Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensur...Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10^(5)m^(3)and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.展开更多
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an important urban gas source in China. Before supplied to customers by pipeline supply systems, LPG is stored in tanks in LPG vaporization stations. Designers usually decide the numbe...Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an important urban gas source in China. Before supplied to customers by pipeline supply systems, LPG is stored in tanks in LPG vaporization stations. Designers usually decide the number and the size of storage tanks by their experience during constructions of vaporization stations. These decisions are usually not best and most economical. To solve the problem, a compact mixed integer nonlinear programming model has been developed in this paper. The objective is to minimize annual storage cost of the vaporization station. The model has been transformed into a general nonlinear programming model by transforming integer variables and 0-1 variables into continuous variables. One LPG vaporization station was taken as an example to illustrate the usage of the model. The results show that the optimal storage scheme can be determined accurately and quickly by the model and about 15% of storage cost can be saved every year after optimization.展开更多
Projects involving the construction of rock salt underground gas storage have several disadvantages,for example,effective management is not employed to manage the production information and data in the process of the ...Projects involving the construction of rock salt underground gas storage have several disadvantages,for example,effective management is not employed to manage the production information and data in the process of the project,resulting in duplication of data storage,waste of storage space,lower efficiency of data calling,and negative effects on the efficiency of data update.Therefore,a database and its management systems for a rock salt gas storage was constructed based on an SQL Server database system,primarily including the management forms of the geological modeling,storage simulation,stability evaluation,economic evaluation,and covering the addition and delete checks of static and dynamic data.The security of the system was improved by setting the administrator permission.The establishment of the database management system was of tremendous importance and it provided a significant technical support for the development of the gas storage project.展开更多
文摘Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10^(5)m^(3)and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.
文摘Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an important urban gas source in China. Before supplied to customers by pipeline supply systems, LPG is stored in tanks in LPG vaporization stations. Designers usually decide the number and the size of storage tanks by their experience during constructions of vaporization stations. These decisions are usually not best and most economical. To solve the problem, a compact mixed integer nonlinear programming model has been developed in this paper. The objective is to minimize annual storage cost of the vaporization station. The model has been transformed into a general nonlinear programming model by transforming integer variables and 0-1 variables into continuous variables. One LPG vaporization station was taken as an example to illustrate the usage of the model. The results show that the optimal storage scheme can be determined accurately and quickly by the model and about 15% of storage cost can be saved every year after optimization.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51174170).
文摘Projects involving the construction of rock salt underground gas storage have several disadvantages,for example,effective management is not employed to manage the production information and data in the process of the project,resulting in duplication of data storage,waste of storage space,lower efficiency of data calling,and negative effects on the efficiency of data update.Therefore,a database and its management systems for a rock salt gas storage was constructed based on an SQL Server database system,primarily including the management forms of the geological modeling,storage simulation,stability evaluation,economic evaluation,and covering the addition and delete checks of static and dynamic data.The security of the system was improved by setting the administrator permission.The establishment of the database management system was of tremendous importance and it provided a significant technical support for the development of the gas storage project.
