Effect of temperature field on flashes formation of continuous drive friction welding

On basis of the finite element software DEFORM, the 2D coupled thermo-mechanical model of continuous drive friction welding of ring parts is established. The temperature and the flashes during the welding process are investigated. The results of numerical simulation show that the temperature of friction surface is higher than that of other region and the peak temperature increases with the increase of welding time. During the process of friction stage, no flash appears because of the low temperature and the small axial friction pressure. At the forging stage, the flashes appear, whose dimensions and bending degree increase with the increase of welding temperature. Moreover, with the increase of rotational velocity and axial forging pressure, the dimensions and the bending degree of flashes of continuous drive friction welding increase.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD ON FLASH BUTT WELDING FOR HIGH MANGANESE STEELS

An axial symmetry finite element model coupled with electricity-thermal effect was developed to study the temperature field distribution in process of the flash butt welding （FBW） of frog highmanganese steel. The influence of temperature dependent material properties and the contact resistance were taken into account in FEM ＇simulation. Meanwhile, the lost materials due to .splutter was resolved by using birth and death element. The result of analyzing data shows that the moddel in the FBW flashing is reasonable and feasible, and can exactly simulate the temperature field distribution. The modeling provides reference for analysis of welding technologies on the temperature field of high-manganese steel in FBW.

THE COUPLED FEM ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE FIELD DURING INERTIA FRICTION WELDING OF GH4169 ALLOY

The inertia friction welding process is a non-linear process because of the interaction between the temperature field and the material properties as well as the friction force. A thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model is established to simulate the temperature field of this process. The transient temperature distribution during the inertia friction welding process of two similar workpieces of GH4169 alloy is calculated. The region of the circular cross-section of the workpiece is divided into a number of four-nodded isoparametric elements. In this model, the temperature dependent thermal properties, time dependent heat inputs, contact condition of welding interface, and deformation of the flash were considered. At the same time, the convection and radiation heat losses at the surface of the workpieces were also considered. A temperature data acquisition system was developed. The temperature at some position near the welding interface was measured using this system. The calculated temperature agrees well with the experimental data. The deformation of the flash and the factor affecting the temperature distribution at the welding interface are also discussed.

Artificial-neural-network-based storage method for three-dimensional temperature field data during friction stir welding

In this paper,a new storage method for the three-dimensional temperature field data based on artificial neural network(ANN)was proposed.A multilayer perceptron that takes the coordinate(x,y,z)as inputs and temperature T as output,is used to fit the three-dimension-al welding temperature field.Effect of number of ANN layers and number of neurons on the fitting errors is investigated.It is found that the errors decrease with the number of hidden layers and neural numbers per layers generally.When the number of hidden layers increases from 1 to 6,the maximum temperature error decreases from 74.74℃to less than 2℃.The three-dimensional temperature field data is obtained by finite element simulation,and the experimental verification is completed by comparing the simulation peak temperatures with the measured results.As an example,an ANN with 4 hidden layers and 12 neurons in each layer were applied to test the performance of the proposed method in storage of the three-dimensional temperature field data during friction stir welding.It is found that the average error between the temperature data stored in ANN and the original simulation data that stored point-by-point is 0.517℃,and the error on the maximum temper-ature is 0.193℃,while the occupied disk space is only 0.27%of that is required in the conventional point-by-point storage.

Effect of Rotation Speed on Temperature Field and Axial Shortening of Inertia Friction Welded GH4169 Joints by Numerical Simulation

A 2D finite element model was established for inertia friction welding of GH4169 nickel-base superalloy based on the ABAQUS environment.The remeshing and map solution techniques were adopted to solve the problem of element distortion.The effect of rotation speed on the temperature field and axial shortening of joints was investigated.The results show that the interface temperature increases rapidly to higher than 900℃within 1s.And then,it increases slowly to a quasi-stable value.The axial shortening begins to augment quickly when a uniform interface temperature field has formed and the plasticized material is extruded from the interface to form an obvious flash.The rotation speed of the flywheel controls the welding process and has a significant influence on the temperature evolution and axial shortening of joints.

Flashes formation and evaluation during linear friction welding of TC4 alloy

By the 3D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model of linear friction welding of TC4 titanium alloy, the relation between the temperature and the flashes is researched. The numerical simulation results show that the flashes with the wrinkles appear only when the temperature of material in the friction surface is high enough. The flashes, which are made up of material with high temperature, are squeezed out of the component. The appearance of flashes makes the temperature of material in the friction susface slowly increase or even decrease. Compared with the oscillation frequency and the oscillation amplitude, the friction pressure＇ s increase can mare easily attain the flashes with the bigger dimensionz.

Strengthening mechanism and forming control of linear friction welded GH4169 alloy joints

Numerical simulation and experimental research on Linear Friction Welding(LFW) for GH4169 superalloy were carried out. Based on the joint microstructure and mechanical properties,a suitable welding process was determined, which provided an important theoretical basis for the manufacture and repair of aeroengine components such as the superalloy blisk. The results show that the joint strain rate gradually increases with the increase of welding frequency, and the deformation resistance of the thermoplastic metal increases in the welding process, resulting in the interface thermoplastic metal not being extruded in time to form a flash, so the joint shortening amount gradually decreases. The thermoplastic metal in the center of the welding surface is kept at high welding temperature for a long time, resulting in the decrease of the joint strength. The microhardness of the joint shows a “W” distribution perpendicular to the weld, and most of the joints break in the Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone(TMAZ) with high tensile strength and low elongation.When the welding area is increased without changing the aspect ratio of the welding surface, the interface peak temperature increases gradually, and the joint shortening amount decreases with the increase of the welding interface size.

AA2195-AZ31B搅拌摩擦焊温度与残余应力场的数值模拟

针对AA2195铝锂合金和AZ31B镁合金,基于耦合欧拉拉格朗日(coupled eulerian-lagrangian,CEL)方法,结合有限元分析软件Abaqus,建立了搅拌摩擦焊对接过程的有限元模型。同时,对焊接过程中的动态温度场及焊后残余应力场的分布进行了研究。结果表明:焊缝区域应力以纵向应力为主,最大残余应力在AA2195铝锂合金侧。垂直于焊缝的截面纵向应力呈“M”形分布,最大值约为220 MPa,双峰之间存在倒“V”形。焊接过程中温度变化趋势与应力循环曲线负相关。此外,针对2 mm厚的AA2195铝锂合金和AZ31B镁合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊试验,用盲孔法对焊后残余应力进行测试,验证了模型的准确性。

差厚铝合金2024∕7075搅拌摩擦焊的温度场数值模拟

利用Abaqus有限元软件,建立差厚7075和2024铝合金的有限元模型和改进热源模型,进行模拟搅拌摩擦焊的焊接过程,分析了不同厚度比的温度分布,以及对焊核区和热力影响区的宽度变化的影响,并验证了所建模型应用的可行性。结果表明,铝合金焊件中的温度峰值随着厚度比的变化而改变,且温度在铝合金板上呈不对称的倒“V”形分布,板材上的温度峰值随着板材厚度变大而减小。焊接过程中温度越高焊件上的热力影响区就越宽。较大的厚度比会使得焊件的热力影响区宽度和焊核区宽度偏大。模拟得到的温度值和试验数据比较,两者的误差在8%以内,验证了模型的可行性。

材料流动对连续驱动摩擦焊飞边形成的影响

在建立了45钢环形结构件连续驱动摩擦焊的二维热力耦合有限元模型的基础上,研究了焊接过程中的温度场与材料流动对飞边形成的影响规律.结果表明,在摩擦阶段,材料主要沿轴向流动,而径向流动基本上为0;在顶锻阶段,在大的轴向顶锻压力的挤压作用下,摩擦面边缘及其附近的材料主要沿径向向摩擦面外流动并形成飞边,且飞边的尺寸与弯曲程度随焊接时间的增加而增加.同时,增加旋转频率以及轴向顶锻压力会导致飞边尺寸与弯曲程度的增加;基于飞边形貌给出了45钢环节结构件连续驱动摩擦焊的合理焊接工艺参数.

热量自适应搅拌摩擦焊热源模型

当前采用的温度场热源数值模型在准确表征焊接过程材料性能和产热机制与温度变化关系上存在困难。依据摩擦学原理,以材料屈服强度ReL为产热基本参数建立新型热源模型,产热量随温度、材料性能改变,实现搅拌摩擦焊产热自适应过程,更准确地描述了搅拌摩擦焊过程物理现象的本质。温度场试验与模拟结果的比较表明,该热量自适应热源模型具有较高的计算精度。

GH4169高温合金惯性摩擦焊接温度场的数值模拟

根据惯性摩擦焊接过程的特点,结合摩擦学理论在研究了摩擦焊接摩擦面生热变化规律的基础上,建立了一个基于二维轴对称的有限元法传热计算模型。利用该模型可以模拟计算惯性摩擦焊接瞬态温度场的分布。并对同质材料GH4169-GH4169焊接进行了实例计算。用热电偶点焊在工件的表面的方法对GH4169-GH4169焊接过程中的温度变化进行了计算机实时多点测量。结果证实:计算结果与试验数据符合良好。从而该模型可为进一步研究惯性摩擦焊接应力场、应变场和缩短量以及优化焊接工艺参数提供有效的依据。

45钢线性摩擦焊接过程的数值分析

基于Abaqus/Explicit显式有限元分析软件,建立了线性摩擦焊接同质接头的二维计算模型,研究了线性摩擦焊接45钢接头温度场、应力应变场、轴向缩短量和焊接后期接头的降温过程.结果表明,焊接界面中心温度可在不到1s内骤升至800℃,之后界面温度缓慢上升至900℃左右,随着焊接过程的进行,焊接接头主要是温度场的均匀化、不断的轴向缩短和飞边的形成,随后接头经历了较快的降温过程.试验验证了计算模型的可靠性.

2A14-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接温度场研究

搅拌摩擦焊接过程的温度场分布对焊接接头质量有非常重要的影响。本文应用ANSYS有限元分析软件对2A14-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程的温度场进行数值模拟,研究了焊接过程试板表面和厚度方向温度分布特征。运用热电偶测温技术对试板特征点进行温度测量,分析各特征点温度变化规律,同时验证了模拟的正确性。

TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的数值模拟

根据摩擦做功原理,建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程热输入数值模型,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,采用移动热源分步加载的方法,模拟出厚度为4 mm的TC4钛合金板对接过程中的瞬态温度场分布和各特征点的温度变化曲线。结果表明:TC4钛合金在焊接过程中整体温度场分布呈前面小后面大的椭圆形;达到准稳态时,温度峰值低于其熔点。

7022铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接全过程温度场的数值模拟

基于对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的划分以及相对应的热输入模型,建立了焊接全过程的温度场有限元分析模型;通过求解得到了搅拌头旋转压入阶段、初始焊接阶段、准稳态焊接阶段和焊接结束4个阶段的温度场分布,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:模拟得到的温度结果和通过热电偶法测得的温度结果比较吻合。

连续驱动摩擦焊接45钢过程温度与材料流动的3D数值模拟

以45钢为对象,研究了连续驱动摩擦焊过程的温度场以及材料流动的位移场。数值模拟结果表明,在连续驱动焊过程的摩擦阶段,摩擦界面及其附近的材料温度值逐渐增加,材料向试件外流动的位移也随之增加;在停止阶段,试件的温度峰值降低,而材料流动的位移量在大轴向压力的作用下大幅度升高;在顶锻阶段,随着界面温度值的继续降低,使材料的流动位移缓慢增加并趋向稳定。

搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模型的研究进展

针对搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的一个主要研究方向是探讨焊接过程中温度场的演变规律。在研究温度场时,数值模拟方法具有试验方法难以替代的优势。回顾了针对FSW温度场进行数值模拟时涉及到的主要模型、它们的大体思路以及各自的特点,重点论述了其中的产热和传热模型。在产热模型中,讨论了与热输入有关的热源模型、产热量计算模型和接触模型;在传热模型中,分别从热传导、对流换热和热辐射等方面进行了分析。此外,考虑到某些材料属性对温度场模拟结果的影响,文章的最后也对其进行了简要讨论。

TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊过程材料流动行为分析

基于DEFORM软件建立了TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊的三维有限元模型,对焊接过程中材料的流动行为进行了数值模拟.结果表明,在整个线性焊过程中,摩擦面边缘附近材料的流动速度高于中心区域;在焊接过程的摩擦阶段,焊件摩擦面上的材料在平行与垂直焊件振动方向上都存在塑性流动行为;在顶锻阶段,摩擦面上的材料主要向摩擦面外流动,使试件的轴向缩短量继续增加.同时,摩擦面上材料的位移量随到摩擦面边缘距离的增加而减小,只有在较大轴向缩短量的情况下才可能实现线性摩擦焊在整个摩擦面上的自清理.

基于ABAQUS二次开发TC4线性摩擦焊过程的数值模拟

基于ABAQUS/Standard模块,建立TC4线性摩擦焊接过程的二维有限元模型,采用网格重划分与映射技术来处理网格畸变问题,分析线性摩擦焊接接头温度场的演变和轴向缩短量的变化。结果表明:网格重划分与映射技术能较好地解决网格畸变带来的计算不收敛。焊接过程的前0.1 s内,焊接界面温度迅速升高至1000℃以上,之后接头温度渐趋均匀,接头塑性金属开始被挤出形成飞边,轴向缩短量明显增加;摩擦停止时刻(3 s),单边轴向缩短量达到最大值,约为2.7 mm。