Supercritical CO2 Assisted Preparation of Open-cell Foams of Linear Low-density Polyethylene and Linear Low-density Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotube Composites

The open-cell structure foams of linear low-density polyethylene（LLDPE） and linear low-density polyethylene（LLDPE）/multi-wall carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） composites are prepared by using supercritical carbon dioxide（sc-CO2）as a foaming agent. The effects of processing parameters（foaming temperature, saturation pressure, and depressurization rate） and the addition of MWCNTs on the evolution of cell opening are studied systematically. For LLDPE foaming, the foaming temperature and saturation pressure are two key factors for preparing open-cell foams. An increase in temperature and pressure promotes both the cell wall thinning and cell rupture, because a high temperature results in a decrease in the viscosity of the polymer, and a high pressure leads to a larger amount of cell nucleation. Moreover, for the given temperature and pressure, the high pressurization rate results in a high pressure gradient, favoring cell rupture. For LLDPE/MWCNTs foaming, the addition of MWCNTs not only promotes the cell heterogeneous nucleation, but also prevents the cell collapse during cell opening, which is critical to achieve the open-cell structures with small cell size and high cell density.

Emerging low-density polyethylene/paraffin wax/aluminum composite as a form-stable phase change thermal interface material

Thermal interface materials(TIMs) play a vital role in the thermal management of electronic devices and can significantly reduce thermal contact resistance(TCR). The TCR between the solid–liquid contact surface is much smaller than that of the solid–solid contact surface, but conventional solid–liquid phase change materials are likely to cause serious leakage. Therefore, this work has prepared a new formstable phase change thermal interface material. Through the melt blending of paraffin wax(PW) and low-density polyethylene(LDPE), the stability is improved and it has an excellent coating effect on PW. The addition of aluminum(Al) powder improves the low thermal conductivity of PW/LDPE, and the addition of 15wt% Al powder improves the thermal conductivity of the internal structure of the matrix by 67%. In addition, the influence of the addition of Al powder on the internal structure, thermal properties, and phase change behavior of the PW/LDPE matrix was systematically studied. The results confirmed that the addition of Al powder improved the thermal conductivity of the material without a significant impact on other properties, and the thermal conductivity increased with the increase of Al addition. Therefore, morphologically stable PW/LDPE/Al is an important development direction for TIMs.

Adsorption and Kinetic Study of Activated Carbon Produced from Post-Consumer Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Wastes

Post-consumer polymeric wastes in form of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) can now be considered suitable as a precursor for the synthesis of low-cost activated carbon (AC). This study produced AC from LDPE using sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activating agent. The reaction conditions for pyrolysis were varied in the range of 0.50 - 2.00 M, 400°C - 500°C, and 45 - 60 minutes. Physico-chemical investigations reveal that AC yield is significantly dependent on both carbonization temperatures and time. The obtained optimum values of 446.50°C and 51.09 mins gave a yield of 24% for the base-activated carbon. The high iodine numbers obtained strongly indicate the presence of large surface area and pore volumes is further confirmed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis which reveals the presence of pores on the external surface of the carbons. Fourier Transform Infrared Technique (FTIR) analysis further shows that the synthesized compounds are purely carbon with rich oxy-gen-surface complexes on the surface which is as a result of the introduction of the chemical oxidizing agents. The produced carbons were found to have high adsorption affinity for selected inorganic ions which are: Mn7+, Co2+, and Cr6+. Adsorption isotherm results show the adsorption process to be favourable with the Langmuir isotherm parameter RL having values of <1, while the Freudlich adsorption model was found to perfectly fit the data at selected adsorbent dosages and adsorbate concentrations. The pseu-do-second-order model provides the best correlation for the kinetic analysis. The acid-activated carbon was found to have better adsorption capacities than the base-activated carbon.

Anatomic Anteversion of the Acetabular Component Correlates with Polyethylene Linear Wear in Total Hip Arthroplasty: The Three-Dimensional Numerical Analysis

Background: Although abduction of the acetabular component is considered to predict factors for polyethylene wear attributable to osteolysis, other radiographic factors have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether anteversion or change in implantation angle of the acetabular component influences polyethylene linear wear by using standing and supine radiographs of the hip joint. Methods: Standing and supine plain anteroposterior radiographs of 62 hip joints in which cementless total hip arthroplasty was performed were examined for polyethylene linear wear rate (mm/year), pelvic inclination, and radiological inclination and anatomic anteversion of the acetabular component. Results: All correlation coefficients of measurements of polyethylene linear wear, pelvic inclination angle, anatomical anteversion angle and radiological inclination angle were calculated highly. And by the three-dimensional numerical analysis, anatomic anteversion of the acetabular component had at least some effect on the degree of polyethylene wear. Conclusion: This study suggests that increased anteversion of the acetabular component reduces polyethylene linear wear in metal-on-polyethylene total hiparthroplasty.

Low Density Linear Polyethylene Reinforced with Alkali and MAPE Treated Fibers from Coffee Pulp

In this work fibers derived from coffee, hulls have been incorporated into Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE). The influence of the filler content on the thermal and physicomechanical properties of the composites obtained was assessed. The results showed that the incorporation of fibers was able to improve the thermostability of LLDPE/Coffee hulls fibers;comparing the treated fiber composite with untreated fiber composites, the chemical treatment reduces by 58.3% the water absorption, while increasing the elongation and tensile strength by about 48% and 17% respectively. Moreover, due to better interfacial interaction induced by MAPE, the corresponding composite exhibited better properties compared to the untreated fiber composite. Results are indicative of the fact that both mercerization and MAPE (coupling agent) have significant positive effects on the fiber-matrix interaction in terms of adhesion, wetting and dispersion, this treatment produced a better fiber distribution and consequently a more uniform composite morphology without voids and gaps between the fibers and the matrix, allowing the possibility to use higher fiber contents (up to 30% wt.) with acceptable mechanical properties.

Flame retardancy effect of surface-modified metal hydroxides on linear low density polyethylene

Metal hydroxides (MAH) consisting of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide with a mass ratio of 1-2 were surface-modified by γ-diethoxyphosphorous ester propyldiethoxymethylsilane, boric acid and diphenylsilanediol in xylene under dibutyl tin dilaurate catalyst at 140 ℃. Phosphorus, silicon and boron elements covalently bonded to metal hydroxide particles were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation behavior of the surface-modified MAH was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite, filled with 50% (mass fraction) of MAH modified by 5.0% (mass fraction) of modifiers, passes the V-0 rating of UL-94 test and shows the limited oxygen index of 34%, and its heat release rate and average effective heat combustion in a cone calorimeter measurement decrease obviously; The mechanical properties of MAH can be improved by surface-modification. The uniform dispersion of particles and strong interfacial bonding between particles and matrix are obtained.

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES MODIFIED BY ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS: EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONALIZED SEGMENTS ON MORPHOLOGY

Melt extrusion was used to prepare binary nanocomposites of ethylene copolymers and organoclay and trinary nanocomposites of low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, ethylene copolymer and organoclay. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to analyze the structure of the clay phase and the morphology of the nanocomposites. Influences of the comonomer in the copolymer and the content of the copolymer on the morphology of the resulting nanocomposites were discussed. The binary and the trinary composites may form intercalated or exfoliated structures depending on the interaction between the copolymer and the clay layers and the content of the copolymer.

Optimum Combination of Femoral Head Size, Femoral Head Material, and Acetabular Cup Liner’s Highly-Cross-Linked Polyethylene Brand for Hip Implant

Clinical two-dimensional linear wear rate data for acetabular cup liners fabricated using approved brands of highly cross-linked ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, as reported in 39 articles in the literature, were analyzed using a statistical technique called response surface methodology. The output was a series comprising16 acceptable combinations of femoral head diameter (HD), femoral head material (HM), and HXLPE brand (PB), each of which would yield the optimum wear rate (herein taken to be a wear rate of practically zero). An example of such a combination is 28- mm-diameter Oxinium? femoral head articulated against an acetabular cup liner fabricated from ReflectionTM HXLPE. The findings in this work may guide an orthopaedic surgeon’s selection of the combination of HD, HM, and PB to use in a primary total hip joint replacement.

聚乙烯共混体系流变行为对吹塑薄膜雾度的影响

研究了线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混体系的吹塑薄膜雾度与流变行为之间的关系。利用DSC、光散射和WLI等方法对吹塑薄膜制品的内部结晶情况及表面形貌进行表征,利用GPC和流变学方法对单组分及共混物熔体的结构进行表征。实验结果表明,LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜的总雾度主要取决于薄膜的表面粗糙度;薄膜的表面粗糙度与可恢复剪切应变参数(γ_(∞))呈开口向上抛物线函数关系,选择具有合适γ_(∞)的LDPE树脂以及添加量是控制LLDPE/LDPE共混体系吹塑薄膜雾度的关键。

LLDPE/碳纤维网复合膜的制备及性能

为了提高线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)的拉伸强度和模量,将碳纤维(CF)梳理成均匀的碳纤维网,将其作为增强材料与LLDPE复合制备LLDPE/CF复合膜,综合利用热失重分析(TG)、扫描示差量热分析(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及拉伸测试等手段分析碳纤维网含量对复合膜结构及性能的影响。结果表明:与LLDPE膜相比,LLDPE/CF复合膜的拉伸强度和杨氏模量显著提高并随碳纤维网含量增加而增大,当碳纤维网质量分数仅为1%时,拉伸强度从10.6MPa提高到28.7MPa,提高了171%,杨氏模量由75MPa增大到1119MPa,约提高到原来的15倍;碳纤维网的引入有利于LLDPE/CF复合膜热稳定性能的提高,当碳纤维网含量仅为1%时,LLDPE/CF的初始热分解温度和最大热分解速率温度与LLDPE相比分别提高了21℃和11℃;碳纤维网的引入促进了LLDPE分子链的结晶,使LLDPE/CF复合膜的结晶度增大,有利于拉伸强度和模量提高;SEM结果显示碳纤维网与LLDPE基体间的界面结合较强,有利于力学性能的提高。研究成果可为高性能聚合物/碳纤维复合材料的制备提供实验依据和理论指导价值。

LDPE/MLLDPE共混改性及发泡性能

以低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)为基体树脂、4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼(OBSH)为发泡剂、茂金属线性低密度聚乙烯(MLLDPE)为改性剂,采用化学发泡法和辐照交联技术制备一系列LDPE/MLLDPE发泡材料。研究不同MLLDPE含量对LDPE/MLLDPE复合材料的熔体流动速率、热性能、发泡行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明,MLLDPE能提高LDPE/MLLDPE复合体系的结晶度,降低其熔体流动速率。随着MLLDPE含量的增加,LDPE/MLLDPE复合发泡材料的拉伸强度、撕裂强度和压缩永久变形呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而断裂伸长率、回弹率逐渐提高。当MLLDPE含量为15份时,LDPE/MLLDPE复合发泡材料的表观密度、拉伸强度、撕裂强度和压缩永久变形量分别提高了6.8%、24.4%、11.4%和24.2%。当辐照剂量为80 kGy、LDPE∶MLLDPE=85∶15时,LDPE/MLLDPE复合发泡材料的力学性能和泡孔结构更佳,满足胶带型片材的综合性能要求。

PE-LLD散光膜氙灯加速老化行为及机制

农用聚乙烯散光棚膜可在较高透光率条件下提高雾度,将透过膜面的直射光转为散射光,促进膜内植株全维度获取有效光辐射。通过引入散光剂制备线型低密度聚乙烯(PE-LLD)散光膜,实现透光率90.99%、雾度62.29%,较空白对照膜透光率降低0.55%、雾度提高152.60%。耐老化性能是PE-LLD棚膜其他功效性能的基础保证,采用氙灯老化对PE-LLD散光膜进行加速降解,其宏观光学与力学性能变化趋势同空白膜一致,二者断裂伸长率分别在13d时降至初始值40.58%与47.01%(完全老化)。综合考察PE-LLD散光膜加速老化过程化学组成、结晶行为、晶粒尺寸及微观形貌变化规律,其老化过程随降解速度变化分3个阶段:老化前期分子链交联密度上升,二次结晶片段堆砌增大结晶度,降解缓慢;老化中期交联与降解并存,界面处散光剂脱落促使膜面破裂,片晶分布连续性降低,降解速度适中;老化后期分子主链降解加剧,膜面裂纹向纵深延展,力学性能快速降解至完全老化。研究表明,引入散光剂可在不影响PE-LLD棚膜宏观使用功能与老化降解性能的基础上有效提高雾度,实现散射光调控。

抗静电LLDPE/CNT复合材料的制备及其性能研究

目的制备特种产品用抗静电包装材料。方法采用碳纳米管(CNT)对线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)进行熔融复合改性,研究CNT含量对LLDPE电学性能、力学性能、结晶行为及热稳定性的影响,并对确定的最优体系进行应用性能考核。结果CNT具有较大的长径比,直径为10~20 nm,纯度较高。LLDPE/CNT复合材料表面电阻率变化呈现明显的“渝渗”现象,当CNT质量分数从3%增加至5%时,其表面电阻率由1013Ω骤降至105Ω。随着CNT含量增加,LLDPE/CNT复合材料的拉伸强度增加,断裂伸长率和冲击强度有所降低。CNT没有改变LLDPE的熔融行为,但其结晶度和熔点随着CNT含量增加而略有降低。LLDPE/CNT复合材料起始降解温度和最大降解速率处温度随着CNT含量增加而增加。CNT质量分数为4%的LLDPE/CNT复合材料综合性能最优,热氧老化后其表面电阻率几乎无变化,相比纯LLDPE,其熔融指数有所下降,氧化诱导时间大幅提升。结论通过CNT对LLDPE树脂进行改性,制备了综合性能优良的抗静电LLDPE/CNT复合材料,在特种产品包装领域具有良好的应用前景。

茂金属线性低密度聚乙烯(mLLDPE)的市场及应用进展

文章综述了茂金属线性低密度聚乙烯(mLLDPE)的生产工艺、供需情况、应用领域和市售主流牌号,分析了产品性能优势,阐述了市场供应情况,介绍了下游应用特点,对比了主流产品性能差异,提出了生产和开发建议。未来,催化剂成本将成为竞争焦点,各石化企业应加快茂金属催化剂的自主开发与工业化生产,发挥产、销、研、用一体化优势,降低茂金属聚乙烯生产成本并保证稳定供应。

乙烯基非交联电缆屏蔽料性能与分散剂含量关系研究

非交联绝缘材料具有优异的电气机械性能,同时生产能耗少、可回收利用,成为目前电缆绝缘料的研究热点,但与之匹配的非交联半导电屏蔽料的研究还鲜有报道。导电炭黑的分散性对屏蔽料的性能影响重大。文中选用线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)为基体树脂,白油为分散剂,采用熔融共混法制备了非交联电缆屏蔽料。研究了白油含量对屏蔽料中炭黑分散、结晶性能、体积电阻率和机械性能的影响。结果表明添加白油会促进炭黑的分散,但白油含量过大会降低屏蔽料的结晶度,增加其体积电阻率并降低拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。当白油含量为2 wt%时,屏蔽料体积电阻率最小,力学性能最佳。该研究为非交联半导电屏蔽料在乙烯基非交联电缆的应用研究提供了参考。

己烯共聚LLDPE抗老化性研究

对国内外己烯共聚的线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)老化前后的力学性能、端基分布、羰基指数、聚集态结构、分子链支化及分布进行了表征分析与对比评价。结果表明:在老化过程中LLDPE容易发生交联和降解反应;与LLDPE相比,茂金属线型低密度聚乙烯(mLLDPE)的末端含有较多双键,晶片厚度较小,共聚单体更均匀,抗老化能力较差。

LLDPE-g-MAH接枝率的测定方法的建立与分析

本文通过酸碱滴定法和红外分析法建立了一种快速检测线型低密度聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐(LLDPE-g-MAH)接枝率的方法。首先,通过酸碱滴定法得到不同接枝率LLDPE-g-MAH样品的接枝率,然后通过红外分析法得到该样品的马来酸酐特征峰与LLDPE内标峰的峰高比值,通过滴定法得到的接枝率与红外特征峰峰高比值的拟合出标准曲线。该标准曲线可以用于快速测定未知LLDPE-g-MAH的接枝率。此方法操作快速便捷,对工业投产具有指导意义。

Sorption kinetics of parent and substituted PAHs for low-density polyethylene（LDPE）:Determining their partition coefficients between LDPE and water(KLDPE) for passive sampling

Low-density polyethylene(LDPE)has been widely used as a sorbent for passive sampling of hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs)in aquatic environments.However,it has seen only limited application in passive sampling for measurement of freely dissolved concentrations of parent and substituted PAHs(SPAHs),which are known to be toxic,mutagenic and carcinogenic.Here,the 16 priority PAHs and some typical PAHs were selected as target compounds and were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer(GC–MS).Some batch experiments were conducted in the laboratory to explore the adsorption kinetics of the target compounds in LDPE membranes.The results showed that both PAHs and SPAHs could reach equilibrium status within19–38 days in sorption kinetic experiments.The coefficients of partitioning between LDPE film(50μm thickness)and water(KLDPE)for the 16 priority PAHs were in good agreement with previously reported values,and the values of KLDPEfor the 9 SPAHs are reported in this study for the first time.Significant linear relationships were observed,i.e.,log KLDPE=0.705×log KOW+1.534 for PAHs(R^2=0.8361,p<0.001)and log KLDPE=0.458×log KOW+3.092 for SPAHs(R^2=0.5609,p=0.0077).The selected LDPE film was also proven to meet the condition of"zero sink"for the selected target compounds.These results could provide basic support for the configuration and in situ application of passive samplers.

短切芳纶对生物炭/线型低密度聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响

生物炭复合材料因其良好的性能备受关注,但较差的抗冲击性能限制了其更进一步的应用。文中以短切芳纶、生物炭和线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)为原料采用注塑工艺制备复合材料,探究了短切芳纶对生物炭/LLDPE复合材料性质与性能的影响规律。结果表明,短切芳纶的添加没有改变生物炭/LLDPE复合材料的晶面结构,短切芳纶、生物炭与LLDPE之间具有较好的界面相容性。短切芳纶增大了复合材料的热失重速率峰温,提高了复合材料的热稳定性、耐热性与结晶度。生物炭/LLDPE复合材料具有较佳的力学性能,其弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别为14.28 MPa,0.64 GPa,12.02 MPa和0.25 GPa。短切芳纶的添加降低了复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、拉伸强度、拉伸模量、抗蠕变强度和抗应力松弛能力,但是提高了复合材料的刚度、弹性尤其是韧性,复合材料的抗冲击强度最高可达9.40 kJ/m^(2)。制备的复合材料克服了生物炭复合材料的脆性缺陷,对于进一步拓宽生物炭复合材料的应用范围具有重要意义。

LLDPE薄膜晶点的性能分析

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、偏光显微镜(POM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究了线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)薄膜晶点的组成和分子链结构,分析了晶点形成的原因。结果表明:含晶点膜与无晶点膜具有相似的分子链结构分布。与含晶点膜相比,无晶点膜具有更好的结晶能力。塑化不良是LLDPE薄膜产生晶点的原因。2种原料的熔点相差较大会导致塑化不良。