Fuel Cell Calculation Using Collision Probability Method with Linear Non Flat Flux Approach

Nuclear fuel cell calculation is one of the most complicated steps of neutron transport problems in the reactor core. A few numerical methods use neutron flat flux (FF) approximation to solve this problem. In this approach, neutron flux spectrum is assumed constant in each region. The solution of neutron transport equation using collision probability (CP) method based on non flat flux (NFF) approximation by introducing linear spatial distribution function implemented to a simple cylindrical annular cell has been carried out. In this concept, neutron flux spectrum in each region is different each other because of an existing of the spatial function. Numerical calculation of the neutron flux in each region of the cell using NFF approach shows a fairly good agreement compared to those calculated using existing SRAC code and FF approach. Moreover, calculation of the neutron flux in each region of the nuclear fuel cell using NFF approach needs only 6 meshes which give equivalent result when it is calculated using 24 meshes in FF approach. This result indicates that NFF approach is more efficient to be used to calculate the neutron flux in the regions of the cell than FF approach.

Dynamic linear calibration method for a wide range neutron flux monitor system in ITER

As a key part of the diagnosis system in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER),the neutron flux monitor(NFM),which measures the neutron intensity of the fusion reaction,is a Counting-Campbelling system with a large dynamic counting range.A dynamic linear calibration method is proposed in this paper to solve the problem of cross-over between the different counting and Campbelling channels,and improve the accuracy of the cross-calibration for long-term operation.The experimental results show that the NFM system with the dynamic linear calibration system can obtain the neutron flux of the fusion reactor in real time and realize the seamless measurement area connection between the two channels.

基于一阶线性自抗扰控制器的同步磁阻电机无速度传感器控制

同步磁阻电机在实现无速度传感器控制时出现交叉耦合效应,导致dq轴电感随着电流发生非线性变化,转速环使用传统PI控制器已无法满足系统较强的抗扰性能和较高的转子位置估计精度。为了改善此问题,该文提出一阶线性自抗扰控制器的同步磁阻电机无速度传感器控制策略,利用其机械运动状态方程,将同步磁阻电机的交叉耦合效应及负载扰动变化视为扰动。首先通过扩张状态观测器对负载扰动快速观测并进行前馈补偿,以此来提高系统抗扰性;其次利用静止实验法,得到dq轴磁链与电流的非线性函数模型,将该模型运用至磁链观测器中,以减小交叉耦合效应,提高转子位置估计精度;最后在1.5 kW的同步磁阻电机对拖加载实验平台上进行实验,验证了该控制方案的有效性。

横向磁通永磁直线电机电磁振动特性分析

横向磁通永磁直线电机的电负荷与磁负荷相互解耦,且各相之间相互解耦,易于实现模块化和多相化,因此在石油开采领域有着良好的应用前景。首先,该文基于磁场调制原理,对横向磁通永磁直线电机的径向电磁力波进行了推导计算,得出对径向电磁力波影响最大的因素为轴向气隙磁通密度分量与径向气隙磁通密度分量,在此基础上对径向电磁力波的时空特性与频谱特性进行仿真计算,得出电枢磁通密度对电机径向电磁力波的频谱特性的影响;然后,考虑到电机实际运行中可能出现的次级偏心问题,揭示偏心度的大小对径向电磁力波幅值的影响,并对比不同偏心度下的电机径向磁拉力与轴向磁拉力,定量分析偏心度对不平衡磁拉力的影响;最后,为避免共振,利用有限元软件对电机的初级进行了模态分析与谐响应分析,结果表明低速状态下横向磁通永磁直线电机的额定运行频率较低,不会引起初级的共振,适合用作往复式潜油电泵的驱动电机。

电励磁磁通切换直线磁悬浮电动机的电磁力分析

以用于轨道交通牵引系统的电励磁磁通切换直线磁悬浮同步电动机(EEFSLMSM)为研究对象。首先分析了EEFSLMSM的结构,并对该电机的运行原理及其电磁推力与悬浮力产生的原理进行了研究。其次,建立了EEFSLMSM的数学模型,推导了该电机的电压、磁链方程以及电磁推力、悬浮力的数学表达式。然后,通过Ansys Maxwell分析了EEFSLMSM的磁场分布和空载反电动势波形,并对电机的调磁能力进行了研究。最后,通过Ansys有限元计算分析,得出了电磁推力、悬浮力和电枢电流以及励磁电流之间的关系。研究结果验证了EEFSLMSM运行的可行性,为牵引及悬浮一体化的设计提供了理论参考。

六相横向磁场磁通切换直线磁悬浮电机温度场有限元分析

以用于轨道交通的六相横向磁场磁通切换直线磁悬浮电机(SPTMFFSLMSM)为研究对象。该电机电枢绕组、励磁绕组以及永磁体都在动子铁心上,可同时实现牵引、悬浮与导向。由于SPTMFFSLMSM结构特殊,因此电机散热比较困难,极易引起电机的温升,从而影响电机的运行特性。为解决动子铁心温升严重的问题,设计了一套冷却系统,确保电机正常运行。首先,根据电机的结构建立了三维稳态温度场数学模型,并推导出边界条件;然后,确定电机内部各种材料的热参数,对电机的热源和损耗进行分析,计算得到对应的生热率;最后,采用三维有限元法分析电机在自然散热和强迫水冷下的温度场,并对比两种散热方式下的温度分布。结果表明采用水冷装置降低了动子铁心的温度,验证了所设计冷却系统的有效性和可行性。

基于LADRC和非线性磁链观测器的PMSM无感控制方法

针对永磁同步电机基于反电势的传统无感控制方法、传统PI控制算法和传统自抗扰控制算法的不足,提出了一种将线性自抗扰技术(LADRC)和非线性磁链观测器相结合的永磁同步电机无感控制方法。该方法无需知道转子速度信息,从而消除了涉及速度估计误差所带来的一系列复杂问题,并且解决了PI控制算法灵活性不足,抗扰性能较差和传统自抗扰控制器(ADRC)参数较多且整定困难的问题。推导了非线性磁链观测器和线性自抗扰控制的原理,建立了磁链观测器和一阶速度LADRC的模型。通过非线性磁链观测器对电机的转速和转子位置进行观测,自抗扰速度调节器将观测结果的变化进行在线估算并自适应补偿,提高了系统的动静态性能。仿真及实验结果验证了所提方法的可行性和优越性。

基于FLUX的直线电机建模及仿真分析

通过FLUX软件,建立了直线电机的参数化模型,详细阐述了参数化建模的过程。采用有限元方法对直线电机电磁场进行仿真分析,得到直线电机的仿真结果,并对此结果进行了简要说明,指出了参数化建模的优点,仿真结果可以用来指导该类电机的发展研究。

Virtual Speed Sensorless Desired Control Strategy of Maglev Single-sided Linear Induction Motors

单边短初级长次级直线感应电机己普遍应用于低速磁悬浮的驱动系统。由于在动态纵向边端效应影响下等效电路不对称，单边直线感应电机（single-sided linear inductionmotor，SLIM）的一些参数非线性变化。传统的应用于旋转电机的无速度传感器方法不再适用。首先分析了SLIM的M／T轴等效电路，选择次级磁链作为速度观测器状态变量。根据李雅普诺夫系统稳定性判据，推导出适用于SLIM的无速度传感器辨识；然后，采用反馈广义积分观测器控制稳态辨识速度的双幅脉振幅值；引入虚拟期望变量（virtualdesiredvariable，VDV）法，利用估算速度参与SLIM的恒滑差频率矢量控制。仿真与实验对所提控制算法的有效性和实用性进行了验证，所得结论可为磁悬浮的无速度传感器控制提供参考。

A novel hyper-cube shrink algorithm to predict metabolic fluxes based on enzyme activity only

OBJECTIVE One of the long-expected goals of genome-scale metabolic modeling is to evaluate the influence of the perturbed enzymes to the yield of an expected end product.METHDOS Metabolic control analysis(MCA)performs such role to calculate the sensitivity of flux change upon that of enzymes under the framework of ordinary differential equation(ODE)models,which are restricted in small-scale networks and require explicit kinetic parameters.The constraint-based models,like flux balance analysis(FBA),lack of the room of performing MCA because they are parameters-free.In this study,we developed a hyper-cube shrink algorithm(HCSA)to incorporate the enzymatic properties to the FBA model by introducing a pair of parameters for each reaction.Our algorithm was able to handle not only prediction of knockout strains but also strains with an adjustment of expression level of certain enzymes.RESULTS We first showed the concept by applying HCSA to a simplest three-nodes network.Then we show the HCSA possesses Michaelis-Menten like behaviors characterized by steady state of ODE.We obtained good prediction of a synthetic network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing voilacein and analogues.Finally we showed its capability of predicting the flux distribution in genome-scale networks by applying it to sporulation in yeast.CONCLUSION We have developed an algorithm the impact on fluxes when certain enzymes were inhibited or activated.It provides us a powerful tool to evaluate the consequences of enzyme inhibitor or activator.

Interaction of elementary waves of scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux function

In this paper, the Riemann solutions for scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux function were constructed. The interactions of elementary waves of the conservation laws were concerned, and the numerical simulations were given.

Flux在直流永磁直线电机电磁场分析中的应用

针对直流永磁直线电机电磁场的特点,对其电磁场模型进行简化,应用Flux有限元分析软件,探索出快速求解电磁场参数的方法,为电机性能计算提供可靠的数据支持。通过实际工程应用,证明Flux有限元分析软件在直流永磁直线电机电磁场分析中的应用是简便、可靠的。

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER SOUTHERN CHINA

The spatio-temporal variation of surface sensible heat flux(SHF) in southern China(SC) is studied based on the data evaluated from conventional observational meteorological data.There exist prominent increasing trends in all seasonal surface sensible heat fluxes in the western SC and decreasing trends in the central-eastern part of southern China.The variations of surface sensible heat flux in all seasons are dominant on interannual time-scales.The land-air temperature difference and the near-surface wind speed are two key factors for the interannual variations of SHF,but the former is more important.The first two major anomalous patterns of SHF are presented as the region-wide in-phase anomalies and the east-west dipole anomalies,respectively,based on the EOF analysis results.

基于气候变化的线性菲涅尔聚光系统能流密度分布规律

文章针对小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统设计了一套能流密度测试装置,研究了呼和浩特地区风沙大和纬度高等特点下系统能流密度的变化。结果表明:线性菲涅尔聚光系统的能流密度存在明显的季节性差异,夏季在11:00-15:00焦平面的平均能流密度较高,而春季和秋季在9:00-10:00和15:00-16:00焦平面上能流密度较高,冬季9:00-10:00的平均能流密度较高,夏季焦平面上的平均能流密度比冬季高2.27 kW/m^(2)。反射镜表面连续积尘54 d后,焦平面上的能流密度下降了62.7%,以镜面积尘密度作为量化指标发现,镜面积尘密度每增加1 g/m^(2),焦平面上的平均能流密度就会下降0.63 kW/m^(2)。该研究可为小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统在干旱高纬度地区运行维护提供数据参考。

High Efficiency LSM with High Flux Density for Transportation

A new linear synchronous motor (LSM) with permanent magnet (PM) is proposed to develop a linear motor for transportation with high efficiency. The LSM has very high air-gap flux density beyond the remanent magnetization of rare earth PM, which is generated by a special field structure with rare earth PM. Two PMs are arranged to form a triangle over each pole to concentrate the flux of PMs. The maximum value of air-gap flux density is limited to the magnetic saturated value in the core of field and armature, respectively, which is about 2T. The configuration is insusceptible to armature reaction because of large equivalent magnetic resistance in the flux path. The characteristics are analyzed using a two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) considering the core material. For high air-gap flux density and small armature reaction, the very high thrust density beyond the conventional maximum value of 100kN/m2 can be obtained. Using normal thrust density with small magneto-motive force (mmf) of armature, this LSM has efficiency and power factor that are as high as or higher than a rotational motor.

Understanding the Local Carbon Fluxes Variations and Their Relationship to Climate Conditions in a Sub-Humid Savannah-Ecosystem during 2008-2015: Case of Lamto in Cote d’Ivoire

The temporal variations of the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), the Total Ecosystem Respiration (TER) and the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), and their responses to meteorological conditions (e.g. temperature, radiative flux and precipitation) at Lamto, in wet savannah region across C?te d’Ivoire are analyzed using GFED-CASA and daily meteorological data recorded over the 2008-2015 period. The study shows the links between these carbon fluxes and climate variability at Lamto that is subject to high anthropogenic pressures and seasonal bushfires. The correlative statistics from multiple regression methods were used to assess the different relationships and show how they change in time. The results show important seasonal variability in the Gross Primary Productivity and the Total Ecosystem Respiration mainly associated with the changes in temperature and radiative flux. In addition, the statistical analysis suggests a high correlation between meteorological conditions and the GPP and TER. These climatic conditions may explain 83% and 79% of the variances of GPP and TER respectively. Moreover, the interannual variability of the Net Ecosystem Exchange indicates that around Lamto, in the subhumid savannah, the ecosystem behaves as a carbon sink similar to other West African ecosystems. On the other hand, there is no clear link between the NEE and temperature, radiative flux and precipitation. This lack of connection may suggest a limited response of the NEE interannual dynamics related to the changes in climatic features.

混合励磁双凸极电机电磁转矩非线性模型建模

针对混合励磁双凸极电机磁路饱和特性对电磁转矩的影响,提出一种具有几何意义的电磁转矩非线性计算模型。首先利用有限元电磁模型计算了磁链分布,提出磁链梯度的概念,根据磁共能原理,推导出电磁转矩的积分表达式,描述了其几何含义;然后仿真验证了所推导公式的正确性,并分别求解出满足恒转矩运行和最大转矩运行时的电枢电流波形,实现了电机在一定转子角度内的恒转矩输出和最大转矩输出;为便于实现方波控制,对方波电枢电流的波形参数进行优化,实现电机在方波电流下的最大转矩输出。经仿真验证,提出的混合励磁双凸极电机电磁转矩非线性模型具有计算准确、简单直观、便于应用的特点,为混合励磁双凸极电机设计提供参考。

一种改进的高铁牵引变流器反馈线性化控制策略

针对车网系统存在的低频振荡现象,提出一种结合虚拟磁链和滑模观测器的反馈线性化虚拟惯量控制策略,在减少传感器数量的同时,提高系统的鲁棒性。首先,该文分析现有积分器的缺点,提出改进的虚拟磁链观测器,在消除直流偏置影响的同时可以进行滤波;然后,阐述所提控制策略的推导过程,包括反馈线性化控制、滑模观测器、虚拟惯量控制以及虚拟磁链观测器的设计;最后,在Simulink和硬件在环仿真平台中建立车网系统仿真模型,将该文所提控制方式与传统dq控制以及基于滑模观测器的反馈线性化虚拟惯量控制方式进行对比。仿真和实验结果表明,所提控制策略具有更好的静态和动态特性,能有效地抑制低频振荡的发生。

横向磁场电励磁磁通切换磁悬浮直线电机温度场有限元分析

研究用于轨道交通的横向磁场电励磁磁通切换磁悬浮直线电机特殊结构下的温升问题,设计冷却系统以保证电机正常运行。分析电机的结构和运行原理,建立了三维稳态温度场数学模型,并推导出边界条件方程。考虑电机各部分热交换的情况,确定各材料的导热系数以及电机不同部分的对流换热系数。通过有限元方法计算出电机的铜损耗与铁损耗,并求出相应的生成热。利用三维有限元法对电机不同工况下的温度场进行计算,得到了电机铁心、电枢、励磁绕组的温度场分布情况。最后,设计冷却系统,比较自然风冷和强制水冷的温度分布,证明该冷却系统装置的可行性和合理性。