Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Fractal Rock Joint

The present study shows that naturally developed fracture surfaces in rocks display the properties of self-affine fractals. Surface roughness can be quantitatively characterized by fractal dimension D and the intercept A on the log-log plot of variance: the former describes the irregularity and the later is statistically analogues to the slopes of asperities. In order to confirm the effects of these fractalparameters on the properties and mechanical behavior of rock joints, which have been observed in experiments under both normal andshear loadings, a theoretic model of rock joint is proposed on the basis of contact mechanics. The shape of asperity at contact is assumed to have a sinusoidal form in its representative scale r, with fractal dimension D and the intercept A. The model considers different local contact mechanisms, such as elastic deformation, frictional sliding and tensile fracture of the asperity. The empirical evolution law of surface damage developed in experiment is implemented into the model to up-date geometry of asperity in loading history. The effects of surface roughness characterized by D, A and re on normal and shear deformation of rock joint have been elaborated.

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three- dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh＇s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross- cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.

An Error Equivalent Model of Revolute Joints with Clearances for Antenna Pointing Mechanisms

Joint clearances in antenna pointing mechanisms lead to uncertainty in function deviation. Current studies mainly focus on radial clearance of revolute joints, while axial clearance has rarely been taken into consideration. In fact, own?ing to errors from machining and assembly, thermal deformation and so forth, practically, axial clearance is inevitable in the joint. In this study, an error equivalent model(EEM) of revolute joints is proposed with considering both radial and axial clearances. Compared to the planar model of revolute joints only considering radial clearance, the journal motion inside the bearing is more abundant and matches the reality better in the EEM. The model is also extended for analyzing the error distribution of a spatial dual?axis("X–Y" type) antenna pointing mechanism of Spot?beam antennas which especially demand a high pointing accuracy. Three case studies are performed which illustrates the internal relation between radial clearance and axial clearance. It is found that when the axial clearance is big enough, the physical journal can freely realize both translational motion and rotational motion. While if the axial clearance is limited, the motion of the physical journal will be restricted. Analysis results indicate that the consideration of both radial and axial clearances in the revolute joint describes the journal motion inside the bearing more precise. To further validate the proposed model, a model of the EEM is designed and fabricated. Some suggestions on the design of revolute joints are also provided.

Mechanical Behavior of a Glass-fiber Reinforced Composite to Steel Joint for Ships

The use of a glass-fiber reinforced composite in marine structures is becoming more common, particularly due to the potential weight savings. The mechanical response of the joint between a glass-fiber reinforced polymer （GRP） superstructure and a steel hull formed is examined and subsequently modified to improve performance through a combined program of modeling and testing. A finite-element model is developed to predict the response of the joint. The model takes into account the contact at the interface between different materials, progressive damage, large deformation theory, and a non-linear stress-strain relationship. To predict the progressive failure, the analysis combines Hashin failure criteria and maximum stress failure criteria. The results show stress response has a great influence on the strength and bearing of the joint. The Balsawood-steel interface is proved to be critical to the mechanical behavior of the joint. Good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions is observed.

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of 4UPS-UPU Spatial Parallel Mechanism with Spherical Clearance Joint

Clearance between the moving joints is unavoidable in real working process. At present, many researches are mainly focused on dynamics of plane revolute joint in plane mechanism, but few on dynamics of spatial spherical joint clearance in spatial parallel mechanism. In this paper, a general method is proposed for establishing dynamic equations of spatial parallel mechanism with spatial spherical clearance by Lagrange multiplier method. The kinematic model and contact force model of the spherical joint clearance were established successively. Lagrange multiplier method was used to deduce the dynamics equation of 4 UPS-UPU mechanism with spherical clearance joint systematically. The influence of friction coefficient on dynamics response of 4 UPS-UPU mechanism with spherical clearance joint was analyzed. Non-linear characteristics of clearance joint and moving platform were analyzed by Poincare map, phase diagram, and bifurcation diagram. The results show that variation of friction coefficient and clearance value had little effect on stability of the mechanism, but the chaotic phenomenon was found at spherical clearance joint. The research has theoretical guiding significance for improving the dynamic performance and avoiding of chaos of parallel mechanisms including spherical joint clearance.

Mechanical characteristic and failure mechanism of joint with composite sucker rod

Composite sucker rods are widely used in oil fields because of light weight,high strength,and corrosion resistance.Bonded technology becomes the primary connection method of composites.However,the joints with composite sucker rods are prone to debone and fracture.The connected characteristics are less considered,so the failure mechanism of the joint is still unclear.Based on the cohesive zone model(CZM)and the Johnson-Cook constitutive model,a novel full-scale numerical model of the joint with composite sucker rod was established,and verified by pull-out experiments.The mechanical properties and slip characteristics of the joint were studied,and the damaged procession of the joint was explored.The results showed that:a)the numerical model was in good agreement with the experimental results,and the error is within 5%;b)the von Mises stress,shear stress,and interface stress distributed symmetrically along the circumferential path increased gradually from the fixed end to the loading end;c)the first-bonded interface near the loading end was damaged at first,followed by debonding of the second-bonded interface,leading to the complete shear fracture of the epoxy,and resulted in the debonding of the joint with composite sucker rod,which can provide a theoretical basis for the structural design and optimization of the joint.

Joints in unsaturated rocks:Thermo-hydro-mechanical formulation and constitutive behaviour

A formulation for the coupled analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical （THM） problems in joints is first presented. The work involves the establishment of equilibrium and mass and energy balance equations. Balance equations were formulated taking into account two phases： water and air. The joint element developed was implemented in a general purpose finite element computer code for THM analysis of porous media （Code_Bright）. The program was then used to study a number of cases ranging from laboratory tests to large scale in situ tests. A numerical simulation of coupled hydraulic shear tests of rough granite joints is first presented. The tests as well as the model show the coupling between permeability and the deformation of thejoints. The experimental investigation was focused on the effects of suction on the mechanical behaviour of rock joints. Laboratory tests were performed in a direct shear cell equipped with suction control. Suction was imposed using a vapour forced convection circuit connected to the cell and controlled by an air pump. Artificial joints of Lilla claystone were prepared.Joint roughness of varying intensity was created by carving the surfaces in contact in such a manner that rock ridges of different tip angles were formed. These angles ranged from 0° （smooth joint） to 45° （very rough joint profile）. The geometric profiles of the two surfaces in contact were initially positioned in a ＂matching＂ situation. Several tests were performed for different values of suctions （200, 100, and 20 MPa） and for different values of vertical stresses （30, 60, and 150 kPa）. A constitutive model including the effects of suction and joint roughness is proposed to simulate the unsaturated behaviour of rock joints. The new constitutive law was incorporated in the code and experimental results were numerically simulated.

A Method for Automatically Establishing a Mathematical Model of Kinematic Analysis to a Planar Mechanism with a Multiple Joint and Prismatic Pair

A method for automatically establishing a mathematical model of kinematic analysis to a planar mechanism with multiple joint and prismatic pair is presented. The breadth （ or depth ） first search spanning tree can be obtained based on an adjacency matrix of the mechanism. Then the kinematic chain （or mechanism）＇s basic loops can be obtained. On the basis of these basic loops, a mathematical model of kinematic analysis can be established and solved automatically. In the sense of a calculative mechanism, structural analysis of the kinematic chain relates to the kinematic analysis of a mechanism. Thus, an effective way is supplied to the given mechanism＇s kinematic analysis for automatic modeling and solving, and a method is supplied to the structural type to optimize kinematic synthesis.

Effect Mechanisms of Hygrothermal Environments on Failure of Single-Lap and Double-Lap CFRP-Aluminum Bolted Joints

The high demands for load-carrying capability and structural efficiency of composite-metal bolted joints trigger in-depth investigations on failure mechanisms of the joints in hygrothermal environments.However,few studies have been presented to exhaustively reveal hygrothermal effects on the failure of CFRP-metal bolted joints,which differ from CFRP-CFRP or metal-metal bolted joints because of the remarkably different material properties of CFRPs and metals.In this paper,hygrothermal effects on tensile failures of single-lap and double-lap CFRP-aluminum bolted joints were experimentally and numerically investigated.A novel numerical model,in which a hygrothermal-included progressive damage model of composites was established and elastic-plastic models of metals were built,was proposed to predict the failures of the CFRP-metal bolted joints in hygrothermal environments and validated by corresponding experiments.Different failure mechanisms of single-lap and double-lap CFRP-aluminum bolted joints,under 23°C/Dry and 70°C/Wet conditions,were revealed,respectively.It follows that both the collapse failures of the single-lap and double-lap bolted joints were dominated by the bearing failure of the CFRP hole laminate in the two conditions,indicating that the hygrothermal environment did not change the macro failure modes of the joints.However,the hygrothermal environment considerably shortened the damage propagation processes and reduced the strength of the joints.Besides,the hygrothermal environment weakened the load-transfer capability of the single-lap joint more severely than the double-lap joint because it aggravated the secondary bending effects of the single-lap joint obviously.

Design of Compliant Straight-line Mechanisms Using Flexural Joints

Straight-line compliant mechanisms are important building blocks to design a linear-motion stage, which is very useful in precision applications. However, only a few configurations of straight-line compliant mechanisms are applicable. To construct more kinds of them, an approach to design large-displacement straight-line flexural mechanisms with rotational flexural joints is proposed, which is based on a viewpoint that the straight-line motion is regarded as a compromise of rigid and compliant parasitic motion of a rotational flexural joint. An analytical design method based on the Taylor series expansion is proposed to quickly obtain an approximate solution. To illustrate and verify the proposed method, two kinds of flexural joints, cross-axis hinge and leaf-type isosceles-trapezoidal flexural（LITF） pivot are used to reconstruct straight-line flexural mechanisms. Their performances are obtained by analytic and FEA method respectively. The comparisons of the results show the accuracy of the approach. Both examples show that the proposed approach can convert a large-deflection flexural joint into approximate straight-line mechanism with a high linearity that is higher than 5 000 within 5 man displacement. This can lead to a new way to design, analyze or optimize straight-line flexure mechanisms.

Joint inversion of Rayleigh group and phase velocities for S-wave velocity structure of the 2021 M_(S)6.0 Luxian earthquake source area,China

On September 16,2021,a MS6.0 earthquake struck Luxian County,one of the shale gas blocks in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin,China.To understand the seismogenic environment and its mechanism,we inverted a fine three-dimensional S-wave velocity model from ambient noise tomography using data from a newly deployed dense seismic array around the epicenter,by extracting and jointly inverting the Rayleigh phase and group velocities in the period of 1.6–7.2 s.The results showed that the velocity model varied significantly beneath different geological units.The Yujiasi syncline is characterized by low velocity at depths of~3.0–4.0 km,corresponding to the stable sedimentary layer in the Sichuan Basin.The eastern and western branches of the Huayingshan fault belt generally exhibit high velocities in the NE-SW direction,with a few local low-velocity zones.The Luxian MS6.0 earthquake epicenter is located at the boundary between the high-and low-velocity zones,and the earthquake sequences expand eastward from the epicenter at depths of 3.0–5.0 km.Integrated with the velocity variations around the epicenter,distribution of aftershock sequences,and focal mechanism solution,it is speculated that the seismogenic mechanism of the main shock might be interpreted as the reactivation of pre-existing faults by hydraulic fracturing.

Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel linings

Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels.A large-scale model test was designed and conducted,innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure.The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed,and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations.The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop.In addition,the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop,and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop.The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results,indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability.This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

恒刚度边界下加锚节理岩体剪切行为宏细观研究

为探究深部地下工程中加锚节理岩体的剪切特性,本文开展了恒刚度边界条件下加锚节理岩体的直剪试验,探究了不同节理面粗糙度、法向刚度和初始法向应力对加锚节理岩体剪切力学特性的影响,并结合PFC数值模拟,分析了不同锚杆弹性模量影响下锚固体系的宏观力学特性和细观裂纹变化特征.结果表明:节理面粗糙度对剪切强度影响显著,粗糙度越大,剪切强度越高;锚杆可提高试样的整体抗剪强度,但法向刚度和初始法向应力对锚杆的锚固效果有不同的影响,存在最优范围;试件内部裂纹以张拉裂纹为主,随着锚杆弹性模量的增加,锚固体的峰值剪切强度和内部裂纹数量都呈现增加趋势,但增加速率在变小;锚杆内部剪切应力曲线和轴向应力曲线变化相似,与锚杆弹性模量有明显关系,弹性模量越大,应力增长越剧烈,达到屈服强度后增加变得十分缓慢.

Semi-analytical Stiffness Model of Bolted Joints in Machine Tools Considering the Coupling Effect

This study proposes an improved semi-analytical approach for contact stiffness modeling of bolted joints in a machine tool system.First,nonlinear contact stress distribution within a single-bolted joint is obtained from the simulation results of finite element analysis software.Second,employing the Hertz contact theory and fractal theory,the contact stiffness model of a single asperity is formulated,affording analytical expressions for normal and tangential contact stiffnesses of a single-bolted joint by integrating multi-asperities in the contact area.Subsequently,considering two test specimens as illustrations,the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the proposed model and modal analysis tests are compared,and the influence of coupling effects between two adjacent bolts is illustrated.The maximum error in the natural frequencies of the proposed approach is<2.73%relative to the experimental results.Finally,the measurements of frequency response functions on a box-in-box precision horizontal machine tool are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model.The proposed model is highly efficient in revealing the influence of microcontact factors on the contact stiffness of bolted joints and in guiding the optimal functional design of bolt arrangements under the framework of virtual machine tools.

基于注意力循环神经网络的联合深度推荐模型

为了向用户推荐符合兴趣偏好的项目,设计一种基于注意力循环神经网络的联合深度推荐模型。将双层注意力机制设置于网络中,该模型由五个部分构成,在输入层中生成联合深度推荐模型的输入矩阵,通过序列编码层对项目评论文本语义展开正向和反向编码,获得隐藏状态输出,并将其输入双层注意力机制中,提取项目特征,利用全连接层提取用户偏好特征。在预测层中建立项目与用户的交互模型,获得项目评分,为用户推荐高评分的项目。为了提高模型精度,加权融合MSE损失函数、CE损失函数和RK损失函数建立组合损失函数,对深度联合训练模型展开训练,提高模型的推荐性能。仿真结果表明,所提方法具有良好的推荐效果,能够适应不断变化的市场需求和用户行为。

A novel virtual material layer model for predicting natural frequencies of composite bolted joints

A novel virtual material layer model based on the fractal theory was proposed to predict the natural frequencies of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composite bolted joints.Rough contact surfaces of composite bolted joints are modeled with this new proposed approach.Numerical and experimental modal analyses were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model.A good consistence is noted between the numerical and experimental results.To demonstrate the necessity of accurately modeling the rough contact surfaces in the prediction of natural frequencies,virtual material layer model was compared with the widely used traditional model based on the Master-Slave contact algorithm and experiments,respectively.Results show that the proposed model has a better agreement with experiments than the widely used traditional model(the prediction accuracy is raised by 8.77%when the pre-tightening torque is 0.5 N·m).Real contact area ratio A*of three different virtual material layers were calculated.Value of A*were discussed with dimensionless load P*,fractal dimension D and fractal roughness G.This work provides a new efficient way for accurately modeling the rough contact surfaces and predicting the natural frequencies of composite bolted joints,which can be used to help engineers in the dynamic design of composite materials.

Numerical and experimental study on dynamics of the planar mechanical system considering two revolute clearance joints

Due to assembly,wear and manufacturing errors and clearance in the joints are inevitable.When the clearance is introduced into a mechanical system,the impact force in the clearance joint will cause undesirable vibration of the system.In this paper,the dynamic responses of the mechanical system with two revolute clearance joints are studied using computational and experimental methodology.The clearance joint is considered as force constraint.The normal contact force and tangential friction force between the journal and bearing in a clearance joint are modeled using a nonlinear contact force model considering energy loss and a modified Coulomb friction model considering a dynamic friction coefficient,respectively.A planar slider-crank mechanism with two revolute clearance joints is used to implement the study.The dynamic responses obtained from numerical simulation are compared with the experimental test.Numerical simulations and experimental tests for different clearance sizes and crank speeds are presented and discussed,respectively.The simulation results agree quite well with those of the experiment for different cases,which proves the accuracy and efficiency of the computational method for dynamics analysis of the mechanical system with two revolute clearance joints in this study.The investigation indicates that the clearances in revolute joints significantly affect the dynamic characteristics of mechanical systems,which must be considered in the precision analysis,design,and control of multibody systems,especially for high-speed machinery.

Development of an improved three-dimensional rough discrete fracture network model:Method and application

Structure plane is one of the important factors affecting the stability and failure mode of rock mass engineering.Rock mass structure characterization is the basic work of rock mechanics research and the important content of numerical simulation.A new 3-dimensional rough discrete fracture network(RDFN3D)model and its modeling method based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot(W-M)function were presented in this paper.The RDFN3D model,which improves and unifies the modelling methods for the complex structural planes,has been realized.The influence of fractal dimension,amplitude,and surface precision on the modeling parameters of RDFN3D was discussed.The reasonable W-M parameters suitable for the roughness coefficient of JRC were proposed,and the relationship between the mathematical model and the joint characterization was established.The RDFN3D together with the smooth 3-dimensional discrete fracture network(DFN3D)models were successfully exported to the drawing exchange format,which will provide a wide application in numerous numerical simulation codes including both the continuous and discontinuous methods.The numerical models were discussed using the COMSOL Multiphysics code and the 3-dimensional particle flow code,respectively.The reliability of the RDFN3D model was preliminarily discussed and analyzed.The roughness and spatial connectivity of the fracture networks have a dominant effect on the fluid flow patterns.The research results can provide a new geological model and analysis model for numerical simulation and engineering analysis of jointed rock mass.

不同因素导致的差异沉降对盾构隧道受力特性影响研究

盾构隧道在下卧地层软硬突变、局部堆载等因素影响下易产生不均匀沉降,可能诱发管片环间错台、螺栓断裂和接缝渗水等病害,危及隧道安全。然而,现有试验研究在隧道模型上多将纵向接头简化处理,难以反映盾构隧道纵向受力变形特性,对于隧道下卧软硬突变地层等工况的模拟也较为缺乏。为此,提出一种可同时模拟抗拉、抗弯刚度的“弹簧+螺栓型”接头,并以此接头制作可满足纵向力学性能相似的隧道模型,对盾构隧道进行下卧软硬突变、局部堆载等工况下的模型试验,进一步探明不同因素导致的差异沉降对盾构隧道的影响机理,并采用数值模拟验证了试验的可行性。研究结果表明:1)较单一地层而言,隧道下卧软硬突变时纵向沉降曲线呈现明显的非线性,其隧道沉降及差异沉降最值显著增大,软土侧隧道沉降较硬土侧更为显著,最大沉降、沉降差均出现在突变区软土侧衬砌处;2)下卧地层突变导致隧道横向收敛变形在纵向上分布不均,使软土侧衬砌收敛变形减小,硬土侧衬砌收敛变形显著增大;3)局部堆载对管片弯矩分布影响较小,对弯矩最值影响较大;4)下卧软土区隧道结构内力分布明显变异,隧道衬砌正弯矩区域显著增大,负弯矩区域略有减小,且弯矩最值提升显著。因此针对软硬突变地层,必要时在硬土侧隧道可采用粘钢法等方法提升衬砌横向刚度,以控制其收敛变形;软土侧隧道建议对管片进行螺栓复紧,并加强接缝防水,以减小下卧地层弱化对隧道结构产生的不利影响。

三维机织复合材料的连接性能与失效机制

为了研究织物结构对三维机织复合材料连接性能的影响,设计了多层多向机织结构和层联机织结构复合材料,建立了开孔连接结构宏细观耦合分析模型,揭示了三维机织复合材料连接失效机制。研究表明:±45°纱所占的比例对复合材料机械连接的挤压强度具有重要影响,±45°纱线的引入,可以提高承载纱线的含量,能够有效改善孔边的应力集中现象;多层多向机织复合材料主要发生0°纱、90°纱和斜向纱的横纵向的损伤,损伤最初发生在孔边并逐渐扩展且呈对称分布,载荷的传递方向和损伤的传播方向呈现角度的特征。