Study on the interaction between volatile oil components and skin lipids based on molecular docking techniques

Objective To analyze the interactions between different structural types of volatile oil compo-nents(VOCs)and skin lipid molecules;and investigate the mechanism of volatile oil in Chi-nese materia medica(VOCMM)as penetration enhancers.Methods In this study;210 different structural types of VOCs were selected from the VOCMM penetration enhancer database;and the molecular docking experiments were conducted with three main lipid molecules of skin:ceramide 2(CER2);cholesterol(CHL);and free fatty acid(FFA).Each VOC was docked individually with each lipid molecule.Cluster analysis was used to explore the relationship between the binding energy of VOCs and their molecular struc-tures.Nine specific pathogen-free(SPF)Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided in-to Control;Nootkatone;and 3-Butylidenephthalide groups for in vitro percutaneous experi-ments;with three rats in each group.The donor pool solutions were 3%gastrodin;3%gas-trodin+3%nootkatone;and 3%gastrodin+3%3-butylidenephthalide;respectively.The pen-etration enhancing effects of VOCs with higher binding energy were evaluated by comparing the 12-hour cumulative percutaneous absorption of gastrodin(Q12;µg/cm²).Results(i)Most of the VOCs were non-hydrogen bonded to the hydrophobic parts of CHL and FFA;and hydrogen bonded to the head group of CER2.Among them;sesquiterpene ox-ides showed the most pronounced binding affinity to CER2.The VOCs with 2-4 rings(in-cluding carbon rings;benzene rings;and heterocycles)demonstrated stronger binding affini-ty for three skin lipid molecules compared with the VOCs without intramolecular rings(P<0.01).(ii)According to the cluster analysis;most of the VOCs that bond well to CER2 had 2-3 intramolecular rings.The non-oxygenated VOCs were bonded to CER2 in a hydrophobic manner.The oxygenated VOCs were mostly bonded to CER2 by hydrogen bonding.(iii)The results of Franz diffusion cell experiment showed that the Q12 of Control group was 260.60±25.09µg/cm2;and the transdermal absorption of gastrodin was significantly increased in Nootkatone group(Q12=5503.00±1080.00µg/cm²;P<0.01).The transdermal absorption of gastrodin was also increased in 3-Butylidenephthalide group(Q12=495.40±56.98µg/cm²;P>0.05).(iv)The type of oxygen-containing functional groups in VOCs was also an influencing factor of binding affinity to CER2.Conclusion The interactions between different types of VOCs with different structures in the VOCMM and three skin lipid molecules in the stratum corneum were investigated at the molecular level in this paper.This research provided theoretical guidance and data support for the screening of volatile oil-based penetration enhancers;and a simple and rapid method for studying the penetration-enhancing mechanism of volatile oils.

A defect in the activities of △~6 and △~5 desaturases and pro-resolution bioactive lipids in the pathobiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition, since liver and adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF receptor 1 transcripts and serum TNF-α levels are increased and IL-6-/-mice are less prone to NAFLD. Fatty liver damage caused by high-fat diets is associated with the generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). A decrease in the levels of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the usefulness of EPA and DHA both in the prevention and management of NAFLD has been reported. AA, EPA and DHA and their anti-inflammatory products lipoxins (LXs), resolvins and protectins suppress IL-6 and TNF-α and PGE2 production. These results suggest that the activities of △6 and △5 desaturases are reduced in NAFLD and hence, the dietary essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are not metabolized to their long-chain products AA, EPA and DHA, the precursors of anti-inflammatory molecules, LXs, resolvins and protectins that could prevent NAFLD. This suggests that an imbalance between proand anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids contribute to NAFLD. Hence, it is proposed that plasma and tissue levels of AA, EPA, DHA and LXs, resolvins and protectins could be used as predictors and prognostic biomarkers of NAFLD. It is suggested that the synthesis and use of more stable analogues of LXs, resolvins and protectins need to be explored in the prevention and management of NAFLD.

Analysis of Blood Lipids, Blood Glucose, Blood Uric Acid, and Blood Routine Test Results in Retired Employees of a Unit in the Civil Aviation System

Objective:To investigate and analyze the annual physical examination results of retired employees from a unit in the civil aviation system,focusing on blood lipids,blood glucose,blood uric acid,and blood routine results.The study aims to provide relevant references for formulating reasonable disease management measures for preventing and controlling hyperlipidemia,hyperuricemia,and other conditions in retired employees.Methods:The examination results of 231 participants were collected and analyzed.The participants were divided into four groups based on age:middle-aged group,young-old group,middle-old group,and old-old group.The blood test results were compared across these groups,and an assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease(ASCVD)risk levels was completed in conjunction with medical history.Blood test results were also compared by gender.Results:There were no significant statistical differences in blood test results when grouped by age.However,the prevalence of hyperuricemia was higher in males than in females,while the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in females than in males.The LDL-C target achievement rate was lower in the moderate-and-high-risk group as well as the very high-risk group as defined by ASCVD risk levels.Conclusion:Management of hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia in retired employees(elderly patients)should be strengthened to reduce the risk of ASCVD events and alleviate the potential medical burden associated with disease progression.

Effects of Ovariectomy and 17β-Estradiol Replacement on the Activity of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Selection of Macronutrients Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins in Females Rats

17β-estradiol modulates the activity of D2 receptors in the regulation of food intake and body weight. The functional lack of 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women could create a dietary imbalance and cause body weight gain. This study aimed to better understand the interferences that could exist between 17β-estradiol, D2 receptors and the selection of carbohydrate, fat and protein consumption, as well as their consequences on body weight gain by using an animal model of the menopause. Ovariectomy exacerbates the consumption of foods rich in lipids. Thus confirming an inhibitory action of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the consumption of these types of foods. This consumption stimulates body weight gain, which is promoted by the high caloric content of these foods and not by the amount consumed. Our results showed a direct involvement of D2 receptors in food choice. This choice would be made according to the two (2) isoforms of the D2 receptors. The D2/BR isoform directs towards a high carbohydrate consumption, without causing a gain in body weight. While D2/SUL, promotes high fat food consumption, causing an increase in body weight. In women, 17β-estradiol modulates the activity ratio between these two D2 receptor isoforms to ensure energy and homeostatic balance, stabilizing food intake and body weight.

Causal associations between intermediate very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-total lipids ratio and peptic ulcer:A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Previous epidemiologic investigations have consistently demonstrated a strong association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-lowdensity lipoprotein(VLDL)and the occurrence of peptic ulcers(PU).However,the precise causal relationship between these factors remains ambiguous.Consequently,this study aims to elucidate the potential correlation between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and the incidence of peptic ulcer.AIM To investigate the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL)association with PU via genetic methods,guiding future clinical research.METHODS Genome-wide association study(GWAS)datasets for the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL and peptic ulcer were retrieved from the IEU OpenGWAS project(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk).For the forward Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis,72 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as instrumental variables.These SNPs were selected based on their association with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL,with peptic ulcer as the outcome variable.Conversely,for the inverse MR analysis,no SNPs were identified with peptic ulcer as the exposure variable and the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in intermediate VLDL as the outcome.All MR analyses utilized inverse variance weighted(IVW)as the primary analytical method.Additionally,weighted median and MR-Egger methods were employed as supplementary analytical approaches to assess causal effects.Egger regression was used as a supplementary method to evaluate potential directional pleiotropy.Heterogeneity and multiplicity tests were conducted using the leave-one-out method to evaluate result stability and mitigate biases associated with multiple testing.RESULTS The genetically predicted ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was significantly associated with an elevated risk of peptic ulcer(IVW:OR=2.557,95%CI=1.274-5.132,P=0.008).However,no causal association of peptic ulcer with the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL was observed in the inverse Mendelian randomization analysis.CONCLUSION In conclusion,our study reveals a significant association between the ratio of cholesterol to total lipids in medium VLDL and an elevated risk of peptic ulcers.However,further validation through laboratory investigations and larger-scale studies is warranted to strengthen the evidence and confirm the causal relationship between these factors.

Effects of Radix Puerariae, Radix Rehmanniae and Their Compatibility on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effects of the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Radix Rehmanniae on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mouses.[Methods]Diabetic mouse model was established.The body weight and fasting blood glucose of mice were measured after 7 and 14 d of administration,and the biochemical indicators of blood lipids(TC,HDL-C,and LDL-C)were detected after 14 d of administration.[Results]Compared with the Radix Puerariae group and Radix Rehmanniae group,the compatibility group(1:2)had the best hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and TC and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly decreased(P<0.05),while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)significantly increased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Puerariae,Radix Rehmanniae and their combination can reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice.The compatibility group(1:2)had a significant hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly declined,while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)rose significantly.

Synthesis, Biophysical Characterization and <i>in Vitro</i>Transfection Activity of Novel Bivalent Amine Cationic Lipids in the Absence of Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)

In this paper, a novel series of bis [(aminoethyl)]-amine cationic lipid derivatives have been synthesized and identified to purity by NMR and Elemental analysis. B16-F0 cells were transfected with cationic lipid/pEGFP-N1 and cationic lipid/&#223-gal lipoplexes complexed at +/&#45 charge ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1. Dimyristoyl derivative showed highest activity at charge ratio 2:1 and both dimyristoyl and dioleoyl derivatives showed similar &#223-gal activity at charge ratios 4:1. In 40 mM tris buffer pH 7.2 the dioleoyl derivative was able to fully complex with and retard pDNA at charge ratios above 2:1. None of the other lipid derivatives, dilauroyl, dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl were able to fully neutralize the plasmid DNA at charge ratios similar to those used in the transfection experiment. The gel-to-liquid phase transition temperatures for dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl were determined by a fluorescence anisotropy method to be 27.5&degC, 32.5&degC and 39&degC, respectively. A gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature below 37&degC, appears to be the crucial property that cationic lipids have to possess in order to mediate high levels of in vitro transfection activity in the absence of other helper lipids.

Multifunctional glycolipids as multi-targeting therapeutics for neural regeneration

Many patients with neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s(AD)and Parkinson’s(PD)diseases suffer from disease progression without any satisfying clinical intervention,likely due to our lack of knowledge on how normal aging impacts the pathogenic mechanisms of these debilitating diseases.A growing body of literature has emerged in recent years that clearly demonstrates the involvement of glycolipids in the protein-oligomerization of neurodegenerative disorders.We hypothesize that changes in glycolipids composition are a common mechanism underlying the shift from healthy brain aging to the neuropathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases.

Imaging mass spectrometry:a molecular microscope for studying the role of lipids in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease–A lipidopathy?The histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease(PD)and dementia with Lewy bodies are inclusions enriched inα-synuclein(α-syn),known as Lewy bodies,which are not only composed of proteins,but also a core of lipid species.PD has been thus far principally thought of as a“proteinopathy”caused by the misfolding of α-syn.

Alterations in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins Induced by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Osteosarcoma around the Knee Joint:A Retrospective Analysis

Objective To investigate the serum lipid profiles of patients with localized osteosarcoma around the knee joint before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Methods After retrospectively screening the data of 742 patients between January 2007 and July 2020,50 patients aged 13 to 39 years with Enneking stage II disease were included in the study.Serum lipid levels,including total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),lipoprotein-α[Lp(a)],and apolipoprotein A1,B,and E(ApoA1,ApoB,and ApoE),and clinicopathological characteristics were collected before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Results The mean levels of TC,TG,and ApoB were significantly increased following neoadjuvant chemotherapy(16%,38%,and 20%,respectively,vs.pretreatment values;P<0.01).The mean levels of LDL-C and ApoE were also 19%and 16%higher,respectively(P<0.05).No correlation was found between the pretreatment lipid profile and the histologic response to chemotherapy.An increase in Lp(a)was strongly correlated with the Ki-67 index(R=0.31,P=0.023).Moreover,a trend toward longer disease-free survival(DFS)was observed in patients with decreased TG and increased LDL-C following chemotherapy,although this difference was not statistically significant(P=0.23 and P=0.24,respectively).Conclusion Significant elevations in serum lipids were observed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with localized osteosarcoma.There was no prognostic significance of pretreatment serum lipid levels on histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.The scale of increase in serum Lp(a)might have a potential prognostic role in osteosarcoma.Patients with increased LDL-C or reduced TG after chemotherapy seem to exhibit a trend toward favorable DFS.

EFFECTS OF COMBINATION OF ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION WITH CHINESE DRUGS ON LIPIDS PEROXIDE AND ANTIOXIDASE IN PATIENTS OF VASCULAR DEMENTIA

In the present paper, blood lipids peroxide(LPO) level and activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were investigated before and after combined treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion and Chinese drugs in patients of vascular dementia(VD), and their results were compared with those in healthy persons with the similar ages to the patients. The results showed that the blood LPO level increased significantly, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px reduced significantly in patients of VD as compared with those in the control group. Degrees of patient’s condition were related with amplitudes of the increase of LPO and the reduction of activities of GSHPx and SOD. Combined treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion and Chinese drugs could raise markedly activitles of blood GSH-Px and SOD, and lowered LPO level in the patients of VD, which are related to clinical therapeutic effects. It is considered that combination of acupuncture and moxibustion with Chinese drugs can increase the action of the antiperoxidative system in the patients of VD, exerting anti-peroxidative ability and clearing LPO and reducing the oxidative injury of the organism by oxygen free radical, which is one of mechanisms of combined treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion with Chinese drugs.

Lipids,lipid-lowering drug and sepsis:a Mendelian randomization study

lipid-lowering interventions on the disease.Methods:Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,triglycerides,apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I levels with risks for sepsis,and those of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HMGCR,PCSK9,NPC1L1),triglycerides(LPL,ANGPTL3,APOC3)and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(CETP),apolipoprotein A-I(CETP),apolipoprotein B(HMGCR,PCSK9,NPC1L1,LPL,APOC3)with sepsis.Results:HMGCR-mediated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were associated with an increased risk of sepsis,with an odds ratio value of 1.4(95%confidence interval(CI):1.06-1.84,P=0.017)and 1.41(95%CI:1.01-1.98,P=0.046).CETP-mediated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I were associated with a reduced risk of sepsis,with an odds ratio of 0.87(95%CI:0.82-0.92,P<0.01)respectively and 0.84(95%CI:0.78-0.9,P<0.01).Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust.Conclusion:HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and CETP inhibitors may contribute to the prevention and treatment of sepsis.

Effect of Postmortem Ageing on Quality Parameters,Contents of Proteins,Lipids and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Oxidative Stability in the Camel Meat during Cold Storage

The effect of ageing was evaluated on quality parameters(pH,electrical conductivity(EC),osmolality,drip loss(DL)and cooking loss(CL)),proteins,fat and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25-OH-D)total levels and antioxidant status(malondialdehyde(MDA)and catalase(CAT)activity)in meat of camels during storage at 4±1°C.Samples were taken from the brachial triceps muscle(triceps barchii)and were stored at 4±1°C for 10 d.Quality parameters,chemical composition and antioxidant status were assessed at 3 h and 24 h postslaughter and 5,7 and 10 d postmortem during cold storage.CAT activity significantly decreased while osmolality,EC,DL,CL and MDA contents significantly increased,from the 5th or 7th postmortem day of cold storage of the camel meat.However,proteins,lipids and 25-OH-D total contents showed no significant differences during all period of ageing.In conclusion,in the dromedary camel,ageing time of triceps muscle influenced significantly its quality characteristics and antioxidant status from the 5th or 7th postmortem day of refrigerated storage,without any variation of proteins,fat and 25-OH-D contents.

Chronic Supplementation with L-Isoleucine Alone or in Combination with Exercise Reduces Hepatic Cholesterol Levels with No Effect on Serum Glucose, Insulin, or Lipids in Rats Fed a High Fructose Diet

The thought of using branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the prevention and treatment of certain disorders is becoming increasingly popular. Individual BCAA use has been associated with improving glucose tolerance and liver disease. Previous studies have cited improvements in glucose metabolism with a single dose of L-isoleucine (ILE). However, it is still unclear whether chronic consumption of ILE has any direct benefit. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of chronic ILE supplementation alone or in combination with exercise on fasting serum glucose, insulin, lipids, and lipoprotein cholesterol levels;glucose tolerance;and hepatic lipids in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40) were divided into Control (low fructose diet);High Fructose diet (HF);HF plus 1.5% ILE (HF + ILE);HF plus exercise (HF + EX);and HF plus 1.5% ILE and exercise (HF + ILE + EX). The HF diets consisted of 70% kcalories from fructose. After 6 weeks of treatment, no significant differences were observed between groups for changes in fasting serum glucose, insulin, lipids, or lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, hepatic total cholesterol was significantly lower in the HF + ILE + EX compared to the Control and HF, while, the HF + ILE had significantly lower hepatic free cholesterol compared to the HF. We also found no differences between groups for serum glucose response following an oral glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, our study shows that ILE supplementation in rats does not influence serum glucose and lipid biomarkers but may have an influence on lipid metabolic pathways within the liver.

Atherogenic lipids profile relates to postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia due to whole body insulin resistance in prediabetic subjects

Backgrounds: Differences in serum lipids profiles in different type of glucose intolerance are unclear. Aims: To characterize lipid profiles in different type of glucose intolerance, and to assess relationships between serum lipids profile and disturbance of glucose metabolism in prediabetic subjects. Methods: Using the measurements in medical check-up with 75 goral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total of 620 male subjects, who are not on medications for metabolic diseases or hypertension, were divided into normal fasting glucose and glucose tolerance (NFG/ NGT), isolated impaired fasting glucose (iIFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (iIGT) and combined IFG and IGT (IFG/IGT) based on results of the OGTT. Results: Age and body mass index (BMI) were similar in the four groups. Matsuda index (an index of whole body insulin sensitivity) was lower in iIFG, iIGT and IFG/IGT as compared with NFG/NGT. Plasma insulin excursion during the OGTT was significantly higher in IFG/IGT versus NFG/NGT. Serum triglyceride level (TG) and TG to HDL ratio (TG/HDL) were higher in IFG/IGT versus NFG/NGT. Matsuda index was positively correlated with HDL and was inversely correlated with TG, LDL, non-HDL, TG/ HDL and LDL to HDL ratio (LDL/HDL). Backward stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that increases in BMI, plasma insulin level at 60 min (PI60) and plasma glucose level at 120 min in the OGTT were independently associated with increases in TG and TG/HDL. Increases in BMI and PI60 were related to an increase in non-HDL and LDL/HDL and a decrease in HDL. Conclusions: These results indicate that postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia based on advanced insulin resistance are closely related to lipid risk factors of atherosclerotic macrovascular disease in prediabetic subjects.

Effect of LDL-apheresis on plasma lipids, chitotriosidase and anti-oxLDL antibodies in heterozygous familial hypercholes-terolemia

Forty four consecutive subjects aged 29-58 years (21 males and 23 females) with a clinical diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia periodically treated every 30 days with LDL-apheresis for statin resistance, were enrolled in this study. A lipid profile was obtained immediately before starting LDL-apheresis, a second profile was obtained within four hours after LDL-apheresis. Chit activity and anti-oxLDL levels were determined with appropriate methods in all patients before and after LDL- apheresis. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly after LDL-apheresis, while the variations of Chit activity and anti-oxLDL were not significant after LDL-apheresis. The correlation between Chit and total cholesterol was negative (r= –0.44 and –0.50 res- pectively) before and after LDL-apheresis as between Chit and LDL-cholesterol (r= –0.45 and –0.55 respectively). Anti-oxLDL concentration before and after LDL-apheresis positively correlated with Chit activity (r= 0.52 and r = 0.63 respectively), negatively with total cholesterol (r= –0.33 and r = –0.35 res- pectively) and with LDL (r = –0.32 and r = –0.21 respectively). We think that removing LDL with LDL-apheresis the anti-oxLDL/oxLDL ratio could increase and the excess of anti-oxLDL could induce macrophage activation through the surface Fc receptors. Alternatively with high levels of LDL- cholesterol, the deposition of foam cells represent the characteristic evolution of atherosclerosis process. Macrophage activation in the heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia could represent an attempt for re-modeling the vessel wall, reducing the growth of lipid plaques.

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Starvations on <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>Lipids Productivity and Quality under Different Trophic Regimens for Biodiesel Production

In this work the effects of nutrients starvations on Chlorella vulgaris were investigated in different trophic regimens. For all the tested conditions, the cellular response to nutrient starvation and trophic regimen was evaluated on specific growth rate, biomass and lipids productivity, lipids content and quality. These parameters are all crucial for microalgae biodiesel production, but in literature the lipids quality, in terms of polar and nonpolar lipids, is often neglected. Thus the typical high content of polar lipids, a class of molecules that negatively affects the biodiesel production process, of microalgae crude oil is generally not analyzed. In the tested conditions the triggering effect of nitrogen starvation on total lipids productivity is confirmed only in autotrophic regimen, while in mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions the total lipids productivity is reduced, as a consequence of the lowered biomass productivity, but with an evident compositional shift towards nonpolar lipids production (from 0.5 mg/Ld to 41.6 mg/Ld in mixotrophic regimen). Nitrogen and phosphorus co-starvation induced the highest nonpolar lipids productivity in all trophic regimens. Maximum nonpolar lipids productivity was obtained in nitrogen limited and phosphorus deprived condition during mixotrophic growth, equal to 118.2 mg/Ld, representing the 80% of produced lipids. On the basis of the obtained results, the possibility of a short pre-harvesting cultural step to maximize the nonpolar lipids yield of the crop could be envisaged.

Changes of pigments and lipids composition in Haematococcus pluvialis vegetative cell as affected by monochromatic red light compared with white light

Much attention has been paid on studies of astaxanthin accumulation process in H aematococcus pluvialis industry. However, growth of H. pluvialis in motile vegetative stage is still the most important and problematic part in the whole cultivation process, such as low growth rate and cell yields. Motile vegetative cells are extremely sensitive to various stresses which make it difficult to maintain the cells of this state to grow. Previous reports showed that motile vegetative cells may have higher biomass yields ifapplied monochromatic red light. However, metabolic responses of these cells are not completely understood, which constraints application of this illumination protocol in industry. The aim of this study was to examine how critical biochemical changes of H. pluvialis motile vegetative cells were af fected by red light when compared with white light. Variation of photosynthetic pigments composition and lipids were mainly studied. By comparing growth process of cultures in red light and white light, prominent variation of pigments composition and lipids changes were observed. The results showed that, even though cell proliferation was the same during exponential growth phase, variation of photosynthetic pigment composition and lipids occurred. The final biomass of cell number was higher in red light group than in white light group. The variations were significant different. Increase or decrease of major photosynthetic membrane lipids to some extent did not influence photosynthesis of the vegetative cells during this phase. However, vegetative cells under polychromatic white light other than monochromatic red light need further metabolic process to adjust its pigment composition and lipids, possibly this is energetically and biochemically unfavorable for motile vegetative cells to growth under white light, a light condition normally not considered as a stress.

CONTENTS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS IN THE BODIES OF TWO PLANKTONIC CRUSTACEANS

The carbohydrate and lipid contents in two planktonic crustaceans, i. e. Pseudeuphausia sinica and Acetes chinensis sampled from Xiamen coastal waters were estimated. In P. sinica, the contents of carbohydrates (in dry weight)and lipids varied from 2.19-2.33% and 21.2-21.9 % respectively; in A. chinensis from 1. 74-2. 55% and 14. 43-15. 10% respectively. The analyses of fatty acids by gas-chromatograph (Model 103)showed that eight fatty acids of 14 : 0, 15 : 0 , 16 : 0, 17 : 0, 18 : 0, 18 : 2, 20 : 2 and 22 : 2 were found in these two animals, that 16 : 0,18 :0 ,18 :2 ,and 20 : 2 formed the major constituents with 91.08 % (P. sinica)and 74.80 % (A. chinensis) of the total fatty acids, and that the values of odd carbon types ( 15 : 0 and 17: 0) were fairly low, 4. 47% and 3. 36% respectively. Three monosaccharides : glucose, fructose, and galactose detected by high-liquid chromatograph (Waters 208) accounted for more than 60 % of the total carbohydrates, especially the glucose, exceeding by 40 %.

Modulating Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lipids and Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α in Golden Hamsters Fed on High Fat Diet

Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.