Adaptive sampling strategy for characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential using cone penetration test

Characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential is critical for assessing liquefactionrelated hazards(e.g.building damages caused by liquefaction-induced differential settlement).However,in engineering practice,soil liquefaction potential is usually measured at limited locations in a specific site using in situ tests,e.g.cone penetration tests(CPTs),due to the restrictions of time,cost and access to subsurface space.In these cases,liquefaction potential of soil at untested locations requires to be interpreted from limited measured data points using proper interpolation method,leading to remarkable statistical uncertainty in liquefaction assessment.This underlines an important question of how to optimize the locations of CPT soundings and determine the minimum number of CPTs for achieving a target reliability level of liquefaction assessment.To tackle this issue,this study proposes a smart sampling strategy for determining the minimum number of CPTs and their optimal locations in a selfadaptive and data-driven manner.The proposed sampling strategy leverages on information entropy and Bayesian compressive sampling(BCS).Both simulated and real CPT data are used to demonstrate the proposed method.Illustrative examples indicate that the proposed method can adaptively and sequentially select the required number and optimal locations of CPTs.

An improved method of evaluating liquefaction potential with the velocity of shear-waves

According to the results of cyclic triaxial tests, a linear correlation is presented between liquefaction resistance and elastic shear modulus, which shows the relation of Gmax (kPa) with (σd/2)1/2(kPa)1/2. When applied to soils from different sites, the correlation can be normalized in reference to its minimum void ratio (emin). Accordingly, an improved method is established to evaluate the liquefaction potential with shear-wave velocity. The critical shear-wave velocity of liquefaction is in linear relation with 1/4 power of depth and the maximum acceleration during earthquakes, which can be used to explain the phenomenon that the possibility of liquefaction decreases with the increment of the depth. Compared with previous methods this method turns out simple and effective, which is also verified by the results of cyclic triaxial tests.

Application of machine learning to the Vs-based soil liquefaction potential assessment

Earthquakes can cause violent liquefaction of the soil, resulting in unstable foundations that can cause serious damage to facilities such as buildings, roads, and dikes. This is a primary cause of major earthquake disasters. Therefore, the discrimination and prediction of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction has been a hot issue in geohazard research. The soil liquefaction assessment is an integral part of engineering practice. This paper evaluated a dataset of 435 seismic sand liquefaction events using machine learning algorithms. The dataset was analyzed using seven potential assessment parameters. Ten machine learning algorithms are evaluated for their ability to assess seismic sand liquefaction potential, including Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis(QDA), Naive Bayes(NB), KNearest Neighbor(KNN), Artificial Neural Network(ANN), Classification Tree(CT), Support Vector Machine(SVM), Random Forest(RF), e Xtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine(Light GBM). A 10-fold cross-validation(CV) method was used in the modeling process to verify the predictive performance of the machine learning models. The final percentages of significant parameters that influenced the prediction results were obtained as Cyclic Stress Ratio(CSR) and Shear-Wave Velocity( VS1) with 56% and 38%, respectively. The final machine learning algorithms identified as suitable for seismic sand liquefaction assessment were the CT, RF, XGBoost algorithms, with the RF algorithm performing best.

Dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil in northeast India under staged cyclic loading

Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities （1.5 g/cm3 and 1.75 g/cm3） and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction （G/Gmax） and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure, whereas G/Gmax is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain （3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower） depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.

Two Types of Potential Oscillation During the Reduction of Dichromate on Gold Electrode in H2SO4 Solution

Two different types of potential oscillations have been identified for the first time during dichromate reduction on a gold electrode in a solution of dilute sulfuric acid. One occurs before hydrogen evolution due to the formation and dissolution of passivating films of low-valence chromium oxides, and the other generates, accompanying periodic hydrogen evolution, from the coupling of electrochemical reactions with diffusive and convective mass transport. More interestingly, these two types of oscillations correspond to two crossing loops in the cyclic voltammogram （CV）. Such a relation of oscillations with crossed CVs will provide a new way to find electrochemical oscillatory systems systematically and rapidly.

Improved slope safety analysis by new Druker-Prager type criterion

Based on Mohr-Coulomb （M-C） criterion, the parameters of Druker-Prager （D-P） criterion for geomaterial were determined under non-associated flow rule, and thus a new D-P type criterion was presented. Two assumptions were employed during the derivation： 1） principal strains by M-C model and D-P model are equal, and 2） the material is under plane strain condition. Based on the analysis of the surface on rt plane, it is found that the proposed D-P type criterion is better than the D-P criterion with M-C circumscribed circle or M-C inscribed circle, and is applicable for stress Lode angle less than zero. By comparing the predicted results with the test data of sand under plane strain condition and other D-P criteria, the proposed criterion is verified and agrees well with the test data, which is further proved to be better than other D--P type criteria in certain range of Lode angle. The criterion was compiled into a finite difference package FLAC3D by user-subroutine, and was used to analyze the stability of a slope by strength reduction method. The predicted slope safety factor from the proposed criterion agrees well with that by Spencer method, and it is more accurate than that from classic D-P criteria.

Nonlinear Schrdinger equation with combined power-type nonlinearities and harmonic potential

This paper discusses a class of nonlinear SchrSdinger equations with combined power-type nonlinearities and harmonic potential. By constructing a variational problem the potential well method is applied. The structure of the potential well and the properties of the depth function are given. The invariance of some sets for the problem is shown. It is proven that, if the initial data are in the potential well or out of it, the solutions will lie in the potential well or lie out of it, respectively. By the convexity method, the sharp condition of the global well-posedness is given.

Intensity measures for seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation of sloping site

This work investigates the correlation between a large number of widely used ground motion intensity measures(IMs) and the corresponding liquefaction potential of a soil deposit during earthquake loading. In order to accomplish this purpose the seismic responses of 32 sloping liquefiable site models consisting of layered cohesionless soil were subjected to 139 earthquake ground motions. Two sets of ground motions, consisting of 80 ordinary records and 59 pulse-like near-fault records are used in the dynamic analyses. The liquefaction potential of the site is expressed in terms of the the mean pore pressure ratio, the maximum ground settlement, the maximum ground horizontal displacement and the maximum ground horizontal acceleration. For each individual accelerogram, the values of the aforementioned liquefaction potential measures are determined. Then, the correlation between the liquefaction potential measures and the IMs is evaluated. The results reveal that the velocity spectrum intensity(VSI) shows the strongest correlation with the liquefaction potential of sloping site. VSI is also proven to be a sufficient intensity measure with respect to earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance, and has a good predictability, thus making it a prime candidate for the seismic liquefaction hazard evaluation.

Liquefaction Assessment in Golem Area, Albania, by Means of In-situ Tests

The liquefaction is a very significant phenomenon in clayey silty soils, silty sands and also sands. The high potential of liquefaction is generally recognized when these types of soils are laid under the hydrostatic water table. Low plasticity silts, silty sands and sands are found as recent alluvial deposits in the western coastal part of Albania, especially in the sandy beaches of Adriatic Sea near Durres City. The aim of this study is to evaluate the soil liquefaction potential in the area of Golem. Ten CPTUs （cone penetration test with pore pressure measurements） are carried out for the site investigation of soils. In this paper, results of the CPTU based liquefaction analysis are presented. The data of two CPTUs （10 in total） are analyzed and factor of safety was found by considering different levels of hazard and ground water. The results of liquefaction potential analysis show that the soils in the area of Golem have a high risk of liquefaction.

Soil Liquefaction Hazard Evaluation by the New Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Test （SDMT）

Soil liquefaction, and the permanent deformations that frequently result from it, have caused significant damage in past earthquakes. The procedures used in contemporary geotechnical earthquake engineering practice are generally based on simplified procedures for the evaluation of the liquefaction potential. The work describes a framework for performance-based earthquake engineering and its use in the development of a performance-based procedure for liquefaction hazard evaluation. The performance-based procedure will be used to show how consistent application of conventional procedures for evaluation of liquefaction potential can influence performance prediction. Implications for liquefaction-resistant design will also be discussed. The purpose is to summarize current procedures for practical prediction of liquefaction behavior, to describe recent advances in the understanding of liquefaction behavior, and to describe the incorporation of this improved understanding into new solutions for detailed modeling of soil liquefaction, Simplified procedures for evaluation of liquefaction hazards will be reviewed relatively briefly, with more details devoted to emerging knowledge about the mechanics of liquefiable soil behavior, and methods for incorporating those mechanics into improved models for performance prediction. In particular it focuses about the influence on the evaluation of Cyclic Resistance Ratio （CRR） by different in-situ tests （Cone Penetration Test （CPT）. Standard Penetration Test （SPT） and Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Test （SDMT）） and by different shear waves velocity measurements （Down Hole D-H. Cross Hole C-H, Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Test SDMT）.

The Hidden Earthquake Induced Liquefaction Risks in the Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills & Surrounding Areas of Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh—A Geotechnical Engineering Approach

Liquefaction is one of the major catastrophic geohazards which usually occurs in saturated or partially saturated sandy or silty soils during a seismic event. Evaluating the potential liquefaction risks of a seismically prone area can significantly reduce the loss of lives and damage to civil infrastructures. This research is mainly focused on the earthquake-induced liquefaction risk assessment based on Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) values at different earthquake magnitudes (M = 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0) with a peak ground acceleration (amax) of 0.28 g in the Rohingya Refugee camp and surrounding areas of Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results have been evaluated for potential liquefaction assessment. The soils are mainly composed of very loose to loose sands with some silts and clays. Geotechnical properties of these very loose sandy soils are very much consistent with the criteria of liquefiable soil. It is established from the grain size analysis results;the soil of the study area is mainly sand dominated (SP) with some silty clay (SC) which consists of 93.68% to 99.48% sand, 0.06% to 4.71% gravel and 0% to 6.26% silt and clay. Some Clayey Sand (SC) is also present. The silty clay can be characterized as medium (CI) to high plasticity (CH) inorganic clay soil. LPI values have been calculated to identify risk zones and to prepare risk maps of the investigated area. Based on these obtained LPI values, four (4) susceptible liquefaction risk zones are identified as low, medium, high and very high. The established “Risk Maps” can be used for future geological engineering works as well as for sustainable planning, design and construction purposes relating to adaptation and mitigation of seismic hazards in the investigated area.

基于混合势函数的永磁同步风力发电机暂态稳定性分析

永磁同步发电机(permanent magnetic synchronous generator,PMSG)作为海上风力发电的主要设备,是风电技术的重要发展方向。然而,PMSG在运行过程中,受到大扰动干扰会导致其暂态稳定性下降。因此,针对PMSG风机大扰动下的暂态稳定性阈值难以判定的问题,本文基于混合势函数理论,建立了PMSG风机系统简化后的混合势函数模型,并推导出PMSG风机在大扰动后的暂态稳定判据。通过仿真后的网侧电流波形和网侧功率波形验证了暂态稳定判据的准确性,并调整各参数数值以分析PMSG风机暂态稳定性与风机参数、故障深度、故障时间和风速的关联性。

中国模式下砾性土液化指数评价新方法

砾性土地震液化是我国土木工程震害防治技术体系建设面临的新问题,砾性土液化指数作为砾性土液化判别的最终表征量及抗液化对策的实际控制指标,是当前体系发展中亟待突破的瓶颈。该文继承中国模式,基于2008年我国汶川地震实测数据,提出以超重型圆锥动力触探击数比余量为基本变量的砾性土液化指数评价新方法。采用我国独有资料,构建砾性土的理论计算液化指数与宏观调查液化指数间函数关系,分析我国规范中既有液化指数与液化等级对应关系的可行性,建立适于砾性土液化指数与液化等级的对等关系,以实测资料多方论证新方法的合理性。提出的新方法,保持了中国模式的优势,可为实际工程应用和我国规范修订提供直接的技术支持。

基于优化算法量子动力学框架的势垒估计准则

量子动力学框架(QDF)是在优化算法量子动力学模型下得到的具有代表性和普遍意义的优化算法的基本迭代过程,差解接受是避免优化算法陷入局部最优、解决算法早熟问题的一种重要机制。为了在QDF中引入差解接受机制,以量子动力学模型为基础将差解视为粒子运动过程中遇到的势垒,利用量子隧道效应中的透射系数计算粒子穿透该势垒的概率,从而得到量子动力学模型下的差解接受准则:势垒估计准则(PBEC)。PBEC与势垒高度和宽度、粒子的质量均有关系,比经典的Metropolis接受准则更能全面地估计优化算法采样时遇到差解时的行为。实验结果表明,基于PBEC的QDF算法相较于基于Metropolis接受准则的QDF算法,在求解函数过程中算法跳出局部最优的能力更强、搜索效率更高,表明PBEC在量子优化算法中是一种可行且有效的差解接受机制。

黄土液化作用及其次生灾害风险评估方法初探——以积石山M_(S)6.2地震为例

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山6.2级地震引发的黄土液化泥石流地质灾害,造成了大量人员伤亡和财产损失。以此为背景,系统梳理了液化调查、风险评估和风险区划的工作思路:选定地区液化的内在和诱发因子,收集并分析资料,拟定调查工作底图,以调查问卷的形式开展液化影响因素摸底工作,开展针对性的外业调查或辅以物探和钻探工作,得到土壤液化发育潜势实际材料图;其后借用常规地质灾害的评估方法,开展调查区域的易发性、易损性评价和风险评价,得到调查区风险区划图。利用此方法对积石山地震诱发的泥石流灾害进行验证,分析其液化灾害的地质环境背景、形成机理和危害特征,并对其发生的风险进行评价。文章首次提出土的液化作用及其次生灾害区域调查因子的选择和风险评估的流程,可为开展土层液化作用及其次生灾害隐患区排查、国土空间规划,特别是高烈度山区集中居住点地质安全评估和选址建议提供参考。

轻度创伤型大鼠颅脑前后向-侧向碰撞HIC值等效研究

目的探讨通过运动诱发电位(motor evoked potential,MEP)和β-淀粉样前体蛋白(β-amyloid precursor protein,β-APP)免疫组化(immunohistochemistry,IHC)互相验证结合的方法,对轻度颅脑损伤下大鼠颅脑前后向-侧向碰撞损伤进行头部损伤指标(head injury criterion,HIC)等效转换研究。方法健康成年雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为0 m对照组、0.5 m前后向和0.5 m侧向损伤组、1 m前后向和1 m侧向损伤组(每组12只),对照组不进行打击实验。IHC组在打击致伤后和对照组一起进行过量麻醉取材,制作β-APP免疫组化染色切片,并测定切片的脑干锥体束区域内的阳性细胞面积占比和积分光密度(integral optical density,IOD)。MEP组分组和IHC组相同,在致伤后和对照组一起进行MEP波幅检测。结果随致伤高度的增加,致伤组MEP下降幅度、阳性细胞面积占比及IOD也明显增大。致伤高度较小时,IHC组比MEP组的灵敏度更高。损伤程度相同时,侧向HIC小于前后向。HIC相同时,侧向的损伤程度大于前后向。结论利用MEP和β-APP联合评估可以为颅脑前后向-侧向碰撞损伤HIC等效转换研究提供实验参考。

划分潜在震源区的地震地质规则研究

根据近年来发震构造地质条件研究的进展，本文探讨了划分潜在震源区主要的地震地质规则，具体包括潜在震源区的识别，它的位置、长度、宽度和震级上限的确定等内容。规则的归纳充分考虑了活动构造性质的差异和资料完备程度的不同。重点讨论了如何利用活断层的性质、倾向和活动特性等资料合理地划分潜在震源区的边界问题。

场地液化势评价概率模型

本文提出了场地液化势评价概率模型。基于世界范围内多次震后场地液化性状实测资料 ,采用人工神经网络 (ANN)来搜索标贯击数Ncr与抗液化能力之间的非线性关系 ,进而导出安全系数与液化概率之间的关系。建立的修正液化指数公式可对可液化场地进行液化概率评价。修正液化指数有明确的概率意义 ,适用于饱和砂土等可液化场地液化势评价的风险决策。

场地液化侧移等级判别标准及其可靠性分析

基于Youd等建立的液化侧移数据库,研究提出一种新的场地液化侧移等级预测方法和判别标准。研究了数据库中各参量对液化侧移的影响程度并从中筛选出主要影响参数,构建了液化侧移灾害等级分类决策树,提出了一套液化侧移等级判别标准LLSL(liquefaction lateral spread level)。通过实际震害中各参数对液化侧移影响趋势分析、分类决策树中各参数耦合性研究以及与MLR法的对比,验证了方法和标准的合理性和可靠性。研究结果表明:对液化侧移的主要影响参数包括峰值加速度、临空(缓坡)坡度、液化层厚度和细粒土含量,液化层平均粒径影响可以略去;临空情况下,参数影响排序和权重为临空坡度(0.343)、液化层细粒土含量(0.322)、液化层厚度(0.176)和峰值加速度(0.159),缓坡情况下,排序为液化层细粒土含量(0.324)、液化层厚度(0.277)、缓坡坡度(0.214)和峰值加速度(0.185);比较MLR法中各参数相互独立假设,LLSL考虑了各参数对液化侧移影响的耦合性,使整体回判成功率提高了6%,且对各液化侧移等级回判成功率表现较为均衡,克服了MLR法在轻微等级判别中成功率较低的弱点;提出的LLSL标准,可减少对钻孔的依赖,比MLR法更适于液化区划工作,且与中国现有灾害评估基础工作有很好衔接。文中所提出的方法和标准,可为场地液化侧移等级预测和液化区划技术中液化侧移等级判别提供技术支持。

瞬态瑞利面波勘探技术在公路工程勘察中的应用

结合工程实例介绍了一种新的勘探技术———瞬态瑞利面波法 ,并总结了测试技术要点 ,包括测试分析系统、测试条件等 ,最后分析了应用效果及应用中的一些问题。