The Global Research Progress of Enzymatic Processing of Oils with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids,have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.

Lipids and fatty acids in Calanus sinicus during over-summering in the southern Yellow Sea

Over-summering is a crucial period for Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea,where it is a key member of the zooplankton community.Lipids play an important role in copepod diapause,which is part of their over-summering strategy.We investigated how different fatty acids and lipid classes,including wax esters,changed during over-summering of C.sinicus during three cruises in June and August 2011 and November 2010,corresponding to the pre-,during and post-diapause periods,respectively.Large amounts of lipids were accumulated,mainly wax esters as previously found in C.finmarchicus during its diapause,and most of the storage lipids were used during over-summering.Wax ester polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) showed the most variation of the fatty acids(FAs),while the percentage composition of FAs in polar lipids was relatively stable.Selective use of wax ester PUFAs has already been shown to play important roles in the winter diapause of Calanus species in other regions,and our FA results show that this is the case for the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water(YSCBW) population that diapauses in summer.

Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition of Dried Edible Red and Black Ants

Total lipid contents,lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of hot-air dried edible black ants（Polyrhachis vicina Roger） from Wenzhou and Guizhou,China,and edible red ant（Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius） from Thailand were determined.The major lipid components were triacylglycerol（43.4-79.4% of total lipid）,followed by phospholipids（6.1-21.5%）,diacylglycerol（6.1-18.1%） and cholesterol ester（4.9-13.5%） while free fatty acids（1.8-2.9%） and sterol（0.5-0.8%） were the minor components.Oleic acid（C18：1） was the most predominant fatty acid,accounting for 3 407.8,9 098.8 and 3 790.1 mg 100 g-1 in Wenzhou and Guizhou black ants,and Thai red ant,respectively.Followed by palmitic acid（C16：0）,922.9,2 523.3 and 1 511.8 mg 100 g-1;linoleic acid（C18：2n-6）,133.7,305.2 and 506.4 mg 100 g-1;α-linolenic acid（C18：3n-3）,35.1,138.0 and 52.5 mg 100 g-1;eicosapentaenoic acid（C20：5n-3） was 19.1,15.0 and 20.0 mg 100 g-1 in Wenzhou and Guizhou black ants,and Thai red ant,respectively.Docosapentaenoic acid（C22：5n-3） was only found in black ants,7.0 and 7.3 mg 100 g-1 for Wenzhou and Guizhou ants,respectively.The edible black and red ants were shown to be a good source of unsaturated fatty acid.

Resolvins and omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications in inflammatory diseases and cancer

Inflammation is a central process in several disorders and contributes to cancer progression. Inflammation involves a complex cascade of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling events with protein and lipid mediators. Recent advances in lipid detection have revealed the importance of lipid mediators in inflammation. Omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFA) are found naturally in fish oil and have been extensively studied in multiple inflammatory diseases with improved outcomes. Resolvins are thought to be the active metabolites of ω-3 PUFA, and are responsible for facilitating the resolving phase of acute inflammation. Clinically, resolvins have been associated with resolution of acute kidney injury and acute lung injury, micro and macro vascular response to injury, and inhibition of microglia-activated inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to inflammatory diseases, ω-3 PUFA and resolvins appear to modulate cancer progression. ω-3 PUFA intake has been associated with reduced inflammation in colorectal cancer, and favorable phenotype in breast cancer. Resolvins offer promising therapeutic potential as they may modulate inflammation with minimal side-effects, in contrast to currently available anti-inflammatory medications. This review describes the roles of ω-3 PUFA and resolvins in the inflammatory cascade, various inflammatory diseases, and specific cancers. Additionally, it will discuss the clinical therapeutic potential of resolvins astargets in inflammatory diseases and cancers.

The LXRB-SREBP1 network regulates lipogenic homeostasis by controlling the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells

Background:In rodents,research has revealed a role of liver X receptors(LXR) in controlling lipid homeostasis and regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).Recent data suggest that LXRB is the predominant LXR subtype in ruminant mammary cells,but its role in lipid metabolism is unknown.It was hypothesized that LXRB plays a role in lipid homeostasis via altering the synthesis of PUFA in the ruminant mammary gland.We used overexpression and knockdown of LXRB in goat primary mammary epithelial cells(GMEC) to evaluate abundance of lipogenic enzymes,fatty acid profiles,content of lipid stores and activity of the stearoyl-Co A desaturase(SCD1) promoter.Results:Overexpression of LXRB markedly upregulated the protein abundance of LXRB while incubation with si RNA targeting LXRB markedly decreased abundance of LXRB protein.Overexpression of LXRB plus T0901317(T09,a ligand for LXR) dramatically upregulated SCD1 and elongation of very long chain fatty acid-like fatty acid elongases 5–7(ELOVL 5–7),which are related to PUFA synthesis.Compared with the control,cells overexpressing LXRB and stimulated with T09 had greater concentrations of C16:0,16:1,18:1n7,18:1n9 and C18:2 as well as desaturation and elongation indices of C16:0.Furthermore,LXRB-overexpressing cells incubated with T09 had greater levels of triacylglycerol and cholesterol.Knockdown of LXRB in cells incubated with T09 led to downregulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Knockdown of LXRB attenuated the increase in triacylglycerol and cholesterol that was induced by T09.In cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide,knockdown of LXRB increased the concentration of C16:0 at the expense of C18:0,while a significant decrease in C18:2 was observed in cells incubated with both si LXRB and T09.The abundance of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 precursor(p SREBP1) and its mature fragment(n SREBP1) was upregulated by T09,but not LXRB overexpression.In the cells cultured with T09,knockdown of LXRB downregulated the abundance for p SREBP1 and n SREBP1.Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the activities of wild type SCD1 promoter or fragment with SREBP1 response element(SRE) mutation were decreased markedly when LXRB was knocked down.Activity of the SCD1 promoter that was induced by T09 was blocked when the SRE mutation was introduced.Conclusion:The current study provides evidence of a physiological link between the LXRB and SREBP1 in the ruminant mammary cell.An important role was revealed for the LXRB-SREBP1 network in the synthesis of PUFA via the regulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Thus,targeting this network might elicit broad effects on lipid homeostasis in ruminant mammary gland.

Assessment of Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid Composition of Afzelia africana Seed Oil and the Effect of Its Oil-Based Diet on Body Weight and Plasma Lipid Profile of Albino Rats

In the present study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition of Afzelia africana seed oil were determined and also effect of the oil-based diet on growth performance and plasma lipid profile were monitored using twenty Wistar albino rats allocated into two groups of ten rats each. The control group was fed with soybean-based diet while Afzelia africana oil-based diet was fed to the test group ad libitum for 28 days. Results showed the acid, saponification, iodine, and peroxide values of the oil to be 3.30 ± 0.27 mg/KOH/g oil, 124.54 ± 0.79 mg/KOH/g oil, 11.17 ± 0.39 g/100 g, and 10.01 ± 0.53 meq/g respectively. Also, linoleic (53%) and oleic acids (21.34%) were found to be the predominant unsaturated fatty acids present, while the predominant saturated fatty acid present is Palmitic acid (14.78%). The body weight of the experimental rats maintained on diet formulated with Afzelia africana seed oil was reduced compared to the rats fed with control diet. The plasma concentration of triglycerides and high density lipoprotein was not significantly different (p Afzelia africana oil-based diet. The decline in plasma total cholesterol levels suggests good quality of the oil. The various parameters investigated reveal the potentials of Afzelia africana seed oil and could serve as a good diet supplement.

Combined Effects of Plant Sterols with Low Ratio of n-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Atherosclerosis in ApoE–/–Mice

The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)have been clarified against atherosclerosis.Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols(PS)have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect.This study explored the effects of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA on atherosclerosis and investigated the possible mechanism.In ApoE−/−mice,the milk fat in high fat diets was replaced with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA alone or supplemented with 6%PS for 16 weeks.Results demonstrated that PS combined with PUFA exerted commentary and synergistic effects on ameliorating atherosclerosis,improving lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in liver,and alleviating inflammatory response.These changes were accompanied with decreased serum TC,TG,LDL-C and increased fecal cholesterol efflux,as well as the lower inflammatory cytokine CRP,IL-6,TNF-α.It is suggested that the underlying mechanism of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA promoting the fecal cholesterol efflux may be mediated by liver X receptorα/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.

Unbalanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio in red meat products in China

Dietary meats play a crucial role in human health. The objective of this survey was to determine the fatty acid content and omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-6/n-3 PUFA） ratio of fresh red meat （beef and pork） from four cities （Shanghai, Nanjing, Yinchuan and Hohhot） in China. The results showed that the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from all the samples ranged from 6 to 23. The total n-6 PUFA concentrations ranged from 290.54 mg/100 g in beef from Nanjing to 1601.48 mg/100 g in pork from Hohhot, whereas the total concentrations of n-3 PUFA ranged from 46.34 mg/100 g in beef from Nanjing to 96.03 mg/100 g in pork from Nanjing. The results indicated that the n-6/n-3 ratio in the red meat from all four regions is unbalanced and is much higher than that （〈 5：1） rec- ommended by the WHO/FAO. The total amount of n-3 PUFA was far lower than the required daily dose. There- fore, potential solutions to increase the n-3 PUFA content in meat products or to provide alternative source of n-3 PUFA should be explored.

Chemical Composition of the Fatty Oil from Fructus Broussonetiae and Its Effects on Rat Plasma Lipids and Adipose Tissue

Context: Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases. Its fruits (Fructus Broussonetiae) have been commonly used as an important tonic for the treatment of age-related disorders with long history;recent research has proved that it contains 32% to 35% fixed oils. The fixed oil is composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, oleic acid and linoleic acid ester. Objective: To investigate the chemistry of the fatty oil from Fructus Broussonetiae (FOFB) and its effects on plasma lipids. Methods: The chemical composition of FOFB was examined and identified by GC-MS. Thirty male Wistar rats fed diet containing FOFB and cholesterol were studied for 28 days. The effect of dietary FOFB on plasma lipids and adipose tissue was tested. Results: Twelve compounds of FOFB were examined and identified, the major components of fatty oil, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid (83.75%), palmitic acid (10.22%), octadecadienoic acid (2.97%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (1.69%) were found. FOFB significantly exhibited the activities of decreasing the rat adipose tissue weight, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations while the rat body weight remained unchanged. Discussion: FOFB contained a large amount of PUFA which had the effect on reducing plasma lipids and adipose.

Mediterranean Berries as Inhibitors of Lipid Oxidation in Porcine Burger Patties Subjected to Cooking and Chilled Storage

The efifciency of extracts from Arbutus unedo L. （AU）, Crataegus monogyna L. （CM）, Rosa canina L. （RC）, and Rubus ulmifolius Schott. （RU） to inhibit lipid oxidation in raw, cooked and cooked and chilled （2°C/12 d） porcine burger patties, was investigated. The modiifcation of the fatty acid proifle during processing treatments （cooking and chilling）, the quantitative measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBA-RS）, and lipid-derived volatiles, were used as indicators of lipid oxidation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA） gradually decreased during cooking and the subsequent storage of cooked burger patties with this decrease being signiifcantly greater （P〈0.05） in control patties than in those with added berry extracts. In accordance, the control patties showed signiifcantly higher TBA-RS numbers and counts of lipid-derived volatiles in all treatments when compared to the berry-added counterparts （P〈0.05）. Results from the present work show, for the ifrst time, that extracts from A. unedo, C. monogyna, R. canina, and R. ulmifolius are promising antioxidants which could enhance the nutritional, safety and sensory properties of porcine burger patties.

Infusion of short chain fatty acids in the ileum improves the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid metabolism of growing pigs

Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates undergoing bacterial fermentation in the hindgut,which are related to some physiological functions.This study was designed to investigate the effects of SCFA infusion by ileum on the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid meta-bolism of growing pigs.In a 28-day study,24 growing barrows fitted with a T-cannula in distal ileum were divided into 4 treatments:1)Control,2)antibiotics(AB),3)AB+300 mL of SCFA1 solution(ABS1),4)AB+300 mL of SCFA2 solution(ABS2).The concentrations of acetate,propionate and butyrate in SCFA1 solution were respectively 61.84,18.62 and 12.55 mmol/L,and in SCFA2 were respectively 40.08,15.41 and 9.78 mmol/L The results showed that the SCFA infusion increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the SCFA treatments increased longissimus dorsi area(P<0.05)and carcass weight(P=0.058),decreased the drip loss of longissimus dorsi(P=0.059),and reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride,total cholesterol and urea nitrogen(P<0.05).Besides,the SCFA administration inhibited the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase(FAS)and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in longissimus dorsi(P<0.05),the mRNA expression of FAS in the liver(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05).Short chain fatty acid infusion also enhanced the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1αin the liver(P<0.05),the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and lipoprotein lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05),and the mRNA expressions of free fatty acid receptor 2,glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the colon(P<0.05).These results suggested that SCFA administration in the ileum could improve the carcass traits and meat quality of growing pigs,which was possibly due to the fact that SCFA modulated lipid metabolism.

Impact of dietary oils and fats on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of albino rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of different dietary fat and oils(differing in their degree of saturation and unsaturation)on lipid peroxidation in liver and blood of rats.Methods:The study was conducted on SO albino rats that were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 animals.The groups were fed on dietary butter(Group I),margarine(Croup II),olive oil(Group III),sunflower oil(Group IV)and com oil(Group V)for 7 weeks.After 12 h of diet removal,livers were excised and blood was collected to measure malondialdehyde(MDA)levels in the supernatant of liver homogenate and in blood.Blood superoxide dismutase activity(SOD),glutathione peroxidase activity(GPx),serum vitamin E and total antioxidant capacity(TAC)levels were also measured to determine the effects of fats and oils on lipid peroxidation.Results:The results indicated that no significant differences were observed in SOD activity,vitamin E and TAC levels between the five groups.However,there was significant decrease of GPx activity in groups IV and V when compared with otlier groups.The results indicated that feeding corn oil caused significant increases in liver and blood MDA levels as compared with other oils and fats.There were positive correlations between SOD and GPx,vitamin E and TAC as well as between GPx and TAC(r:0.743;P<0.001)and between blood MDA and liver MDA(r:0.897;P<0.00l).The results showed also negative correlations between blood MDA on one hand and SOD,GPx,vitamin E and TAC on the other hand.Conclusions:The results demonstrated that feeding oils rich in polyunsaturated fatly acids(PUFA)increases lipid peroxidation significantly and may raise the susceptibility of tissues to free radical oxidative damage.

Dietary Combination of Fish Oil and Hemoglobin Hydrolysates Alters Serum and Liver Lipid Contents in Rat

Fish oil has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, and to reduce serum triacylglycerol (TAG) levels by stimulating lipid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis in the liver. A small number of studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of fish oil and other bioactive components. This study examined the effect of fish oil in combination with porcine hemoglobin (Hb) hydrolysates on serum and liver lipid contents in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups;one group was fed a casein and soybean oil-based semi-purified basal diet and other three groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% fish oil, 0.175% Hb hydrolysates, and 2% fish oil plus 0.175% Hb hydrolysates, respectively, for 4 weeks. The fish oil diet decreased serum and liver TAG contents but did not change serum and liver cholesterol levels. The dietary combination of fish oil and Hb hydrolysates decreased serum and liver TAG and cholesterol contents owing to the additive effect of both compounds, and this diet reduced the serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content as a result of a synergistic effect. This hypolipidemic effect was in part caused by enhanced excretion of fecal fatty acids, neutral steroids, and acidic steroids. The results of this study suggest that the combined intake of fish oil and Hb hydrolysates may play beneficial roles in the prevention of cardiovascular disease as compared with fish oil alone.

Different dietary starch sources alter the carcass traits, meat quality, and the profile of muscle amino acid and fatty acid in finishing pigs

Background: With increasing health awareness among consumers, the demand for healthier, tastier, higher quality and nutritional value pork is increasing. It has been shown that different dietary starch sources can alter the carcass traits and meat quality. However, research on the effects of different starch sources with clear different amylose/amylopectin ratio on the amino acid and fatty acid composition in Longissimus thoracis(L. thoracis) muscle of pigs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary starch sources on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition, and the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 Duroc × Landrace × Large White barrows were randomly allocated to 3 different dietary treatment groups with 8 replicate pens/group and 3 pigs per pen.Tapioca starch(TS), corn starch(CS), and pea starch(PS), with amylose/amylopectin ratio of 0.11, 0.25, and 0.44,respectively, were used as their dietary starch sources for 40 days.Results: Results showed that the PS diet significantly increased(P < 0.05) the final body weight, average daily gain,loin-eye area, and fat-free lean index compared with the TS diet, but significantly decreased(P < 0.05) the feed to gain ratio and backfat thickness. Compared with the TS diet, PS diet also increased(P < 0.05) the pH45 min, marbling scores, the content of intramuscular fat and inosine monophosphate in the L. thoracis, and decreased(P < 0.05) the drip loss and shear force. In addition, compared with the TS diet, PS diet increased(P < 0.05) the proportions of flavor amino acids, DHA, EPA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) in the L. thoracis compared with TS diet,but decreased(P < 0.05) the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. Furthermore, compared with the TS diet, PS diet also upregulated(P < 0.05) the lipogenic genes(FAS, LPL, SCD, ACCα) and myosin heavy-chain(MyHC)-IIa mRNA expression levels compared with the TS diet, but downregulated(P < 0.05) the CPT1 B and MyHC-IIb mRNA levels.Conclusions: In conclusion, these results provided compelling evidence that the different dietary starch source altered the carcass traits, meat flavor and quality in finishing pigs, and consumption of a diet with higher amylose/amylopectin ratio results in the production of a healthy, higher quality, and nutritional value pork.

脂氧合酶在炎症相关疾病中作用的研究进展

脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)是一类含有非血红素铁的双加氧酶,在人体中广泛表达,并在多种活化的免疫细胞和肿瘤组织中表达上调。LOX催化长链多不饱和脂肪酸形成相应的氢过氧化物。这些代谢物在生理条件下调节血管功能、肾脏功能、生殖系统功能和免疫防御,而在病理条件下导致疼痛、发热和炎症,进而在多种急、慢性疾病中起着重要作用。目前已经在人体内发现6个LOX基因,其可以通过可变剪切和蛋白修饰机制形成更多种效应蛋白。6大类LOX分别具有不同的表达谱、底物偏好性和代谢产物,因此也具有不同的功能分工。本文从LOX的分布和代谢特性入手,综述了它们与炎症相关疾病的关系,从生物化学角度介绍了LOX的表达与活性调控机制并展望了靶向LOX功能缓解相关病理损伤的营养学和临床医学策略。

Dietary Supplementation of Oregano and Sage Dried Leaves on Performances and Meat Quality of Rabbits

The aim of this research was to evaluate the dietary supplementation 1% （w/w） of oregano and sage dried leaves on performances and meat quality of broiler rabbits. A feeding trial, which lasted 48 d, was carried out on 105 male Bianca Italiana rabbits randomly divided in seven groups and fed ad libitum. At the end of the trial ten animals per group were slaughtered and samples of dorsal muscle were taken in order to perform laboratory analysis. Mortality rate did not statistically differ between groups. Growth performances of animals fed diets supplemented with aromatic plants were higher （P〈0.05） than those of animals of control group, whereas carcass parameters were not affected by treatments excepting for the slaughter weight that showed the same trend as growth performances. Meat quality traits, oxidative lipid stability and fatty acid proifle were not inlfuenced by aromatic plant supplementation. In conclusion, oregano and sage in form of dried leaves can be used in rabbit without adverse effects on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits.

脂肪酸种类及含量与膝骨关节炎的发病风险

背景:近年来,流行病学研究显示肥胖是膝骨关节炎的危险因素,而脂肪酸的摄入、代谢和生物合成与肥胖的发生发展密切相关,但脂肪酸与膝骨关节炎之间是否存在因果关联仍未知。目的:应用孟德尔随机化分析方法探讨5种脂肪酸表型与膝骨关节炎的因果关联。方法:使用来自英国生物银行(met-D)的脂肪酸比例的全基因组关联研究数据和来自EBI-A数据库的膝骨关节炎的全基因组关联研究数据进行汇总,将单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作为工具变量并选择敏感的SNPs进行分析,通过双样本孟德尔随机化分析,以评估脂肪酸与膝骨关节炎结局风险的因果关系。采用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、加权模型法和简单模型法来研究脂肪酸与膝骨关节炎之间的因果关系。进一步以同样方法进行反向孟德尔随机化分析,确保结果的有效性。结果与结论:①正向分析逆方差加权法结果表明,共有3种脂肪酸表型与膝骨关节炎有因果关系,其中饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例(OR=1.825,95%CI:1.230-2.706,P=0.003)与膝骨关节炎的发病风险呈正相关、Ω3多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例(OR=0.822,95%CI:0.689-0.981,P=0.03)与膝骨关节炎的发病风险呈负相关以及Ω6多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例(OR=1.268,95%CI:1.079-1.491,P=0.004)与膝骨关节炎的发病风险呈正相关;有2种脂肪酸表型与膝骨关节炎不具有因果关系,为总脂肪酸(OR=0.925,95%CI:0.804-1.066,P=0.283)、单不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例(OR=0.877,95%CI:0.756-1.018,P=0.084)。②反向分析结果表明,当膝骨关节炎作为暴露数据时,与脂肪酸的表型均不具有显著因果关系。③敏感性分析结果显示:双向孟德尔随机化的Cochran’s Q检验和MR-Egger回归法的结果P值均大于0.05,表明脂肪酸表型与膝骨关节炎之间的因果效应分析不存在显著的异质性和多效性。④上述结果证实,降低饱和脂肪酸、Ω6多不饱和脂肪酸的含量和提升Ω3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量能降低膝骨关节炎发病的风险,这为研究膝骨关节炎的生物学机制以及探索膝骨关节炎的早期防治提供有价值的线索,也为干预性药物的开发提供了新的方向。

Administration of selected probiotic mixture improves body weight gain and meat fatty acid composition of creole goats

This work aimed to determine the effect of native probiotic administration on body weight gain, nutritional characteristics and fatty acid profile of meat of creole goats. Equally distributed forty postweaned goats (75 days old) divided into control (n=20) and probiotic (n=20) groups were fed ad libitum for 60 days with native pasture and commercial diet. Lactobacillus reuteri DDL19, Lactobacillus alimentarius DDL48, Enterococcus faecium DDE39, and Bifidobacterium bifidum DDBA mixed culture (108 CFU/ml, 1:1:1:1 ratio) were daily orally delivered to the probiotic group. At the end of the study, muscle samples (Longissimus dorsi, LD, and Bicep femoris, BF) were analyzed for their chemical composition (protein, fat, moisture, pH, water-holding capacity, cholesterol) and fatty acid profile. Probiotic supplementation significantly increased body weight gain, reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved the fatty acid profile of goat meat. Probiotic-fed animals exhibited increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a significant decrease in saturated fatty acid content. Conjugated linoleic acid content was significantly higher in probiotics than in the control group (P < 0.05). Muscles from probiotics-treated goats showed healthier lipid indexes and a significant decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio (~2.50), atherogenic (~0.30) and thrombogenic (~0.75) indexes. In addition, increases in desirable fatty acids (~79.40 g/100 g of FAME) and nutritional value index (~2.86) were observed compared to control groups. The native mix probiotic could be used as growth promoters to reduce the antibiotics, and to improve its derived-foods.

多不饱和脂肪酸对钾通道的调控作用及机理

多不饱和脂肪酸具有包括离子通道在内的众多作用靶点,通过作用于这些靶点,可以有效保护免疫系统、神经系统和心血管系统的功能,在一定程度上保护人体健康。电压门控钾离子通道家族K_V7通道和大电导钙离子激活的钾离子通道(BK_(Ca))广泛表达于机体的各类组织中,具有重要的生理或病理功能。本综述围绕K_V7和BK_(Ca)通道,根据对已有报道的汇总,多不饱和脂肪酸可以增大K_V7和BK_(Ca)通道的电流幅值,其中对K_V7通道电流的影响主要是改变其电压依赖特性和最大电导值,而对BK_(Ca)通道电流的影响主要是改变其孔道区域关闭态的构象。此外,多不饱和脂肪酸对K_V7和BK_(Ca)通道功能的调节也会受到共表达的辅助亚基影响,但相关机制有待进一步阐明。深入理解多不饱和脂肪酸对K_V7和BK_(Ca)通道调节作用效果和分子机制,有助于全面理解K_V7和BK_(Ca)通道的生理意义,并为相关疾病诊疗策略研究提供新的前景。

南极磷虾油的营养特性及其改善骨质疏松症的研究进展

南极磷虾油(AKO)是一种新型的海洋功能性油脂。为了促进AKO的临床应用,在综述AKO营养组成的基础上,对AKO改善骨质疏松症的作用机制进行了阐述,并对未来的重点工作进行了展望。AKO富含磷脂、n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、虾青素、α-生育酚等多种活性因子。AKO改善骨质疏松症的作用机制有3种,即抑制破骨细胞产生、促进骨细胞形成和调控骨髓间充质干细胞。在AKO未来的深入研究中,应聚焦于大规模临床研究、标准剂量和长期效果验证等方面。