Socio-Economic Implication of Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project in Bonny Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

Notably, the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) project is the pioneer Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Nigeria, aimed at both the diversification of the petroleum industry and utilization of the vastly flared natural gas resources of the nation. However, large scale energy projects have been known to generate both positive and/or negative impacts. Environmental Management Plans (EMP) have often been the compendium of information on approved mitigations, which normally include activities that could maximize the benefits of the host communities, and it’s not unusual for the Community Development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CDCSR) department of such an organization to be saddled with these contributions. But the activities of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CSR department have often been the source of criticism, as well as aspiration for improvement by host communities and other stake holders. This article thus aims to present a comprehensive compendium of NLNG’s CDCSR activities, up to the year 2010, and also highlight the level of satisfaction of the immediate and distant host communities against the level of performance of other donors in the area. Also the arrays of negative socio-economic consequences of the Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities were identified based on community perception. The results generally showed that comparatively, NLNG project has made more innovative positive socio-economic and health contributions to its areas of operation than the three tiers of government and other donors (including SPDC and Mobil Producing Nigeria). Surprisingly, agitations against Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities have not overshadowed its community development provisions, which have been of major assistance in several communities. There is however a dire need to review several aspects of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CDCSR activities, especially in the fulfilment of documented promises, as well as in project conception and community participation, for better completed projects acceptance by indigenous host communities. Conflict management strategies also need to be improved, while the dissatisfaction over benefits in New Finima needs to be urgently addressed.

GTL or LNG:Which is the best way to monetize "stranded" natural gas?

A large portion of world＇s natural gas reserves are ＂stranded＂ resources, the drive to monetize these resources leads to the development of gas-to-liquids （GTL） and liquefied natural gas （LNG） technologies. LNG has the advantage of having been developed for the past 40 years and having an excellent safety record. GTL on the other hand is another option with substantial benefits, but its development stage and commercial viability are far behind LNG. This paper presents a techno-economic comparison of GTL with LNG, including technical development, plant efficiency, market potential for the products, and capital cost for the infrastructure. The aim is to give an overall view on both LNG and GTL and provide a perspective on the profitability of these two technologies.

大型LNG船用惰气发生器系统特点及其应用

为提高液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船与惰气发生器系统的匹配度,基于惰气制取流程,对不同类型惰气发生器的应用范围进行归纳,对大型LNG船用惰气发生器的系统特点、要求和布置准则进行分析,并对不同厂商惰气发生器的结构形式和性能特点进行对比。研究表明:惰气发生器的油耗、整机功率、排量等参数为大型LNG船选型的首要依据。研究成果可为大型LNG船用惰气发生器的选型与应用提供一定参考。

Research on the navigational risk of liquefied natural gas carriers in an inland river based on entropy:A cloud evaluation model

Due to the flammability and explosive nature of liquefied natural gas(LNG),an extremely strict process is followed for the transporta-tion of LNG carriers in China.Particularly,no LNG carriers are operating in inland rivers within the country.Therefore,to ensure the future navigation safety of LNG carriers entering the Yangtze River,the risk sources of LNG carriers’navigation safety must be identi-fied and evaluated.Based on the Delphi and expert experience method,this paper analyses and discusses the navigation risk factors of LNG carriers in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from four aspects(human,ship,environment and management),identifies 12 risk indicators affecting the navigation of LNG carriers and establishes a risk evaluation index system.Further,an entropy weight fuzzy model is utilized to reduce the influence of subjective judgement on the index weight as well as to conduct a segmented and overall evaluation of LNG navigation risks in the Baimaosha Channel.Finally,the cloud model is applied to validate the consistent feasibility of the entropy weight fuzzy model.The research results indicate that the method provides effective technical support for further study on the navigation security of LNG carriers in inland rivers.

A型LNG罐完整次屏蔽密性试验及验收标准

为保障液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船的航运安全,对A型舱次屏壁粘接后系统孔隙度的试验方法以及不同次数的热循环对次屏壁气密性的影响进行分析。研究表明:次屏壁密性试验可有效验证次屏壁的液密性,且此屏壁密封性能在若干次初始热循环之后趋于稳定。研究成果可为A型独立LNG液舱次屏壁系统的验收提供一定参考。

LNG加注船风险分析方法适用性分析

国内对船对船液化天然气(LNG)加注作业的风险分析和决策的研究尚处于起步阶段,尚未建立一套标准的系统化的风险评估方法。对普遍采用的HAZID、HAZOP、LOPA风险评估方法进行适用性研究,研究结果表明:HAZID、HAZOP可系统地识别LNG加注船作业外部环境及内部工艺过程中各种潜在危险和危害,并通过提出合理可行的措施消除、减轻事故发生的可能性及后果。LOPA分析是可解决HAZID、HAZOP分析中残余风险不能定量化的不足,是对HAZID、HAZOP分析结果的丰富与补充。

LNG加注船液货系统的设备配置及操作分析

为保证液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)加注船加注作业顺利完成,对其液货系统的主要设备配置和操作流程进行分析至关重要。针对目前船舶市场上正在建造和已经交付使用的LNG加注船,分析其液货系统的主要设备组成及其能实现的功能,依据规程分析船对船作业匹配连接、干燥惰化、驱气和冷舱加注等操作流程,为类似船型的设计和实船LNG加注作业的开展提供参考。

LNG加注趸船的池火危险距离分析

液化天然气(LNG)加注趸船是一种适用于为长江上航行的LNG动力船实施燃料补给的工作船。低温损伤和火灾损伤是LNG泄漏后产生的对船舶造成的主要风险。为了控制LNG加注趸船的风险,论文分析了LNG加注趸船泄漏后可能产生的低温重气扩散、快速燃烧、喷射火、池火等不利后果;由于池火的风险较高,因此需要分析为趸船设计布置的池火危险距离。论文还讨论了人员、船上钢结构建筑物及储罐的热辐射通量接受准则,选取了合适的热辐射通量接受准则并且用于论文中的计算。热辐射危险距离计算采用简化的点源模型和实体火焰模型;以加注口泄漏LNG为例,当泄漏量为0.5m3时,计算了在尺寸为1m×1m×0.6m的立方体的集液盘中发生池火所应采取的危险距离布置。计算结果表明:在不采取热辐射隔绝措施下,对于人员露天作业的危险距离为14m,对于控制室等建筑物的危险距离为12m,对于储罐的危险距离为9m;并且建议应采用可考虑环境因素的实体火焰模型来计算池火危险距离。

LNG加注趸船安全距离确定方法研究

为确定液化天然气（LNG）加注趸船与周边建（构）筑物的安全距离,对趸船LNG储罐和加液臂泄漏后果进行数值模拟计算。利用FLACS软件,计算不同泄漏场景LNG气云扩散距离;采用自主开发的LNG火灾计算软件LNGFHR＋计算趸船储罐泄漏和加液臂泄漏池火热辐射强度的影响距离。结果表明：LNG泄漏量、气象条件、风向等均会对LNG气云的扩散距离产生影响;储罐泄漏池火热辐射影响距离大于加液臂的影响距离。根据计算结果,确定LNG加注趸船与重要公共建筑物的安全距离为120-150 m,与民用建筑物的安全距离为85-110 m,与生产厂房、库房和甲、乙、丙类液体储罐的安全距离为90-110 m。

加注LNG燃料的船舶安全管理措施研究

为给液化天然气(LNG)动力船舶的安全管理体系建立提供参考,文章从LNG燃料加注5种模式比较及加注注意事项、LNG翻滚和间歇泉的原因及措施、LNG泄漏及火灾的对策等方面进行研究。结果表明:不同气源的LNG分开储存并采取合适的进料方式可预防LNG翻滚;需预置接液盘、水幕和护板等预防LNG泄漏,若泄漏发生,可视情采用贴堵法或塞堵法,同时配合使用水幕系统;LNG着火时,可综合运用水幕隔离、消防冷却、泡沫覆盖和干粉灭火。此外,向上实心锥形水幕控制LNG扩散效果最好,且水幕高度需高于云团2倍以上;高倍泡沫可明显降低LNG的挥发,但对最小有效淹没深度有要求;干粉降低池火最高温度明显,使用时需喷洒到火焰根部。

双燃料大型集装箱船LNG加注系统设计

液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)是一种清洁、高效的绿色能源,发展LNG相关技术有助于实现低碳绿色发展,建设起清洁、高效的现代化能源体系。加注系统是将LNG燃料从存储设施转移到燃料储存舱的设施,为保证加注过程的稳定安全运行,以20 000箱大型集装箱双燃料船为研究对象,以国内外LNG船舶设计规范为基础,提出带有安全监控功能的加注系统设计方案,详细阐述加注系统管系管径及壁厚计算方法。在实现燃料加注功能的同时,对系统进行安全监控,当系统在突发意外情况时能做出相应的应急响应,可以为LNG船舶加注系统安全设计提供参考。

The Future of Gas to Liquids as a Gas Monetisation Option

The paper introduces gas to liquids (GTL) as a monetising option from a technology, marketing and project perspective. GTL is complementary to LNG and pipelines. At the same time, using natural gas as a source for fuels in the form of GTL helps countries around the world to diversify their energy supplies. Furthermore, gas-based products are inherently cleaner than oil products. Shell's proprietary GTL technology or SMDS (Shell Middle Distillates Synthesis), is discussed in some detail. The paper also covers the challenges for successful implementation of GTL projects and why Shell is well positioned to take a lead in the industry on the basis of its long standing and broad experience in GTL research, plant operations, marketing and excellent track record in mega projects in the last thirty years. Shell's commitment to GTL is best demonstrated by the recent signing of a Heads of Agreement with Qatar Petroleum for the construction of the world's largest GTL plant. A key success factor is Shell's experience with marketing quantities of high quality GTL products from its 12,500 barrels per day plant at Bintulu, Malaysia since 1993. Further marketing opportunities will arise when new GTL capacity comes on-stream in the middle east when more quantities will become available to bulk users. Amongst the most interesting market will be automotive transportation, where clean GTL fuels can be positioned as an 'alternative fuel beyond oil' providing energy security to host countries. Shell is actively engaging with a number of regulators, automotive companies and governments worldwide including China, to demonstrate the performance of GTL and its cost effectiveness in reducing local emissions. An added benefit is that GTL can use existing infrastructure and requires no investment. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the coal to liquids (CTL) process as an alternative route to produce high quality GTL products and the key issues relating to the process.

大型双燃料散货船LNG燃料加注系统设计

加注系统是将LNG燃料从存储设施输送到LNG动力船储存舱的设施,为保证LNG加注效率和加注安全,以20万吨级双燃料散货船为研究对象,研究LNG加注系统原理,并在船上合理布置了LNG加注站,确定了加注总管的尺寸,分析了相关的消防系统和控制系统,为后续其他大型LNG动力船的加注系统设计提供参考。

双燃料集装箱船LNG燃料系统监控系统设计

液化天然气(LNG)燃料系统工作状态直接影响船舶的稳定、安全运行,有效监控燃料系统的运行状态能够为船舶运行提供保障。针对20 000箱大型双燃料集装箱船,依照国内外LNG船舶设计规范,分析监控系统实际功能需求,提出燃料系统的监控系统设计方案,以加注及燃料舱子系统和BOG管路子系统为例,结合燃料系统工作过程,详细介绍监控系统控制逻辑及设计方案。监控系统能有效监测燃料系统重要参数及相关设备工作状态,同时能够控制系统在紧急情况下的应急响应,保证燃料系统稳定运行,确保船舶及人员安全。

Technical and Economic Aspects and Experience from 6 Years of Operating the Technology Using the Waste Heat from the Exhaust Gases of Heat Sources and 3 Years of Operating a Heating Plant in an Autonomous, Island Regime

This article is focused on technical and economic evaluation of more than 6-years experiences of operating the Waste Heat Recovery technology—the manner and system of flue gas processing generated in the combustion process in heat & power plants, cogeneration units, etc., which burn the gaseous fuel, primarily natural gas, or methane, biogas, geothermal gas, or other gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen. The solution proposes a more effective and non-traditional use of gaseous fuel for heating, the flue gases of which are processed in order to extract additional utilisable heat, with potential elimination of CO2 from them. Deploying of the heating plant in an island regime (OFF-GRID) enables definition of the benefits brought by the 3 years of operational experience and presents visions for the future offering the possibility to utilise the support energy services at the municipal as well as regional level.

An Improved Combined Power System Utilizing Cold Energy of LNG

In order to improve efficiency of a combined power system in which waste heat from exhaust gas could be efficiently recovered and cold energy of liquefied natural gas(LNG) could be fully utilized as well. A system simulation and thermodynamic analysis were carried out,the Kalina cycle was reorganized by changing the concentration of "basic composition",so that a better thermal matching in the heat exchanger could be obtained and the irreversibility of the system was decreased. It was found that the Kalina cycle generally used in the bottom of combined power cycle could also be used to recover the cold energy of LNG. The results show that the exergy efficiency of 42.97% is obtained. Compared with the previous system attained the exergy efficiency of 39.76%,the improved system has a better performance.

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China's Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG) market is undergoing profound changes. Due to world economic development, industrial restructuring, natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors, global LNG supply and demand, LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly. Hence, China, a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports. In response, we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations, prices and markets, etc.

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China’s Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG)market is undergoing profound changes.Due to world economic development,industrial restructuring,natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors,global LNG supply and demand,LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly.Hence,China,a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports.In response,we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations,prices and markets,etc.

A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Liquefied natural gas （LNG）, an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experi- mental investigation, etc.

Research on Temperature Field and Thermal Stress of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier with Incomplete Insulation

The insulation of membrane type liquefied natural gas(LNG) carrier is composed of plywood boxes filled with perlite.Within the service period,considering of the effects of load conditions,such as sloshing,wave load,it is possible to have some damage of the plywood box,leakage of perlite,and failure of the insulation box.LNG carrier without whole protection of effective insulation is dangerous.Hull structure is extremely fragile when exposed to ultra-low temperature.In order to solve these problems,firstly a study on insulation boxes' character and work condition is carried out and some presuppositions of partial disabled insulation are put forward.Secondly the thermal system of LNG carrier is analyzed to find out an effective way to simulate the thermal action of close air between outer and inner hull.Then a calculation about temperature field and thermal stress is done by MSC/PATRAN&NASTRAN.At the end it is concluded that LNG carrier with incomplete insulation is dangerous and needs to be avoided.