Lipase and photodecarboxylase coexpression: A potential strategy for alkane-based biodiesel production from natural triglycerides

Alkane-based biodiesel is considered the next generation of biodiesel owing to its potential environmental benefits and the fact that it exhibits much higher specific caloric values than traditional biodiesel.However,the formidable obstacle impeding the commercialization of this cutting-edge fuel alternative lies in the cost associated with its production.In this study,an engineered strain Escherichia coli(E.coli)showcasing harmonized coexpression of a lipase(from Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase,TLL)and a fatty acid photodecarboxylase(from Chlorella variabilis,CvFAP)was first constructed to transform triglycerides into alkanes.The potential of E.coli BL21(DE3)/pRSFDuet-1-TLL-CvFAP for alkane synthesis was evaluated with tripalmitin as a model substrate under various process conditions.Following a comprehensive examination of the reaction parameters,the scope of the biotransformation was expanded to‘real’substrates(vegetable oils).The results showed that bioderived oils can be transformed into alkanes with high yields(0.80-10.20 mmol·L^(-1))under mild conditions(35℃,pH 8.0,and 36 h)and blue light illumination.The selected processes were performed on an increased lab scale(up to 100 ml)with up to 24.77 mmol·L^(-1) tripalmitin,leading to a yield of 18.89 mmol·L^(-1) pentadecane.With the employment of a method for efficiently producing alkanes under mild conditions and a simple procedure to isolate alkanes from the reaction system,the utilization of sustainable biomass as a fundamental feedstock emerges as the primary solution to lower the cost of alkane-based biodiesel.Thus,this study proposes a readily implementable and highly effective approach for alkane-based biodiesel production.

Carboxyl Ester Lipase Protects Against Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis by Binding to Fatty Acid Synthase

Carboxyl ester lipase(CEL),a pivotal enzyme involved in lipid metabolism,is recurrently mutated in obese mice.Here,we aimed to elucidate the functional significance,molecular mechanism,and therapeutic potential of CEL in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis(MASH).Hepatocyte-specific carboxyl ester lipase gene(Cel)knockout(Cel^(DHEP))and wildtype(WT)littermates were fed with cholinedeficient high-fat diet(CD-HFD)for 16 weeks,or methionine-and choline-deficient diet(MCD)for three weeks to induce MASH.Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation were employed to identify the downstream targets of CEL.CD-HFD/MCD-fed WT mice received intravenous injections of CEL-adeno-associated viral,serotype 8(AAV8)to induce specific overexpression of CEL in the liver.We observed a decrease in CEL protein levels in MASH induced by CD-HFD or MCD in mice.Cel^(DHEP) mice fed with CD-HFD or MCD exhibited pronounced hepatic steatosis,inflammation,lipid peroxidation,and liver injury compared to WT littermates,accompanied by increased hepatic nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell(NF-jB)activation.Consistently,Cel knockdown in mouse primary hepatocytes and AML12 cells aggravated lipid accumulation and inflammation,whereas CEL overexpression exerted the opposite effect.Mechanistically,CEL directly bound to fatty acid synthase(FASN),resulting in reduced FASN SUMOylation,which in turn promoted FASN degradation through the proteasome pathway.Furthermore,inhibition of FASN ameliorated hepatocyte lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by Cel knockdown in vivo and in vitro.Hepatocyte-specific CEL overexpression using AAV8-Cel significantly mitigated steatohepatitis in mice fed with CD-HFD or MCD.CEL protects against steatohepatitis development by directly interacting with FASN and suppressing its expression for de novo lipogenesis.CEL overexpression confers a therapeutic benefit in steatohepatitis.

Solvent-free synthesis of diacylglycerols via enzymatic glycerolysis between edible oils and glycerol catalyzed by self-made immobilized lipase PS@LXTE-1000

Diglycerol(DAG)is a structural lipid with the functions to lower body fat accumulation and decrease serum triglyceride level.However,the enzymatic synthesis of DAG is limited by the high-efficient and economic lipases.In this paper,the immobilized lipase PS@LXTE-1000 was self-made by immobilizing the Pseudomomas cepacian lipase on to the hydrophobic microporous resin LXTE-1000.The results indicate that LXTE-1000 was a uniform mesoporous sphere with the mean diameter of 400μm,pore size of 14.6 nm,pore volume of 0.5 cm3/g and surface area of 126.0 m^(2)/g,showing superior structural properties for lipase immobilization.Under the optimal reaction conditions with the molar ratio of rapeseed oil to glycerol being 1:1,adding amount of immobilized lipase being 4%,reaction at 50℃,the highest DAG content of 46.7%was achieved in 3 h via enzymatic glycerolysis catalyzed by LXTE-1000.After 7 cycles of reuse,the self-made LXTE-1000 could still retain 78.3%of its initial catalytic ability.Besides,LXTE-1000 was observed to facilitate the DAG production via glycerolysis reaction between glycerol with other seven edible oils including corn oil,sesame oil,peony seed oil,rice bran oil,peanut oil,soybean oil and flaxseed oil.Specifically,the glycerolysis reaction with sesame oil,peony seed oil and rice bran oil even led to the DAG content of 52.1%,53.3%and 51.2%,respectively,Hence,this paper provide a novel strategy to produce high-efficient and economic immobilized lipases,which shows great potential in the green synthesis of functional lipids such as DAG.

Prokaryotic Expression of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lipase Gene

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the prokaryotic expression of pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase gene.[Method]Lipase gene was amplified by PCR from the genome DNA of pseudomonas aeruginosa,and its nucleotide sequence was determined.The prokaryotic expression vector of Lipase gene was constructed by the gene recombination technique.The protein expression was induced for 4 hours by IPTG with the final concentration of 1.0 mmol/L,and then SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was analyzed.[Result]The sequence of mature peptides in Lipase gene cloned from pseudomonas aeruginosa had a 99.36% homology with that of pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase submitted in NCBI,so the prokaryotic expression vector of Lipase gene pET32a-Lip was successfully constructed.Furthermore,the results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the target gene was expressed highly and effectively.[Conclusion]The cloned pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase with its signal peptide could be normally expressed in E.coli and also used for further study.

Genetic Screening of the Lipoprotein Lipase Gene for Mutations in Chinese Subjects with or without Hypertriglyceridemia

Objective： To investigate the association between the mutations in lipoprotein lipase gene and hypertriglyceridemia （HTG）. Methods： The lipoprotein lipase （LPL） gene was screened for mutations in 386 Chinese subjects with （108 cases in the HTG group） or without HTG （278 cases in the control group）, by single-strand conformation polymorphism （SSCP） analysis and DNA sequencing. Results： One novel silent mutation L103L, one missense mutation P207L, three splicing mutations Int3/3＇ -ass/C（-6）→T, and the common S447X polymorphism has been identified in the whole coding region and exon-intron junctions of the LPL gene were examined. Heterozygous P207L found in the HTG group was the first case reported in Asia and subsequently another P207L heterozygote was found in the proband＇s family, all of which suggested that P207L was one of the causes of familial combined hyperlipidemia, but was not so prevalent as that in French Canadian. Int3/3＇-ass/C（-6）→T was found in both groups in the present study although it was regarded as a pathogenic variant to HTG earlier on. Moreover about the beneficial polymorphism S447X, there was also some supportive evidence that the levels of triglycerides （TG） in S447X carriers were significantly lower than noncarders in the subjects without HTG. Conclusions： The association between the LPL variants and HTG is quite complicated and versatile, genotyping of LPL in a larger-scale screening should be necessary and justifiable.

Fermentation Performance and Characterization of Cold-Adapted Lipase Produced with Pseudomonas Lip35

Strain of Pseudomonas Lip35 producing lipase was isolated in a refrigerator. Lipase production and characterization of this strain were investigated under different conditions. The Pseudomonas was cultivated in shaking flasks in a fermentation medium in various nutritional and physical environments. Lipase production has been influenced by the presence of yeast-extract, soybean powder, NaCI, and Tween-80. Maximum lipase productivity was obtained when the physical environment of the fermentation medium was optimal for 67 h. The production of lipase reached 58.9 U·mL^-1. The lipase of Pseudomonas Lip35 can be considered to be inducible, but the inducer had little influence on the production of lipase. The lipase was characterized and showed high lipolytic activity from pH 7.5-8.0. The optimum temperature was observed at 20℃ and the thermal inactivation of lipase was obvious at 60℃. The lipase activity was inhibited by K＋, stimulated by Ca^2＋, and thermostability decreased in the presence of Ca^2＋, therefore the lipase was Ca^2＋ -dependent cold-adapted enzyme.

Two rare cases of benign hyperlipasemia in children

Gullo's syndrome is a newly identified condition characterized by a chronic elevation of pancreatic amylase and/or lipase in the absence of pancreatic disease. Until now, only one case of benign isolated hyperlipasemia in children has been recorded. We describe two children with benign and not familial increase of serum lipase. Case 1: a six year old girl presented with occasional discovery of serum lipase elevation. Medical history was silent for pancreatic hyperenzymemia. The screening for possible causes for elevated lipase(genetic, autoimmune and infectious diseases) was normal. The serum lipase increased three fold over the upper limit(193 U/L; reference range 0-60 U/L), with daily fluctuation of values. Both ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging were normal. The genetic mutation associated with chronic pancreatitis was negative. We followed up this patient for two years with blood tests every six months and she did not show any signs or symptoms of pancreatic disease, except for the high level of lipase serum. Case 2: an eight year old girl complained of nausea, vomiting and severe abdominal pain in theepigastric region after eating for the last two weeks. Full blood count, electrolytes, C-reactive protein, liver and renal function were normal. Serum lipase was 96 U/L(reference range 0-60 U/L). The screening for the possible causes of pancreatic disease was negative. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract, ultrasound, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging were normal. One year after the presentation of the symptoms, the patient became asymptomatic although the level of serum lipase continued to be high.

家蚕脂肪酶基因Bmlipase-1在不同BmNPV抗性水平家蚕品种间的表达差异

家蚕脂肪酶Bmlipase-1在家蚕中肠组织特异性表达,具有抵抗家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)感染的活性。以对BmNPV具有不同抗性水平的6个家蚕品种为材料,利用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术,检测Bmlipase-1基因在不同家蚕品种5龄期健康幼虫中肠组织的表达水平及感染BmNPV后的5龄期幼虫中肠组织中该基因的表达水平变化,探究该基因表达水平与家蚕对BmNPV的抗性水平的关系。结果表明:不同家蚕品种间Bmlipase-1的表达水平差异显著,抗性较强的品种,其表达水平较高,6个供试品种5龄幼虫中肠组织中的Bmlipase-1表达水平依次为NIL.LVR>P50>CVDAR18>nsd.NIL>892>306,抗性较强品种NIL.LVR 5龄期的平均表达量约为抗性较弱品种306的8.2倍;BmNPV能够诱导Bmlipase-1的表达,但不同品种间该基因的诱导表达差异显著,仍表现为抗性较强的品种该基因的诱导表达水平较高,NIL.LVR经BmNPV感染诱导后Bmlipase-1在5龄期的平均表达量约为抗性较弱品种306平均诱导表达水平的12.4倍。推测Bmlipase-1的表达水平与蚕体自身对BmNPV的抗性水平有一定的关联性。

Lipase and Phospholipase in the Hydrolysis of Lipids in Wastewater from Swine Slaughterhouse and Subsequent Biological Treatment Study

Wastewaters from slaughterhouses are characterized by a high concentration of oils and greases that can cause problems in conventional treatments. The degradation of difficult pollutants in more easily degradable products can be mediated by enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis facilitates the biodegradation because it makes the organic material is made available as compounds of lower molecular weight, the lipids being made available in the form of free fatty acids. The application of enzymes as processing aids in wastewater treatment has some advantages, such as the specificity that allows control of the products, which leads to increased income generation for the non-toxic byproducts and moderate conditions of operation. The objective of this work was optimizing the conditions for lipids enzymatic hydrolysis present in swine slaughterhouse wastewaters using lipolytic enzymes and subsequent biological treatment study. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration were the variables tested. The enzymes showed good activity and could therefore be used for the hydrolysis process proposed here. The optimized conditions to maximize the release of fatty acids were： temperature of 36 ℃, pH 8.5 and enzyme concentration of 1.1%, yielding fatty acids in the order of 31.50μmol/mL for lipase and 31.13 μmol/mL for phospholipase. All variables influenced the release of fatty acids. The maximum yield of biogas was 89.65 mL in the reactor added the sludge, raw wastewater and phospholipase in the conditions optimized the hydrolysis step, obtaining a chemical oxygen demand （COD） reduction of 90.01% in relation to the value of the COD of the raw wastewater.

联合检测血清Lipase、CRP和IL-6在急性胰腺炎诊断和预后判断中的价值

目的 评价联合检测脂肪酶 (Lipase)、白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )和C 反应蛋白 (CRP)是否能够快速诊断和有效预后急性胰腺炎。方法 检测 4 0例非胰腺炎急腹症病人 ,4 0例急性胰腺炎患者 (包括 2 5例轻型急性胰腺炎患者和 15例重症急性胰腺炎患者 )和 4 0例健康控制组人员的血清Lipase、IL 6、CRP水平。 结果 Lipase(判定点设在 4 5 0u/L)可以正确区分 97%的急性胰腺炎患者和其它急腹症患者 ,有 2例急性胰腺炎患者Lipase低于 4 5 0u/L而未能正确区分 ,阳性预测值为 97% ,阴性预测值为 95 %。IL 6 (判定点设在 3 7μg/L) ,可以正确区分重症胰腺炎和轻度胰腺炎 ,敏感性为 10 0 % (15 / 15 ) ,特异性为 87% (2 0 / 2 3) ,阳性预测值为 88% ,阴性预测值为 10 0 % ,可以对急性胰腺炎的病情程度进行准确分级。CRP(判定点设在 6mg/L)显示预后效率低于IL 6 ,敏感性为 87% (13/ 15 ) ,特异性为 4 8% (11/ 2 3) ,阳性预值为 5 2 % ,阴性预值为 85 %。结论 联合检测Lipase、CRP和IL 6可以快速诊断急性胰腺炎和有效预后病情 ,指导临床治疗。

偏甘油酯脂肪酶Lipase G50催化酯化法制备甘油二酯

利用偏甘油酯脂肪酶Lipase G50催化甘油和脂肪酸酯化反应合成甘油二酯。探讨了酶加量、底物摩尔比、反应温度及加水量对酯化反应的影响。结果表明最佳反应条件为:脂肪酶Lipase G50加量为350 U/g,甘油和脂肪酸的摩尔比5∶1,加水量为底物总质量的5%,反应温度30℃,反应时间24 h。在最佳反应条件下脂肪酸的酯化率为75.02%,甘油二酯的含量达到44.74%,产物中没有甘油三酯生成。

器壁固定化脂肪酶(Pseudomonas cepacia lipase)的非水活性与稳定性

许多脂肪酶在有机体系中表现出催化作用,可用于绿色有机合成.但其催化活性和稳定性明显低于水/油(有机相)界面上的表现.为了提高脂肪酶在有机反应体系中的活性和稳定性,依据脂肪酶的界面活化机制,以水为酶蛋白构象优化剂、羧甲基纤维素为赋形剂,通过物理吸附的方式,将典型的假单胞菌脂肪酶(Pseudomonas cepacia lipase)固定在锥形瓶的内壁上,形成简易的生物反应器.为方便检测器壁固定化酶促反应动力学,选择特征吸收为640 nm的生化指示剂2,6-二氯靛酚为反应底物,乙酸乙烯酯为酰化试剂,丙酮为溶剂.光谱检测表明,催化反应0.5 h后,器壁固定化脂肪酶转化底物的能力是脂肪酶粉的6倍.在每次催化5 h共10次的循环催化中,器壁固定化脂肪酶的催化活性平均每次仅降低3.2%,而酶粉降低11.8%.结果表明,该器壁固定化脂肪酶的活性和稳定性相对于酶粉明显提高,这将为通过固定化有效提高脂肪酶的非水催化作用提供重要的参考.

中国野桑蚕抗病毒蛋白基因(Lipase)的克隆与活性鉴定

从中国野桑蚕幼虫中肠细胞克隆获得了抗家蚕核型多角体病毒BmNPV的脂肪酶基因(Lipase)cDNA(GenBank:AY945212)。该基因cDNA大小906 bp,编码301个氨基酸,蛋白质分子质量约为28.9 kD。进一步克隆了其全长基因组,结果表明该基因由2 147 bp组成,包含4个外显子和3个内含子。该基因在野桑蚕体内的表达具有组织特异性,仅限于野桑蚕中肠组织表达,且在幼虫龄中表达水平较高,而在幼虫眠期和熟蚕期几乎没有表达。通过基因体外表达获得的重组蛋白Lipase,能够有效抑制BmNPV病毒对家蚕的感染,说明该蛋白具有较强的抗BmNPV的生物学活性。

铜绿假单胞菌脂肪酶Lipase基因的原核表达

[目的]对铜绿假单胞菌脂肪酶Lipase基因进行原核表达。[方法]利用PCR方法从铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA中扩增得到脂肪酶基因,测定其核苷酸序列,利用基因重组技术构建脂肪酶基因的原核表达载体,加IPTG至终浓度为1.0 mmol/L诱导蛋白表达4 h,并进行SDS-PAGE电泳。[结果]从铜绿假单胞菌中克隆的脂肪酶基因成熟肽的序列,与NCBI上所递交的铜绿假单胞菌脂肪酶序列同源性很高,达99.36%。成功构建了脂肪酶基因的原核表达载体pET32a-Lip,进一步SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示目的基因得到高效表达。[结论]克隆的铜绿假单胞菌脂肪酶带有自身的信号肽,也可以在大肠杆菌中正常表达,可以用于进一步的研究。

固定化脂肪酶Lipase G 50催化合成甘油二酯的研究

以D380、CAT600、AB-8三种大孔树脂为载体,采用物理吸附法,对偏甘油酯脂肪酶LipaseG50进行了固定化,并利用其催化脂肪酸和甘油酯化合成甘油二酯。结果表明,采用D380固定的脂肪酶酶活最高,用此固定化酶催化反应的最佳条件为:甘油和脂肪酸的摩尔比5∶1,固定化酶酶加量为底物总质量的7.5%,反应温度35℃,在此条件下经过96h的反应,酯化率为76.39%,甘油二酯的含量为43.89%,没有甘油三酯生成。固定化酶重复使用5个批次后酯化率可达65.76%,甘油二酯的含量达到38.45%,具有良好的重复使用稳定性。

Synthesis of Vitamin A Esters by Immobilized Candida sp. Lipase in Organic Media

Vitamin A ester was synthesized in organic solvents with immobilized lipase from Candida sp. The types of lipases, influences of solvent, the molar ratio of substrates, the reaction temperature and the water activity in the reaction were studied in detail in order to obtain the optimum conditions for Vitamin A palmitate synthesis. In a system of hexane, 100mg immobilized Candida sp. lipase was used in the presence of 1.2mmol vitamin A acetate and 3.6mmol palmitic acid. The yield of vitamin A palmitate reached 81% in 12h at 25℃. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase was prepared by adsorbing Cand/da sp. fermentation broth on pretreated textile and could be reused for at least six batches.

Study on Immobilized Lipase Catalyzed Transesterification Reaction of Tung Oil

The transesterification reaction conditions of tung oil with methanol have been studied in this article, with immobilized lipase NOVO435 as catalyst. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the transesterification reaction of tung oil in a nonsolvent system. The optimal conditions were rotation rate 200 r/min, molar ratio of methanol to oil 2.2： l, reaction temperature 43℃, and the catalyst amount 14% （based on the weight of oil）. After reacting for 18 h, 67.5% of the oil was converted to its corresponding methyl esters （the theoretical ester conversion was 73.3%）. The lipase was washed by organic solvents after each reaction and was reused again. The esters conversion of tung oil was decreased by 6% after the lipase was reused for 120 h. The theoretical amount of methanol was added in two steps, 85% ester conversion was obtained after 36 h of reaction （theoretical ester conversion was 100%）. The molar ratio of methanol to oil, the catalyst amount, the reaction temperature, and reaction time were all highly significant factors, and there was a relative significant interaction between every two factors.

家蚕脂肪酶1(Bmlipase-1)的原核表达和抗体制备及在转基因增量表达系统中的检测

家蚕肠液中的脂肪酶1(Bmlipase-1)对家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)具有明显抑制作用,建立的增量表达Bmlipase-1的转基因家蚕品系(LI-A)对BmNPV的抵抗力得到显著增强。为了分析LI-A品系幼虫肠液中Bmlipase-1的含量变化,通过原核表达、纯化Bmlipase-1蛋白,并免疫家兔制备Bmlipase-1的多克隆抗体,对LI-A品系和正常家蚕品种大造4龄、5龄起蚕肠液中的Bmlipase-1含量进行Western blotting检测。结果显示Bmlipase-1在LI-A品系幼虫肠液中的含量明显高于正常家蚕品种大造,证明LI-A品系对BmNPV的抵抗力提高是因为肠液中Bmlipase-1的含量增加。

Kinetics of the Esterification Reaction Catalyzed by Lipase in W/O Microemulsions of Alkyl Polyglucoside

A novel kinetic mechanism of esterification reaction of 1-hexanoic acid with 1-butanol, catalyzed by lipase, was studied in water-in-oil microemulsions. The microemulsions were formed by alkyl polyglucoside C10G1.54/1-butanol / cyclohexane/phosphate buffer solution. The result shows that when the ratio of mol concentration of 1-butanol to 1-hexanoic acid is about 3.0, the initial rate V0 get the maximum values. This phenomenon was explained by the modified fishlike phase diagrams.

Zwitterionic polymer-coated porous poly(vinyl acetate–divinyl benzene)microsphere: A new support for enhanced performance of immobilized lipase

Enzyme immobilization has attracted great attention for improving the performance of enzymes in industrial applications.This work was designed to create a new support for Candida rugosa lipase(CRL)immobilization.A porous poly(vinyl acetate–divinyl benzene)microsphere coated by a zwitterionic polymer,poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene)and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine derivative,was developed for CRL immobilization via hydrophobic binding.The catalytic activity,reaction kinetics,stabilities and reusability of the immobilized CRL were investigated.It demonstrated the success of the zwitterionic polymer coating and subsequent CRL immobilization on the porous microsphere.The immobilized lipase(p2-MS-CRL)reached27.6 mg·g^-1 dry carrier and displayed a specific activity 1.5 times higher than free CRL.The increase of Vmax and decrease of Kmwere also observed,indicating the improvement of catalytic activity and enzyme-substrate affinity of the immobilized lipase.Besides,p2-MS-CRL exhibited significantly enhanced thermal stability and pH tolerance.The improved performance was considered due to the interfacial activation regulated by the hydrophobic interaction and stabilization effect arisen by the zwitterionic polymer coating.This study has thus proved the advantages of the zwitterionic polymer-coated porous carrier for lipase immobilization and its potential for further development in various enzyme immobilizations.