Socio-Economic Implication of Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project in Bonny Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

Notably, the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) project is the pioneer Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Nigeria, aimed at both the diversification of the petroleum industry and utilization of the vastly flared natural gas resources of the nation. However, large scale energy projects have been known to generate both positive and/or negative impacts. Environmental Management Plans (EMP) have often been the compendium of information on approved mitigations, which normally include activities that could maximize the benefits of the host communities, and it’s not unusual for the Community Development and Corporate Social Responsibility (CDCSR) department of such an organization to be saddled with these contributions. But the activities of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CSR department have often been the source of criticism, as well as aspiration for improvement by host communities and other stake holders. This article thus aims to present a comprehensive compendium of NLNG’s CDCSR activities, up to the year 2010, and also highlight the level of satisfaction of the immediate and distant host communities against the level of performance of other donors in the area. Also the arrays of negative socio-economic consequences of the Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities were identified based on community perception. The results generally showed that comparatively, NLNG project has made more innovative positive socio-economic and health contributions to its areas of operation than the three tiers of government and other donors (including SPDC and Mobil Producing Nigeria). Surprisingly, agitations against Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s activities have not overshadowed its community development provisions, which have been of major assistance in several communities. There is however a dire need to review several aspects of Nigeria LNG Ltd.’s CDCSR activities, especially in the fulfilment of documented promises, as well as in project conception and community participation, for better completed projects acceptance by indigenous host communities. Conflict management strategies also need to be improved, while the dissatisfaction over benefits in New Finima needs to be urgently addressed.

GTL or LNG:Which is the best way to monetize "stranded" natural gas?

A large portion of world＇s natural gas reserves are ＂stranded＂ resources, the drive to monetize these resources leads to the development of gas-to-liquids （GTL） and liquefied natural gas （LNG） technologies. LNG has the advantage of having been developed for the past 40 years and having an excellent safety record. GTL on the other hand is another option with substantial benefits, but its development stage and commercial viability are far behind LNG. This paper presents a techno-economic comparison of GTL with LNG, including technical development, plant efficiency, market potential for the products, and capital cost for the infrastructure. The aim is to give an overall view on both LNG and GTL and provide a perspective on the profitability of these two technologies.

A型LNG罐完整次屏蔽密性试验及验收标准

为保障液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船的航运安全,对A型舱次屏壁粘接后系统孔隙度的试验方法以及不同次数的热循环对次屏壁气密性的影响进行分析。研究表明:次屏壁密性试验可有效验证次屏壁的液密性,且此屏壁密封性能在若干次初始热循环之后趋于稳定。研究成果可为A型独立LNG液舱次屏壁系统的验收提供一定参考。

A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Liquefied natural gas （LNG）, an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experi- mental investigation, etc.

Research on Temperature Field and Thermal Stress of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier with Incomplete Insulation

The insulation of membrane type liquefied natural gas(LNG) carrier is composed of plywood boxes filled with perlite.Within the service period,considering of the effects of load conditions,such as sloshing,wave load,it is possible to have some damage of the plywood box,leakage of perlite,and failure of the insulation box.LNG carrier without whole protection of effective insulation is dangerous.Hull structure is extremely fragile when exposed to ultra-low temperature.In order to solve these problems,firstly a study on insulation boxes' character and work condition is carried out and some presuppositions of partial disabled insulation are put forward.Secondly the thermal system of LNG carrier is analyzed to find out an effective way to simulate the thermal action of close air between outer and inner hull.Then a calculation about temperature field and thermal stress is done by MSC/PATRAN&NASTRAN.At the end it is concluded that LNG carrier with incomplete insulation is dangerous and needs to be avoided.

Influence of Excitation Frequency on Slosh-Induced Impact Pressures of Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks

Liquid sloshing phenomena in No.2 tank of 140 km 3 liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers have been studied numerically and experimentally.The scale of the model tank was selected as 1/55.9.Roll and pitch motions were tested.For measuring impact pressures,seventeen pressure sensors were installed on the tank model.A large number of excitation frequencies and filling heights were investigated.The experimental results showed that when the frequency of tank motion is close to the natural frequency of fluid inside the tank,large impact pressures may be caused.Resonance frequencies and maximum impact pressures of different filling height were presented.Among all the experimental situations,the maximum impact pressure always occurs at the place near 70% height of tank where should be especially concerned.A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the sloshing in the tank.The model was based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations,with a standard κ-ε turbulence model.The volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to predict free surface elevations.Dynamic mesh technique was used to update the volume mesh.Computations for pressure time histories and peak pressures were compared to experimental results.Good agreement was observed.

LNG车用气瓶颈管结构参数优化

运用ANSYS有限元软件对不同颈管尺寸参数的气瓶模型进行应力分析和评定,在满足强度要求的前提下,对相应颈管尺寸的气瓶进行绝热性能分析。采用正交试验方法,分析各因素对气瓶绝热性能的影响规律,确定了最优的设计方案,为不同型号LNG气瓶颈管的结构尺寸参数设计提供参考。

液化天然气(LNG)汽车日常检查方法及维护技术综述

天然气是一种优质的替代燃料,具有污染小、安全系数高、运行费用低等优点。天然气已经成为城市公共交通领域应用最为成功和广泛的车辆替代燃料技术,为推动交通运输行业的节能减排做出了显著的贡献。液化天然气汽车,作为天然气汽车的一种类型,与传统汽柴油车相比,液化天然气汽车安装了包括液化天然气气瓶、气管路及各种控制阀门和仪表在内的专用装置,在对液化天然气汽车进行日常检查时需要针对液化天然气汽车的专用装置进行重点检查。本文则针对液化天然气汽车的特点,对液化天然气汽车的正确使用方法、日常检查方法及维护技术要求、以及相关注意事项三个方面进行了解读,为指导液化天然气汽车进行日常检查与定期维护提供了技术参考。

LNG加气行业运营模式研究和经济性分析

LNG作为车用燃料具有安全环保和经济性的优势,LNG汽车的优势和前景已得到了普遍认可。但是,我国目前现有的LNG加气站的数量远不能适应L N G汽车交通运输发展的需要。由于液化模式和技术等的不同,LNG加气站相比传统的汽柴油加油站的类型更加多样化。从LNG车用加注市场全产业链的角度,可以将LNG加气站的运营模式分为六种。它们的技术和工艺流程都不相同,因此影响其成本的主要因素也不同。可以综合考虑每种模式的使用条件和成本影响因素,来选择合适的运营模式。但是专用液化模式应是发展LNG加气站的主要方向,只用这样才能向市场提供大量廉价的LNG,进而形成跨地域的LNG加注网络。随着时间的推移,LNG车用燃料市场规模将会不断扩大,综合运用这六种LNG加气站运营模式才能满足日益增长的LNG车用燃料的市场需求。

The Future of Gas to Liquids as a Gas Monetisation Option

The paper introduces gas to liquids (GTL) as a monetising option from a technology, marketing and project perspective. GTL is complementary to LNG and pipelines. At the same time, using natural gas as a source for fuels in the form of GTL helps countries around the world to diversify their energy supplies. Furthermore, gas-based products are inherently cleaner than oil products. Shell's proprietary GTL technology or SMDS (Shell Middle Distillates Synthesis), is discussed in some detail. The paper also covers the challenges for successful implementation of GTL projects and why Shell is well positioned to take a lead in the industry on the basis of its long standing and broad experience in GTL research, plant operations, marketing and excellent track record in mega projects in the last thirty years. Shell's commitment to GTL is best demonstrated by the recent signing of a Heads of Agreement with Qatar Petroleum for the construction of the world's largest GTL plant. A key success factor is Shell's experience with marketing quantities of high quality GTL products from its 12,500 barrels per day plant at Bintulu, Malaysia since 1993. Further marketing opportunities will arise when new GTL capacity comes on-stream in the middle east when more quantities will become available to bulk users. Amongst the most interesting market will be automotive transportation, where clean GTL fuels can be positioned as an 'alternative fuel beyond oil' providing energy security to host countries. Shell is actively engaging with a number of regulators, automotive companies and governments worldwide including China, to demonstrate the performance of GTL and its cost effectiveness in reducing local emissions. An added benefit is that GTL can use existing infrastructure and requires no investment. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the coal to liquids (CTL) process as an alternative route to produce high quality GTL products and the key issues relating to the process.

LNG汽车发展现状及相关问题分析

近两年我国LNG汽车实现了快速发展,本文介绍了我国LNG汽车产业发展现状,分析了LNG汽车的特点及发展优势,并综合我国LNG汽车产业目前发展面临的问题及未来发展的不确定因素,结合我国宏观经济形势及天然气行业发展趋势,分析了LNG汽车产业的发展趋势。

Technical and Economic Aspects and Experience from 6 Years of Operating the Technology Using the Waste Heat from the Exhaust Gases of Heat Sources and 3 Years of Operating a Heating Plant in an Autonomous, Island Regime

This article is focused on technical and economic evaluation of more than 6-years experiences of operating the Waste Heat Recovery technology—the manner and system of flue gas processing generated in the combustion process in heat & power plants, cogeneration units, etc., which burn the gaseous fuel, primarily natural gas, or methane, biogas, geothermal gas, or other gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen. The solution proposes a more effective and non-traditional use of gaseous fuel for heating, the flue gases of which are processed in order to extract additional utilisable heat, with potential elimination of CO2 from them. Deploying of the heating plant in an island regime (OFF-GRID) enables definition of the benefits brought by the 3 years of operational experience and presents visions for the future offering the possibility to utilise the support energy services at the municipal as well as regional level.

汽车用LNG瓶排气及回收试验研究

在汽车用液化天然气(LNG)瓶排气特性试验的基础上,分析LNG瓶排气时间及规律,提出手动和自动两种排气回收方案。

An Improved Combined Power System Utilizing Cold Energy of LNG

In order to improve efficiency of a combined power system in which waste heat from exhaust gas could be efficiently recovered and cold energy of liquefied natural gas(LNG) could be fully utilized as well. A system simulation and thermodynamic analysis were carried out,the Kalina cycle was reorganized by changing the concentration of "basic composition",so that a better thermal matching in the heat exchanger could be obtained and the irreversibility of the system was decreased. It was found that the Kalina cycle generally used in the bottom of combined power cycle could also be used to recover the cold energy of LNG. The results show that the exergy efficiency of 42.97% is obtained. Compared with the previous system attained the exergy efficiency of 39.76%,the improved system has a better performance.

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China's Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG) market is undergoing profound changes. Due to world economic development, industrial restructuring, natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors, global LNG supply and demand, LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly. Hence, China, a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports. In response, we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations, prices and markets, etc.

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China’s Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG)market is undergoing profound changes.Due to world economic development,industrial restructuring,natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors,global LNG supply and demand,LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly.Hence,China,a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports.In response,we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations,prices and markets,etc.

LNG加气站工艺设计方案

液态天然气(LNG)为绿色清洁能源,建设LNG加气站可为LNG汽车提供能源保障。设计了LNG加气站工艺方案,介绍了该方案LNG加气站卸车、汽车加液、调压及泄压的工艺流程,主要设备的选型以及自动化控制系统设计的,提出该设计项目收益稳定,资本金利润率较高,具有较高的环保效益及经济效益。

浅谈太原地区LNG项目市场的培育

分析了太原地区发展LNG产业的必要性,总结了太原地区LNG项目发展现状及市场发展中所面临的问题及困难,最后提出了LNG市场发展对策。

Research on the navigational risk of liquefied natural gas carriers in an inland river based on entropy:A cloud evaluation model

Due to the flammability and explosive nature of liquefied natural gas(LNG),an extremely strict process is followed for the transporta-tion of LNG carriers in China.Particularly,no LNG carriers are operating in inland rivers within the country.Therefore,to ensure the future navigation safety of LNG carriers entering the Yangtze River,the risk sources of LNG carriers’navigation safety must be identi-fied and evaluated.Based on the Delphi and expert experience method,this paper analyses and discusses the navigation risk factors of LNG carriers in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from four aspects(human,ship,environment and management),identifies 12 risk indicators affecting the navigation of LNG carriers and establishes a risk evaluation index system.Further,an entropy weight fuzzy model is utilized to reduce the influence of subjective judgement on the index weight as well as to conduct a segmented and overall evaluation of LNG navigation risks in the Baimaosha Channel.Finally,the cloud model is applied to validate the consistent feasibility of the entropy weight fuzzy model.The research results indicate that the method provides effective technical support for further study on the navigation security of LNG carriers in inland rivers.

Coordinated Dispatch of Integrated Electricity-Natural Gas System and the Freight Railway Network

With the significant development of liquefied natural gas(LNG)rail transport,the railway system is increasingly more closely connected with the integrated electricity-natural gas system(IEGS).To coordinate the economic operations of the two systems,this paper innovatively proposes a coordinated dispatch model of IEGS with LNG infrastructures and a freight railway network with LNG transport.First,an operational scheduling model of the railway network,considering energy consumption,is put forward for both LNG transmission and ordinary freight transport.Then,the coordinated dispatch problem of IEGS and the railway network is formulated into a mixed-integer linear programming model via the big M method and a modified incremental linearization approach.Finally,a bi-level optimization algorithm based on generalized benders decomposition(GBD)is presented to solve the coordinated dispatch problem due to the restrictions on exchanging private information.Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm as well as the potential benefit for wind power accommodation.