A Parallel Approach for Real-Time Power Flow in Distribution Networks

The new reality of smart distribution systems with use of generation sources of small and medium sizes brings new challenges for the operation of these systems. The complexity and the large number of nodes requires use of methods which can reduce the processing time of algorithms such as power flow, allowing its use in real time. This paper presents a known methodology for calculating the power flow in three phases using backward/forward sweep method, and also considering other network elements such as voltage regulators, shunt capacitors and sources of dispersed generation of types PV （active power and voltage） and PQ （active and reactive power）. After that, new elements are introduced that allow the parallelization of this algorithm and an adequate distribution of work between the available processors. The algorithm was implemented using a multi-tiered architecture; the processing times were measured in many network configurations and compared with the same algorithm in the serial version.

Development of a Genetic Algorithm for Evaluating the Performance of Overhead Power Distribution Lines and Proposing Solutions to Improve Distribution Line Safety

This paper aims to present and discuss the use of a power flow methodology based on Gauss elimination method to evaluate the performance of distribution network taking into account the neutral conductor absence at specific sections, and a development of a methodology based on GA （genetic algorithm） capable of evaluating alternative solutions in different bars of the feeder, in order to propose appropriate solutions to improve the distribution network safety. Besides the technical aspects, the proposed GA methodology takes into account the economic feasibility analysis. The results of power flow simulations have shown that the presence of single-phase transformers along with the absence of the neutral conductor at specific sections of the MV （medium voltage） network may increase the Vng （neutral-to-ground voltage） levels of the feeders involved, jeopardizing the system＇s safety. On the other hand, the solutions proposed by the GA methodology may reduce the network Vng levels and improve the safety conditions, providing values close to the ones found before the neutral conductor theft.

Binary Gravitational Search based Algorithm for Optimum Siting and Sizing of DG and Shunt Capacitors in Radial Distribution Systems

This paper presents a binary gravitational search algorithm (BGSA) is applied to solve the problem of optimal allotment of DG sets and Shunt capacitors in radial distribution systems. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained single-objective optimization problem where the total line loss (TLL) and the total voltage deviations (TVD) are to be minimized separately by incorporating optimal placement of DG units and shunt capacitors with constraints which include limits on voltage, sizes of installed capacitors and DG. This BGSA is applied on the balanced IEEE 10 Bus distribution network and the results are compared with conventional binary particle swarm optimization.

Development of a Method to Produce Chromosome Lacking Lines (CLLs) in <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>L. “Red Russian”

Monosomic lines of Nicotiana tabacum are helpful to confirm the location of genes on specific chromosomes. In the cross N. nudicaulis and N. tabacum, hybrid seedlings express lethal symptoms, which are controlled by the S subgenome of N. tabacum. To identify the responsible chromosome, we needed to produce chromosome lacking lines (CLLs) of N. tabacum L. “Red Russian” and use them to cross with N. nudicaulis. From a cross of (N. tabacum × N. tomentosiformis) × N. tabacum, 380 BC1 individuals were obtained. Using a Haplo-Q line (a monosomic line lacking the single linkage group 11) and N. tabacum, we found that qPCR is a simple and reliable screening method for CLLs of N. tabacum. The marker PT30342 is located on linkage group 11, and the -Ct value (Ct Actin - Ct PT30342) was 2.0 for a disomic line and was 1.097 for a Haplo-Q line. By the use of flow cytometry, qPCR and chromosome counting together as a screening method, we identified 6 CLLs lacking 2 to 6 chromosomes. Compared with conventional methods, our method is a rapid technique for making and screening CLLs ofthe S or S/T subgenome of N. tabacum. Further, these CLLs will be useful to identify the location of two or more factors on chromosomes controlling a variety of genetic problems affecting breeding. Here, we only made CLLs of the S or S/T subgenome of N. tabacum. We will use the method established in this study to produce CLLs of the T subgenome of N. tabacum, and gather a full set of CLLs of N. tabacum. qPCR could also be applied to the identification of chromosome aberrations in other plants.

Real-Time Traffic Signal Timing for Urban Road Multi-Intersection

this paper develops a real-time traffic signal timing model which is to be integrated into a single intersection for urban road, thereby solving the problem of traffic congestion. We analyze the current situation of the traffic flow with release matrix firstly, and then put forward the basic models to minimize total delay time of vehicles at the intersection. The optimal real-time signal timing model (non-fixed cycle and non-fixed split) is built with the Webster split optimal model. At last, the simulated results, which are compared with conventional model, manifest the promising properties of proposed model.

基于电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制

双端直流配电网是一种双端电源供电的网络结构,可为直流负荷提供更加稳定和可靠的电源电压。然而,负荷的功率波动和不平衡使线路电压跌落增大,可能导致直流负荷的电压不平衡度和电压偏差指标越限,影响直流负荷的正常运行。文中基于电压源型换流器(VSC)外环电压控制,考虑中线电压补偿,提出基于电压补偿等效模型的直流配电网电压偏差及不平衡度联合抑制策略,实现直流配电网电压就地协调控制。首先,建立双端直流配电网潮流模型,将VSC电压下垂控制引入潮流模型,分析不同控制策略下的电压偏差和不平衡度的特性。其次,在此基础上,以电压最低点为分点获得双端电源供电回路压降的简化等效模型,并利用最小二乘法实现等效阻抗参数辨识,构建双端直流配电网的电压补偿等效模型。以参数辨识结果作为电压外环控制输入,提出考虑中线电压补偿的双端直流配电网电压就地协调控制策略。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,验证了双端直流配电网潮流模型的正确性和控制策略的有效性。

基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识

在低压配电网中,用户频繁地扩建和改接导致台账存在信息更新滞后、数据缺失等问题,难以获取当前运行状态下的拓扑及线路参数。针对无相角量测信息且含未知数量零注入功率“隐节点”的低压配电网,提出一种基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识方法。基于低压配电网的电气特性以及辐射状网络的结构特点,推导出一种功率-电压比形式的线性逆潮流模型。通过线性回归求解得到阻抗距离矩阵,再利用无判定阈值形式的改进分组递归算法实现拓扑与线路参数的联合辨识。最后,在IEEE欧洲低压测试馈线和中国南京市某地区的实际低压配电网中对所提算法进行数值仿真,验证了所提算法的有效性。

基于动态平衡布局的输电网潮流图自动生成方法

为解决输电网潮流图自动生成中厂站布局与线路布线问题,提出基于动态平衡布局的输电网潮流图自动生成方法。针对厂站布局,首先,在力导向算法的基础上引入基于图纸中心点的惩罚函数,以解决力导向算法布局不均匀的问题,提高布局的均布度;然后,利用厂站分布率参数控制算法平衡次数,引导厂站向图纸边界运动,解决布局自动适应给定图幅大小的问题;最后,通过位置映射变换将围绕图纸中心点的椭圆分布转换为矩形分布,解决引入惩罚函数布局均匀但不符合传统输电网潮流图绘制习惯的问题。针对线路布线提出以构建通道树为中心的布线方法,有效降低布线交点个数,提升布线效果。所提布局与布线算法在实际工程应用中取得了良好的效果,通过案例验证了输电网潮流图自动生成的正确性和有效性。

基于加权潮流熵的配电网脆弱线路辨识方法

通过评估电网脆弱线路来寻找薄弱环节,能够很好地防止事故发生。针对目前配电网脆弱线路辨识方法辨识能力差,难以精准确定全部脆弱线路的问题,利用加权潮流熵提出了一种辨识方法。利用加权潮流熵对转移增量进行计算,根据计算结果得到脆弱性评估指标,分析不同指标的权重,通过得到的脆弱性评估指标进行电网线路辨识分析,判断是否为脆弱线路。实验结果表明,基于加权潮流熵的配电网脆弱线路辨识方法能够很好地检测出脆弱线路的电流波动振幅,通过得到电流加权潮流熵分析电流波形是否为正弦波,确定脆弱线路,在10次测试中,检测成功率为100%,具有极高的实际应用价值。

基于状态估计的配电网线损分析

当前电站自动化覆盖率高,可提供大量数据进行分析计算,为此提出一种基于状态估计的配电网线损分析方法,并分析该方法所用的信息管理系统的结构和功能。通过状态估计方法对采集数据进行处理,同时满足潮流计算的约束,消除误差和丢包带来的影响,得出较为精确的节点注入功率,以此计算配电网的线损率。

考虑客户用电安全隐患的配电网脆弱线路风险自动预警方法

脆弱线路作为配电网的重要组成部分,是保证电网安全与用户安全的关键环节。为此,从客户用电安全隐患角度出发,提出配电网脆弱线路风险自动预警方法。基于电气介数模型与线路潮流传输最大值,建立有功潮流介数模型,降序排列有功潮流介数,识别脆弱线路。利用脆弱线路形成最小风险的目标函数模型来评估风险,依据风险期望值与控制决策,划分风险评估等级与预警等级,采用神经网络模型,实现风险自动预警。实验结果表明,所提方法的脆弱线路识别结果与风险自动预警效果较好,能够正确作出风险预警,且实践优势显著。

云边协同下的电网脆弱线路辨识方法设计

针对以单纯云计算为基础的电网脆弱线路辨识中,存在主节点计算压力大、耗时过高的问题,引入云边协同方法,设计了一种以云边协同为基础的电网脆弱线路辨识方法。以云边协同逻辑架构为基础,将云计算与边缘计算相融合,构建电网脆弱线路辨识模型。利用PageRank算法建立DNS缓存,整合云计算下的边缘设备数据源,以基尔霍夫定律为基础,计算不同线路的潮流值,根据潮流结果完成电网脆弱线路辨识。结果表明,所提方法对电网中的脆弱线路辨识性能更强、耗时更短。

The Phenomenal Alleviation of Transmission Congestion by Optimally Placed Multiple Distributed Generators Using PSO

In the current electricity paradigm, the rapid elevation of demands in industrial sector and the process of restructuring are the main causes for the overuse of transmission systems. Hence, the evolution of novel technology is the ultimate need to avoid the damages in the available transmission systems. An appreciable volume of renewable energy sources is used to produce electric power, after the implementation of deregulation in power system. Even though, they are intended to improve the reliability of power system, the unpredictable outages of generators or transmission lines, an impulsive increase in demand and the sudden failures of vital equipment cause transmission congestion in one or some transmission lines. Generation rescheduling and load shedding can be used to alleviate congestion, but some cases require quite few improved methods. With the extensive application of Distributed Generation (DG), congestion management is also performed by the optimal placement of DGs. Therefore, this research employs a Line Flow Sensitivity Factor (LFSF) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for the determination of optimal location and size of multiple DG units, respectively. This proposed problem is formulated to minimize the total system losses and real power flow performance index. This approach is experimented in modified IEEE-30 bus test system. The results of N-1 contingency analysis with DG units prove the competence of this proposed approach, since the total numbers of congested lines get reduced from 15 to 2. Hence, the results show that the proposed approach is robust and simple in alleviating transmission congestion by the optimal placement and sizing of multiple DG units.

一种配电网多线路混合式统一潮流控制器

为适应配电网多线路的潮流调节需求,进一步提高潮流调控能力和响应速度,文中提出一种新型配电网多线路混合式统一潮流控制器(multi-line hybrid unified power flow controller for distribution network, D-MHUPFC)。D-MHUPFC由Sen变压器、统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller, UPFC)和混合式有载分接开关组成,能够快速调节配电网多线路潮流。相较于传统调节方式,D-MHUPFC具有结构紧凑、响应快速、经济性好和可靠性高等优点。文中结合ZIP负荷模型,推导计及D-MHUPFC的多线路潮流方程,优化其协同控制策略,并搭建10 kV配电网仿真平台验证其可行性。结果显示,D-MHUPFC及其控制策略能在0.15 s内快速调节多线路潮流,转移过载功率,提高断面输电极限。D-MHUPFC能够解耦控制有功功率和无功功率,补偿误差小于1%,具有和UPFC相当的潮流调节能力。

城市轨道交通地下单存车线配线区间内排烟效果现场实测研究

目的:为了明确城市轨道交通工程地下单存车线配线区间不同排烟设计方案的烟气控制效果,确定影响隧道区间整体排烟能力和气流组织分配的因素,需要对单存车线配线区间的排烟效果进行现场实测。方法:选取某条已运营的城市轨道交通线路中的1个单存车线配线区间,针对影响隧道区间整体排烟能力和气流组织分配的关键因素,设置了6种不同的测试工况。在现场开展冷烟试验,对各工况的断面风速、烟气流动方向、实际排烟效果等进行现场实测,并对测试结果进行分析。结果及结论:隧道通风系统的排烟能力主要取决于TVF(隧道风机)的开启数量,射流风机主要起气流分配的作用。隧道风机和射流风机的合理组合,可形成有效的排烟气流组织方案。单存车线区域应设置射流风机,以对该区域的各线路进行气流分配,保证着火区间内风速满足规范要求。射流风机并非开启越多越好,仅开启起火位置所对应隧道内的射流风机时具有纵向风速大、控制简单的优点。单存车线区间内建议至少设置2组射流风机,且2组射流风机的间距不宜小于1列列车的长度。

以最小初投资为目标的供热管网环形干线初始流量分配方法

环形干线初始流量分配是供热管网设计中管径初选的依据,能满足节点质量守恒原则的初始流量分配方法有很多,不同的流量分配方法初投资不同。本文以初投资最小为目标函数,以节点质量守恒和流量下限值为约束条件,构建了管段流量的优化模型,并采用既约梯度法求解。算例表明:在管段流量最小值为29 t/h时,最小初投资法的初始流量分配结果比最小平方和法节约5.15%的初投资;最小初投资法初始流量分配结果受流量下限值约束。

高渗透率分布式电源影响下配电网极限线损计算方法

针对现有配电网极限线损研究中未能充分考虑高渗透率分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)下节点电压越限、上级系统有功平衡功率损失等情况,使得极限线损的计算考虑不周的问题,提出一种高渗透率DG影响下配电网的极限线损计算方法。首先,考虑该背景影响下的电压越限问题,设计以DG有功、无功出力的最小变化差为目标的电压调控策略,构建计及DG出力变化的极限线损模型,使其更符合实际运行情况;其次,在模糊算法原理基础上以不同渗透率为程度界限,构建半梯形隶属度函数及对应模糊规则,得到上级系统有功平衡功率损失模型,并在供电功率不足时,构建计及削负荷操作的配电网极限线损模型;最后,以改进的IEEE 33节点配电系统为例,基于概率潮流分别讨论DG并入后极限线损减小、增大2种情况,验证所提极限线损模型的有效性。

不同密度采集数据的配电网线损连续计算方法

针对含有高密度采集数据的DG中压配电网线损计算,提出了一种配电网连续线损计算方法,旨在提高传统线损计算的精度。该方法充分利用调度侧和DG侧的高密度采集数据,将供电功率按功率分配给各个负荷节点,计算实时潮流,从而获得更可靠的线损值。在IEEE 17节点配电系统中验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。

城市配电网承载力自动化主站管理系统及提升

为了对配电网线路中潮流进行有效控制,提高配电网的承载能力,研究建立城市配电网承载力自动化主站管理系统。在配电网输电线路上安装分布式潮流控制器,提出基于直流潮流的DPFC设备优化配置方法,实现配电网承载能力最大化与DPFC的最优配置。系统对配电网中薄弱线路进行识别,将改进后的韧性度指标作为适应度函数得到全局最优解,采用权重系数反映配电网不同运行状态与状态指标的动态关系。实验结果显示本研究配电网承载力提升策略的效果最好,设备总容量达到80 MVA时配电网承载力上升到1.128,能够识别到的薄弱线路数量最多为51个。

基于线性规划的主动配电网线损影响因素分析

在新型电力系统中,电网线损率是反映电网设计规划、生产、投入运行和管理运营的一个重要的综合指标。本文提出一种基于线性规划的主动配电网线损估计及影响因素分析方法,首先建立基于配网线性最优潮流的线损评估方法,进一步通过将最优潮流中部分参数松弛为控制变量,在增补约束的条件下分析影响线损的关键因素。采用以上模型,对实际典型配电网中压馈线的线路损耗进行了估算,分析了影响配网线损的关键因素,验证了论文提出方法的可行性。