Flame retardancy effect of surface-modified metal hydroxides on linear low density polyethylene

Metal hydroxides （MAH） consisting of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide with a mass ratio of 1：2 were surface-modified by y-diethoxyphosphorous ester propyldiethoxymethylsilane, boric acid and diphenylsilanediol in xylene under dibutyl tin dilaurate catalyst at 140 ℃. Phosphorus, silicon and boron elements covalently bonded to metal hydroxide particles were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation behavior of the surface-modified MAH was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that linear low density polyethylene （LLDPE） composite, filled with 50% （mass fraction） of MAH modified by 5.0% （mass fraction） of modifiers, passes the V-0 rating of UL-94 test and shows the limited oxygen index of 34%, and its heat release rate and average effective heat combustion in a cone calorimeter measurement decrease obviously; The mechanical properties of MAH can be improved by surface-modification. The uniform dispersion of particles and strong interfacial bonding between particles and matrix are obtained.

Low Density Linear Polyethylene Reinforced with Alkali and MAPE Treated Fibers from Coffee Pulp

In this work fibers derived from coffee, hulls have been incorporated into Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE). The influence of the filler content on the thermal and physicomechanical properties of the composites obtained was assessed. The results showed that the incorporation of fibers was able to improve the thermostability of LLDPE/Coffee hulls fibers;comparing the treated fiber composite with untreated fiber composites, the chemical treatment reduces by 58.3% the water absorption, while increasing the elongation and tensile strength by about 48% and 17% respectively. Moreover, due to better interfacial interaction induced by MAPE, the corresponding composite exhibited better properties compared to the untreated fiber composite. Results are indicative of the fact that both mercerization and MAPE (coupling agent) have significant positive effects on the fiber-matrix interaction in terms of adhesion, wetting and dispersion, this treatment produced a better fiber distribution and consequently a more uniform composite morphology without voids and gaps between the fibers and the matrix, allowing the possibility to use higher fiber contents (up to 30% wt.) with acceptable mechanical properties.

Development of a Novel Extrusion Process for Preparing Rice Straw/LLDPE Composites

Straw utilization is a key issue related to agricultural production and air pollution control.In this study,a novel extrusion process was proposed to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the straw-reinforced linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE)composite.Instead of crushing the straw and mixing it with plastic matrix,the new method mixes straw with plastic matrix in its original form.The intact long rice straws were parallelly spread on the LLDPE film and then rolled up together into a prefabricated roll.The rolls experienced three extrusion processes as follows:(1)twin-screw melting,cooling and crushing,single-screw extruding;(2)twin-screw melting and single-screw extruding;(3)directly single-screw extruding.The testing results showed that the straw/LLDPE composite(with a ratio of 6:4)prepared by Method(2)exhibited optimized properties.Characterization by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the damage to rice straw fibers was relatively minor,the orientation of long fibers was good,and the binding of fibers with the LLDPE matrix was excellent in this case.The results of dynamic mechanical testing(DMA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and thermogravimetric(TG)analysis demonstrated that composites prepared by the new process exhibited significantly improved thermal stability and energy storage modulus,compared with those prepared by conventional processes(e.g.,extruded straw particles/LLDPE composite).The new proposed method yielded significantly enhanced mechanical properties while reducing dust pollution.

Effect of Oscillatory Shear on the Mechanical Properties and Crystalline Morphology of Linear Low Density Polyethylene

In this study, effects of oscillatory shear with different frequencies （0-2.5 Hz） and amplitudes （0-20 mm） on the mechanical properties and crystalline morphology of linear low density polyethylene （LLDPE） were investigated. It was found that the mechanical properties of LLDPE are improved because of the more perfect crystalline structure when LLDPE crystallizes under low-frequency and small-amplitude （0.2 Hz/4 mm） oscillatory shear. The mechanical properties can be further improved by increasing either the frequency or the amplitude of oscillatory shear. The Young＇s modulus and tensile strength of LLDPE are improved by 27% and 20%, respectively, when the frequency is increased to 2.5 Hz and the amplitude is maintained at 4 mm; while the Young＇s modulus and tensile strength are improved by 49% and 47%, respectively, when the amplitude is increased to 20 mm and the frequency is remained as 0.2 Hz. The crystallinity and microstructure of LLDPE under different oscillatory shear conditions were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to shed light on the mechanism for the improvement of mechanical properties.

SEMI-QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SEGMENT DISTRIBUTION IN LLDPE BASED ON THERMAL SEGREGATION

Based on successive multiple-step isothermal crystallization and self-nucleation annealing methods, a novel semi-quantitative method for the characterization of segment distribution in linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was established by treating the thermal analysis data using the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The method was used to describe the segment distribution of Ziegler-Natta catalyzed LLDPE (Z-N LLDPE), metallocene catalyzed LLDPE (m-LLDPE) and two commercial LLDPEs with wide molecular weight distribution. The differences of the results obtained from the two thermally treated samples were compared. The results of segment distribution of the polymers were discussed according to their microstructure data and were compared with their characteristics. It can be deduced from the results that this characterization method is effective to characterize the sequence structure of the branched ethylene copolymers.