Socio-Economic Implication of Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project in Bonny Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

Notably, the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) project is the pioneer Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Nigeria, aimed at both the diversification of the petroleum industry and utilization of the vastly flared natural gas resources of the nation. However, large scale energy projects have been known to generate both positive and/or negative impacts. Environmental Management Plans (EMP) have often been the compendium of information on approved mitigations, which normally include activities that could maximize the benefits of the host communities, and it’s not unusual for the Community Development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CDCSR) department of such an organization to be saddled with these contributions. But the activities of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CSR department have often been the source of criticism, as well as aspiration for improvement by host communities and other stake holders. This article thus aims to present a comprehensive compendium of NLNG’s CDCSR activities, up to the year 2010, and also highlight the level of satisfaction of the immediate and distant host communities against the level of performance of other donors in the area. Also the arrays of negative socio-economic consequences of the Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities were identified based on community perception. The results generally showed that comparatively, NLNG project has made more innovative positive socio-economic and health contributions to its areas of operation than the three tiers of government and other donors (including SPDC and Mobil Producing Nigeria). Surprisingly, agitations against Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities have not overshadowed its community development provisions, which have been of major assistance in several communities. There is however a dire need to review several aspects of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CDCSR activities, especially in the fulfilment of documented promises, as well as in project conception and community participation, for better completed projects acceptance by indigenous host communities. Conflict management strategies also need to be improved, while the dissatisfaction over benefits in New Finima needs to be urgently addressed.

Comparison of two schemes for district cooling system utilizing cold energy of liquefied natural gas

Two schemes（scheme Ⅰ and scheme Ⅱ）for designing a district cooling system（DCS）utilizing cold energy of liquefied natural gas（LNG）are presented.In scheme Ⅰ,LNG cold energy is used to produce ice,and then ice is transported to the central cooling plant of the DCS.In scheme Ⅱ,return water from the DCS is directly chilled by LNG cold energy,and the chilled water is then sent back to the central plant.The heat transportation loss is the main negative impact in the DCS and is emphatically analyzed when evaluating the efficiency of each scheme.The results show that the DCS utilizing LNG cold energy is feasible and valuable.The cooling supply distance of scheme Ⅱ is limited within 13 km while scheme Ⅰ has no distance limit.When the distance is between 6 and 13 km,scheme Ⅱ is more practical and effective.Contrarily,scheme Ⅰ has a better economic performance when the distance is shorter than 6 km or longer than 13 km.

基于多载荷联合作用的LNG船泵塔结构建模与强度分析

对液化天然气(LNG)船泵塔结构进行建模和强度分析,提升LNG船结构的安全性。构建由弹簧单元组连接泵塔主体结构与底部基座区域的“船体-泵塔”组合模型,分析液舱内液体晃荡时历运动、液体惯性力、超低温载荷的特征及计算和加载方式,提出多载荷联合作用下的LNG船泵塔结构强度分析方法。以一艘LNG实船为例,采用该方法计算得到泵塔结构的变形和应力,在此基础上分析弹簧单元数量、刚性系数和材料初始参考温度等关键参数对计算结果的敏感性。研究结果表明:提出的多载荷联合作用下的泵塔结构建模与强度分析方法符合《钢质海船入级规范》关于LNG船章节的细化实施方案和实船应用要求,采用该方法所得结果可供LNG船泵塔结构设计和校核参考。

GTL or LNG:Which is the best way to monetize "stranded" natural gas?

A large portion of world＇s natural gas reserves are ＂stranded＂ resources, the drive to monetize these resources leads to the development of gas-to-liquids （GTL） and liquefied natural gas （LNG） technologies. LNG has the advantage of having been developed for the past 40 years and having an excellent safety record. GTL on the other hand is another option with substantial benefits, but its development stage and commercial viability are far behind LNG. This paper presents a techno-economic comparison of GTL with LNG, including technical development, plant efficiency, market potential for the products, and capital cost for the infrastructure. The aim is to give an overall view on both LNG and GTL and provide a perspective on the profitability of these two technologies.

晃荡条件下LNG船液舱蒸发相变分析

天然气以其绿色清洁的优点,市场需求与日俱增。为了保证液化天然气(LNG)运输船安全运行,分析计算不同工况下的舱室日蒸发率尤为重要。通过Fluent软件研究LNG船液货舱在晃荡状态下的相变蒸发状态,并在LNG舱室蒸发计算中引入了晃荡变量因素。计算结果表明:内壁面过热度与液舱装载率均能大幅影响LNG的蒸发状态,LNG能快速转入稳定蒸发阶段,且蒸发质量流率趋于稳定。研究结果可为相关船舶研发提供参考。

Distribution and Chain Pattern of Liquefied Natural Gas Industry in China

The production and consumption of natural gas in China has been developing rapidly in recent years.It is expected that the annual growth rate of the demand for natural gas will reach 12% in the next 15 years,and the gas consumption in the primary energy will increase from 0.3% to 10% or more by 2020.However,since the supply of natural gas cannot satisfy the requirements,China has begun to build liquefied natural gas(LNG)terminals in the coastal regions such as Guangdong and Fujian,and solve this problem by importing LNG from foreign countries.LNG needs to be transported by LNG ships from abroad.With the rapid growth of global gas production,the volume of LNG trade also increases,and the interregional production increased from 0.3% in 1970 to 26.2% in 2004.So,we need LNG ships more than before.This article puts forward the distribution of LNG ships and the speculation of the future of LNG transportation based on the studies on foreign LNG production,the LNG trade,the building of LNG ships,the LNG transportation,the chain model of LNG distribution,etc.

Research on the navigational risk of liquefied natural gas carriers in an inland river based on entropy:A cloud evaluation model

Due to the flammability and explosive nature of liquefied natural gas(LNG),an extremely strict process is followed for the transporta-tion of LNG carriers in China.Particularly,no LNG carriers are operating in inland rivers within the country.Therefore,to ensure the future navigation safety of LNG carriers entering the Yangtze River,the risk sources of LNG carriers’navigation safety must be identi-fied and evaluated.Based on the Delphi and expert experience method,this paper analyses and discusses the navigation risk factors of LNG carriers in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from four aspects(human,ship,environment and management),identifies 12 risk indicators affecting the navigation of LNG carriers and establishes a risk evaluation index system.Further,an entropy weight fuzzy model is utilized to reduce the influence of subjective judgement on the index weight as well as to conduct a segmented and overall evaluation of LNG navigation risks in the Baimaosha Channel.Finally,the cloud model is applied to validate the consistent feasibility of the entropy weight fuzzy model.The research results indicate that the method provides effective technical support for further study on the navigation security of LNG carriers in inland rivers.

大型LNG船用惰气发生器系统特点及其应用

为提高液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船与惰气发生器系统的匹配度,基于惰气制取流程,对不同类型惰气发生器的应用范围进行归纳,对大型LNG船用惰气发生器的系统特点、要求和布置准则进行分析,并对不同厂商惰气发生器的结构形式和性能特点进行对比。研究表明:惰气发生器的油耗、整机功率、排量等参数为大型LNG船选型的首要依据。研究成果可为大型LNG船用惰气发生器的选型与应用提供一定参考。

大型LNG船再液化设备基座静刚度分析及结构优化

为了保证大型液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)船再液化设备的基座在设备工作载荷作用下具有较高的抵抗变形能力,提高再液化设备运转过程中的安全性,以大型LNG船用再液化设备的基座所受载荷为基础,进行整个再液化设备的基座结构设计,并基于有限元分析软件进行刚度计算。计算结果表明:在工作载荷作用下,基座抵抗横向和纵向变形的能力较弱,在结构优化加强时,增加结构的板厚对整个基座的静刚度改善作用亚于增加纵向或横向支撑型材。研究结果可为船舶类设备基座结构的设计及加强优化提供一定参考。

LNG动力船舶修理安全管控

为了提升液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)动力船舶修理期间的风险管控水平,对LNG燃料的基本特性展开介绍,分析LNG泄漏或失控所造成的危害,并对不同的LNG动力船舶系统的相应维修情况进行对比分析,同时阐述LNG动力船舶维修时存在的主要额外风险及相应风险产生的原因。在此基础上,提出船舶携带LNG修理期间在危险区域和安全敏感区域工作的相应预防措施。研究成果可为LNG动力船舶修理安全管控提供一定参考。

LNG运输船液货围护系统次层绝缘箱质量跟踪系统

次层绝缘箱是液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)运输船液货围护系统的重要组成部分。阐述次层绝缘箱的箱体组装、胶条测试和质量风险,提出基于专用的环氧树脂涂胶流水线的次层绝缘箱质量跟踪系统,为LNG运输船液货围护系统提供安全保障。

LNG船气密性检测中的氦气试验并联管路CFD仿真建模

针对液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船气密性检测中的氦气试验,进行并联管路计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)仿真建模。基于流体力学理论,建立并联管路模型,分析支管数量、支管长度、管壁厚和入口流体压强对主管的流体速度与流体压强的影响,为多根支管并联管路工装开发提供参考。

LNG船Mark Ⅲ型液货围护系统平面区域柔性次屏壁搭接黏合改进工艺

针对液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)船MarkⅢ型液货围护系统平面区域柔性次屏壁搭接黏合的作业现状,分析搭接黏合传统工艺的认证流程、作业流程和搭接黏合质量检验,优化搭接黏合传统工艺的作业流程。提出一种有效提高平面区域柔性次屏壁搭接黏合作业效率的搭接黏合改进工艺,并总结其优势,对LNG船建造具有一定的借鉴意义。

LNG Ready方案下的VLOC LNG舱段结构直接计算方法

为满足船舶低硫排放要求,液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)Ready方案应运而生。结合超大型矿砂船(Very Large Ore Carrier,VLOC)LNG舱段的布置和结构特点,提出一种LNG舱段结构直接计算方法,并对该方法的若干要点进行研究,包括模型范围和要求、计算载荷和工况的选择等。以某VLOC为例,运用该方法进行LNG舱段结构的有限元直接计算,计算结果指出LNG舱段需要进行结构加强的关键区域。

Research on Energy Efficiency Design Index for Sea-going LNG Carriers

This paper describes the characteristics of liquefied natural gas （LNG） carriers briefly. The LNG carrier includes power plant selection, vapor treatment, liquid cargo tank type, etc. Two parameters fuel substitution rate and recovery of boil of gas （BOG） volume to energy efficiency design index （EEDI） formula are added, and EEDI formula of LNG carriers is established based on ship EEDI formula. Then, based on steam turbine propulsion device of LNG carriers, mathematical models of LNG carriers＇ reference line value are established in this paper. By verification, the EEDI formula of LNG carriers described in this paper can provide a reference for LNG carrier EEDI calculation and green shipbuilding.

Analysis of the Impact of Thermochemical Recuperation of Waste Heat on the Energy Efficiency of Gas Carriers

Enlarging the fleet of gas carriers would make it possible to respond to the growing demand for hydrocarbon gases,but it will increase carbon dioxide emissions.The International Maritime Organization(IMO)has developed the energy efficiency design index(EEDI)with the objective of carbon emission reduction for new ships.In this paper,thirty gas carriers transporting liquefied natural gas(LNG)and liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)and equipped with various types of main engines are considered.As shown by the calculation of the attained EEDI,2 of the 13 LPG carriers and 6 of the 17 LNG carriers under study do not comply with the EEDI requirements.To meet the stringent EEDI requirements,applying thermochemical regenerators(TCRs)fed by main engine exhaust gases is suggested.Mathematical modeling is applied to analyze the characteristics of the combined gas-turbine-electric and diesel-electric power plant with thermochemical recuperation of the exhaust gas heat.Utilizing TCR on gas carriers with engines fueled by syngas produced from boil-off gas(BOG)reduces the carbon content by 35%and provides the energy efficiency required by IMO without the use of other technologies.

COGAS Propulsion for LNG Ships

Propulsion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships is undergoing significant change. The traditional steam plant is losing favor because of its low cycle efficiency. Medium-speed diesel-electric and slow-speed diesel-mechanical drive ships are in service, and more are being built. Another attractive alternative is combined gas and steam turbine (COGAS) drive. This approach offers significant advantages over steam and diesel propulsion. This paper presents the case for the COGAS cycle.

新巴拿马型散货船LNG双燃料燃气供应系统设计

以新巴拿马型液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)双燃料散货船为研究对象,分析LNG优势、双燃料主机选型、LNG燃气供应系统(Fuel Gas Supply System,FGSS)配置、LNG储罐选型和布置,并进行能效设计指数(EEDI)计算。结果表明,采用合理的系统设计、计算和设备布置等方法,LNG可在船上安全使用并满足最新排放要求,为研发类似船舶提供技术解决方案。

LNG船舶船岸匹配及实操要点研究

船岸匹配校核是船舶安全靠泊、离泊及进行高效作业的重要保障。文章通过对LNG船舶靠泊开展装卸作业前船岸匹配校核程序进行确认与分析,归纳总结匹配校核的基本流程,重点就如何开展船岸间信息交换、资料收集和系泊分析等,指出作业中实际操作的控制要点,突出船岸匹配校核的重要性及必要性。同时针对靠泊船舶装卸作业过程中实际操作环节监控、船岸安全检查、港口国安全检查及已通过匹配校核的船舶长期未到港的复审工作提出要求及合理建议,列举匹配校核不充分导致作业中出现的问题并给出针对性处理措施,以指导其他岸站充分开展匹配校核工作、进行船岸界面安全检查及港口国安全检查,安全高效完成靠泊船舶的对接、作业、离泊及再次靠泊等相关工作,提高岸站的船舶作业效率,实现泊位运行的最优化。

A型LNG罐完整次屏蔽密性试验及验收标准

为保障液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船的航运安全,对A型舱次屏壁粘接后系统孔隙度的试验方法以及不同次数的热循环对次屏壁气密性的影响进行分析。研究表明:次屏壁密性试验可有效验证次屏壁的液密性,且此屏壁密封性能在若干次初始热循环之后趋于稳定。研究成果可为A型独立LNG液舱次屏壁系统的验收提供一定参考。