Cracking analysis of fracture mechanics by the finite element method of lines(FEMOL)

The Finite Element Method of Lines （FEMOL） is a semi-analytic approach and takes a position between FEM and analytic methods. First, FEMOL in Fracture Mechanics is presented in detail. Then, the method is applied to a set of examples such as edge-crack plate, the central-crack plate, the plate with cracks emanating from a hole under tensile or under combination loads of tensile and bending. Their dimensionless stress distribution, the stress intensify factor （SIF） and crack opening displacement （COD） are obtained, and comparison with known solutions by other methods are reported. It is found that a good accuracy is achieved by FEMOL. The method is successfully modified to remarkably increase the accuracy and reduce convergence difficulties. So it is a very useful and new tool in studying fracture mechanics problems.

Interspecific Chromosome Substitution Lines as Genetic Resources for Improvement,Trait Analysis and Genomic Inference

The genetic base that cotton breeders commonly use to improve Upland cultivars is very narrow.The AD-genome species Gossypium barbadense,G.tomentosum,and G.mustelinum are part of

Analysis of variation in temperature-responsive leaf color mutant lines induced from Gamma irradiation in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Eight lines of temperature-responsive leaf colormutants induced by applying 300 Gy Gamma-ray irradiation to Thermo-sensitive genic malesterile line 2177s,were obtained through con-tinuous selection in seven generations..Theleaves of these lines started to become greenafter the fourth leaf extension,and except

X-ray diffraction analysis of cold-worked Cu-Ni-Si and Cu-Ni-Si-Cr alloys by Rietveld method

Cold worked and annealed supersaturated Cu-2.65Ni-0.6Si and Cu-2.35Ni-0.6Si-0.6Cr alloys were studied. The microstructural parameters evolution, including crystallite size, root mean square strain and dislocation density was analyzed using Materials Analysis Using Diffraction software （MAUD）. The parameters for both alloys have typical values of cold deformed and subsequently annealed copper based alloy. A net change of the crystallite size, root mean square strain and dislocation density values of the alloys aged at 450 °C for 2.5-3 h seems corresponding to the recovery and recrystallization processes. Addition of Cr as quaternary element did not lead to any drastic changes of post deformation or ageing microstructural parameters and hence of recovery-recrystallization kinetics.

NEAR CRACK LINE ELASTIC－PLASTIC ANALYSIS FOR A CRACK LOADED BY ANTIPLANE POINT FORCES

In this paper, the improved near crack line analysis method proposed in Refs. [1]and [2] is used to investigate a mode Ⅲ crack loaded by antiplane point forces in aninfinite plate in an elastic-perfectly plastic solid. The solutions of this paper aresufficiently precise near the crack line region because. the assumptions of the smallscale yielding theory have not been used and no other assumptions have been taken.

Strain anisotropy models for refined diffraction line profile analysis in cubic metals

The present work examined the anisotropy magnitudes obtained from different elastic models of cubic metals(Cu,5383 Al alloy,FCC austenite steel and BCC steel)to explore the origin of strain anisotropy.The results showed that stable intersections were observed from the modeled and experimental plots of the reciprocal elastic modulus(1/Ehkl)and orientation parameter(Γ).The effectiveness of quasi elasto-plastic model based method in correcting strain anisotropy was further verified in cold-worked specimens.For the important input parameters in dislocation model based diffraction line profile analysis methods,the average diffraction contrast factors(■)of dislocations were observed to depend on elastic constants.Interesting intersections were found from linear dependence of■onΓ.The conventional input■values indicated distinct dependencies on given elastic constants in diffraction line profile analysis.Accordingly,a refined approach was proposed by adopting the optimized intersections as input values,by which more reliable results could be obtained in practical applications.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SHAFT LINING WHEN THE STRATUM SETTLEMENT RESULTING FROM WATER DRAINAGE

Based on the stratum settlement resulting from water drainage, this paper establishes the calculating method of stresses and displacements of shaft lining and stratum by using Fourier integration, obtains the calculating formulas of tangiential load which shaft lining is subjected to, and provides theoretical basis for design of shaft lining.

A quasi-isentropic model of a cylinder driven by aluminized explosives based on characteristic line analysis

A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum(Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of the detonation products. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis and relevant isentropic theories, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives driving a cylinder were analyzed,and a quasi-isentropic model was established. This model includes the variation of the cylinder wall velocity and the physical parameters of the detonation products with the Al reaction degree. Using previously reported experimental results, the quasi-isentropic model was verified to be applicative and accurate. This model was used to calculate the physical parameters for cylinder experiments with aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al content. The results show that this quasi-isentropic model can be used not only to calculate the cylinder expansion rule or Al reaction degree, but also to calculate the physical parameters of the detonation products in the process of cylinder expansion. For explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al, 24.3 % and 18.5 % of the Al was found to have reacted at 33.9 μs and 34.0 μs, respectively. The difference in Al content results in different reaction intensity, occurrence time, and duration of two forms of reaction(diffusion and kinetic) between the Al powder and the detonation products;the post-detonation burning reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products prolongs the positive pressure action time, resulting in a continuous rise in temperature after detonation.

A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STRESS ANALYSIS OR ELASTOPLASTIC BODY WITH POLYGONAL LINE STRAIN——HARDENING

In this paper, the stress-strain curve of material is fitted by polygonal line composed of three lines. According to the theory of proportional loading in elastoplasticity, we simplify the complete stress-strain relations, which are given by the increment theory of elastoplasticity. Thus, the finite element equation with the solution of displacement is derived. The assemblage elastoplastic stiffness matrix can be obtained by adding something to the elastic matrix, hence it will shorten the computing time. The determination of every loading increment follows the von Mises yield criteria. The iterative method is used in computation. It omits the redecomposition of the assemblage stiffness matrix and it will step further to shorten the computing time. Illustrations are given to the high-order element application departure from proportional loading, the computation of unloading fitting to the curve and the problem of load estimation.

NEAR CRACK LINE ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS FOR A FINITE PLATE LOADED BY TWO PAIRS OF ANTIPLANE POINT FORCES

In this paper, the improved near crack line analysis method proposed in Refs. [1] and [2] is used to investigate a center crack loaded by two pairs of antiplane point forces in a finite plate in an elastic-perfectly plastic solid. And the analytical solutions are obtained, that is elastic-plastic stress fields near the crack line and the law that the length of the plastic zone along the crack line is varied with an external loads tr,ld the bearing capacity of a finite plate with a center crack. The results of this paper are sufficiently precise near the crack line, because the assumptions of the small scale yielding theory have not been used and no other assumptions have been taken.

AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant (Solanum melongena)

Peel color is an important breeding objective for eggplant. Dark purple and purplish red are the most common colors in commercial eggplant cultivars. A co-dominant amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） marker which was associated with the peel color （each in coupling phase to dark purple and purplish red） was found in studying the genetic diversity in 58 eggplant accessions （contained cultivars and wild relatives）. The maker bands were sequenced and converted to SCAR marker, this polymorphism in sequence was from an inserted/deleted （indels） mutation. And DNA from 136 eggplant materials （inbred lines, F1, and wild relatives） were amplified with the designed SCAR primers as template, high correlation between the SCAR marker and peel color （dark purple and purplish red） was found. Then, bulked line analysis （BLA） combined with AFLP was further used to identify polymorphic fragments, and another six AFLP markers were tested and verified to be associated with peel color, which demonstrated that BLA was an useful method for identifying molecular markers of interested traits. In conclusion, these markers will facilitate the MAS （maker-assisted selection） of eggplant breeding for peel color.

Using Impervious Surfaces to Detect Urban Expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area(ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000 s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil(V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.

Simple waves for two-dimensional compressible pseudo-steady Euler system

A simple wave is defined as a flow in a region whose image is a curve in the phase space. It is well known that ＂the theory of simple waves is fundamental in building up the solutions of flow problems out of elementary flow patterns＂ see Courant and Friedrichs＇s chassical book ＂Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves＂. This paper mainly concerned with the geometric construction of simple waves for the 2D pseudo-steady compressible Euler system. Based on the geometric interpretation, the expansion or compression simple wave flow construction around a pseudo-stream line with a bend part are constructed. It is a building block that appears in the global solution to four contact discontinuities Riemann problems.

General forms of elastic-plastic matching equations for mode-Ⅲ cracks near crack line

Crack line analysis is an effective way to solve elastic-plastic crack problems. Application of the method does not need the traditional small-scale yielding conditions and can obtain sufficiently accurate solutions near the crack line. To address mode- Ⅲ crack problems under the perfect elastic-plastic condition, matching procedures of the crack line analysis method axe summarized and refined to give general forms and formulation steps of plastic field, elastic-plastic boundary, and elastic-plastic matching equations near the crack line. The research unifies mode-III crack problems under different conditions into a problem of determining four integral constants with four matching equations. An example is given to verify correctness, conciseness, and generality of the procedure.

ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR AN ECCENTRIC CRACK LOADED BY TWO PAIRS OF ANTI-PLANE POINT FORCES

The improved near crack line analysis method was used to investigate an eccentric cracked plate loaded by two pairs of anti_plane point forces at the crack surface in an elastic_perfectly plastic solid. The analytical solutions of the elastic_plastic stress fields and displacements near the crack line have been found without the assumptions of the small scale yielding. The law that the length of the plastic zone along the crack line is varied with an external loads and the bearing capacity of an eccentric cracked plate are obtained.

DISCRETIZATION APPROACH USING RAY-TESTING MODEL IN PARTING LINE AND PARTING SURFACE GENERATION

Surface classification, 3D parting line, parting surface generation and demoldability analysis which is helpful to select optimal parting direction and optimal parting line are involved in auto-matic cavity design based on the my-testing model. A new ray-testing approach is presented to classify the part surfaces to core/cavity surfaces and undercut surfaces by automatic identifying the visibility of surfaces. A simple, direct and efficient algorithm to identify surface visibility is developed. The algorithm is robust and adapted to rather complicated geometry, so it is valuable in computer-aided mold design systems. To validate the efficiency of the approach, an experimental program is implemented. Case studies show that the approach is practical and valuable in automatic parting line and parting surface generation.

Spatial sight analysis of Hangzhou Xiaoyingzhou based on tourists’landscape preference

Tourist preferences are important for the high-quality planning and design of recreation spaces.The famous scenic locale of West Lake in Hangzhou,China,is used as an example in this study.Based on multi-source data(e.g.,online comments,and tourist photographs),we used content analysis,kernel density estimation,and image semantic segmentation technology to determine the spatial distribution of tourists’landscape preferences.We analyzed these spatial sight characteristics from the viewpoint,sight distance,and perspectives.The results show that tourists’landscape preferences are mainly concentrated on landscape architecture for recreation.The viewpoints of these preferences are concentrated in the north-south embankmentdfar beyond that of the east-west embankment.The preferences also show a spatial sequence in terms of sight distance,and the best visual effect is the open platform at the north and south islands of Xiaoyingzhou.From the perspective of vision,the degree of spatial openness in the tourists’landscape preferences is proportional to the distance of vision;the two factors have a convergent relationship.The discussion of the characteristics of tourists’landscape preference and space sight creation in Xiaoyingzhou provides a reference for the quality improvement of island recreation space.

Differential Expression of Genes in HepG2 Cells Caused by UC001kfo RNAi as Shown by RNA-seq

The differential expression of genes in HepG2 cells caused by UC001 kfo RNAi was investigated using RNA-seq. HepG2 cells were infected by Lenti-sh UC001 kfo lentivirus particles. The expression of UC001 kfo m RNA in the HepG2-sh UC001 kfo cell line was detected by real-time PCR. RNA-seq technology was used to identify the difference in the expression of genes regulated by lnc RNA UC001 kfo in the HepG2 cell line. Gene ontology and signaling pathway analysis were performed to reveal the biological functions of the genes encoding of significantly different m RNAs. The results showed that m RNAs were differentially expressed between the HepG2-sh UC001 kfo cell line and the HepG2 cell line. The UC001 kfo m RNA was significantly down-regulated in the stable cell line HepG2-sh UC001kfo（P〈0.001）. Additionally, we found 19 signaling pathways or functional classifications encompassing 30 genes that played a role in cancer characteristics, cell adhesion, invasion and migration. The results also showed that the expression of many genes associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis was decreased with the down-regulation of the lnc RNA UC001 kfo. Lnc RNA UC001 kfo may play a role in regulating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. It was suggested that m RNAs were differentially expressed in the HepG2 cell line after the down-regulation of lnc RNA-UC001 kfo. Some took part in the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, motility, growth, and localization. The genes encoding of differentially expressed m RNAs may participate in cell invasion and metastasis.

Steps Towards a Fully Automated Classification and Redshiftmeasurement Pipeline for LAMOST Spectra. I.Continuum level and wavelength estimation for galaxies

The Large Sky-Area Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) under construction by the National Astronomical Observatories will yield up to four thousand multi-fiber spectra of stars and galaxies per field. The present series of papers describes the automated data-reduction pipeline currently being designed in order to cope with the anticipated flood of spectrographic data. In this preliminary paper, we present an automated method for estimating the continuum level, the positions of strong lines and the 4000 A break in galaxy spectra. In order to obtain detailed information on the continuum, we use a wavelet filter bank. After continuum fitting, our software searches for a 4000 A break and distinguishes between emission-line galaxies (ELGs) and non-ELGs according to whether the break is small or large. It then searches for strong lines and measures the intensities of emission lines and the equivalent widths of absorption lines. For non-ELGs, the absorption lines are identified automatically yielding redshift measurements.

THE EXACT SOLUTIONS OF ELASTIC－PLASTIC CRACK LINE FIELD FOR MODE Ⅱ PLANE STRESS CRACK

The near crack line field analysis method has been used io investigate into theexact elastic-plastic solutions of a mode II crack under plane stress condilion in anelastic-perfectly plastic solid. The assumptions of the usual small scale yielding theory.hare been completely. dbandoned and the correct formulations of matching conditionsat the elaslic-plastic boundary. have been given. By, matching the general solution ofthe plastic slress field (bul not the special solution used to be adopted) with the exactelastic stress field (but not the crack tip K-dominant field) at the elastic-plasticboundary, near the crack line, the plastic stresses. the length of the plastic =one and theunit normal vector of the elastic-plastic boundary.which are sufficiently precise near the crack line region ,have been given.