One-step solvothermal synthesis of indium oxide as liquefied petroleum gas sensor

A liquefied petroleum gas （LPG） sensor with high selectivity, sensitivity and low power consumption has been developed based on indium oxide with very low resistance. Nanocrystalline In203 gas sensing materials were directly synthesized through a one-step controllable solvothermal process at 210 ℃ for 24 h, using InCI3.4H2O as the starting material, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） as additive and ethanol as the solvent. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results showed that indium oxide takes on uniform cubic shape with range size of 10~30 nm and fine dispersivity. Gas sensitivity was measured in a mixing static gas. The results indicated that 3.0 V is the best working voltage of the sensor to LPG. Sensitivity is 12.6. The response-time and recovery-time are 3 s and 10 s respectively. Power consumption is only around 200 mW.

Explosion Hazard Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Transportation

This paper presents a quantitative risk analysis of liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)transportation.An accident that happened on June 13,2020,on the highway near Wenling,China is studied as a case.In this accident,LPG carried by a tank truck on the highway leaked and caused a large explosion,which led to 20 deaths.Different methods are combined to calculate the consequence of the accident.Multi-energy model and rupture of vessel model are employed to calculate the overpressure;the simulation result of the multi-energy model is closer to the damage caused by the accident.The safety distances in accidents of LPG transport storage tanks of different capacities are calculated in this study;the results show that the damage of explosion will increase with the filling degree of the tank.Even though the filling degree is 90%(value required by law),the 99%fatality rate range will reach 42 m,which is higher than regulated distance between road and building.The social risk of the tank truck has also been calculated and the results show that the risk is not acceptable.The calculating method used in this study could evaluate the risk of LPG tanker more accurately,which may contribute to the establishment of transportation regulation so that losses from similar accidents in the future could be reduced.

Experimental Investigation of Fuel Quality and Contaminant Materials from Liquefied Petroleum Fuel

In this study, the quality characteristics and residue analysis in circulated LPG fuel were investigated experimentally in Korea. Quality characteristics in circulated LPG fuel were examined with samples of LPG in the supply chain (refinery, petrochemical, and imported LPG), transport, gas stations, and vehicles. The experimental results showed that quality of all circulated LPG was well within the quality standard guideline of LPG in Korea. Especially, it has shown average 13 wt ppm in sulfur content over the full circulated LPG. The residue samples in LPG fuel were extracted on 2 L scale with acetonitrile and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The components of residues in LPG were composed of 62 organic chemicals with C3 ~ C28 and the main ingredients of residue were plasticizers ((di-octyl phalate (DOP), di-octyl adiphate (DOA) etc.), lubricant oil and amine compounds. It was also showed that mass of residue in vehicles was increasing compared with supply (refinery, petrochemical, and imported LPG). It was presumed that this residue had been originated from automotive LPG fuel, vehicle components, and lubricant oil in infrastructure.

Fatigue Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cylinders for Safety Risk Assessment

With the widespread application of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),the safety of LPG cylinder has received more and more attention.For the safety of LPG cylinder,we conduct a safety risk assessment of cylinder using the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method.Taking the most influential inflatable fatigue under normal conditions as the research object,we use FE-safe software to analyze the fatigue failure.The risk compliance coefficients of various failure modes are calculated and classified according to the risk level.In this way,the service life of the LPG cylinder weld is determined.The presented method improves the safety risk assessment process of LPG cylinder and provides a good theoretical and practical basis for similar pressure vessel risk assessment.

LPG钢瓶爆破强度的确定

爆破强度是LPG(液化石油气)钢瓶安全性的重要指标之一。基于试验数据,建立了计算LPG钢瓶爆破强度的经验公式,得到区分LPG长、短钢瓶的临界长度计算公式。

Selective conversion of syngas to propane over ZnCrO_x-SSZ-39 OX-ZEO catalysts

Oxide-Zeolite(OX-ZEO) bifunctional catalyst design concept has been exemplified in several processes to direct conversion syngas to value-added chemicals and fuels such as mixed light olefins, ethylene, aromatics and gasoline.Herein we demonstrate that the product can be steered toward liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) with a selectivity up to 89% in hydrocarbons especially propane selectivity reaching 80% at CO conversion of 63% using ZnCrOx-H-SSZ-39 catalyst.Interestingly, the quantity of the acid sites of SSZ-39 does not influence obviously the hydrocarbon distribution but the strength is crucial for selective formation of propane.This finding provides an alternative route of LPG synthesis from a variety of carbon resources via syngas.

Norwegian oil and gas storage in rock caverns-Technology based on experience from hydropower development

Underground storage in rock caverns is widely used in Norway for many different petroleum products,such as crude oil,fuel,propane and butane.Basically,the caverns for such storages are unlined,i.e.containment is ensured without using any steel lining or membrane.The main basis for the storage technology originates from the extensive hydropower development in Norway.As part of this activity,about 4500 km of tunnels and shafts have been excavated,and around 200 large powerhouse caverns have been constructed.The hydropower tunnels are mainly unlined,with hydrostatic water pressure on unlined rock of up to 1000 m.Some of the projects also include air cushion chambers with volumes of up to 1×10^(5)m^(3)and air pressure up to 7.7 MPa.Many lessons which are valuable also for underground oil and gas storage have been learnt from these projects.For a storage project to become successful,systematic,well planned design and ground investigation procedures are crucial.The main steps of the design procedure are first to define the optimum location of the project,and then to optimize orientation,shape/geometry and dimensions of caverns and tunnels.As part of the procedure,ground investigations have to be carried out at several steps integrated with the progress of design.The investigation and design procedures,and the great significance of these for the project to become successful will be discussed.Case examples of oil and gas storage in unlined rock caverns are given,illustrating the relevancy of experience from high-pressure hydropower projects for planning and design of unlined caverns for oil and gas storage.

液化石油气钢瓶爆炸性质分析

某企业红冲车间3个液化石油气钢瓶发生爆炸.通过宏观形貌、断口边缘壁厚、理化性能和断口检验,对液化石油气钢瓶爆炸性质进行分析.结果显示:2个破碎性钢瓶化学成分合格,金相组织正常;钢瓶炸成许多碎片,且碎片产生翘曲等大变形,在碎片内表面和断口上有大量液化石油气不完全燃烧产生的碳黑.这表明2个破碎性钢瓶发生了化学爆炸;较完好钢瓶是受到爆炸碎片撞击后破裂,瓶内可燃气体在撞击口泄漏并发生燃烧,导致钢瓶飞出.

基于无线传感器网络技术的液化石油气钢瓶管理系统

针对液化石油气钢瓶监测的应用需求,设计了一种用于液化石油气钢瓶监测的无线传感器节点,提出了一种基于无线传感器网络技术的液化石油气钢瓶管理系统。该系统由数据采集层、数据传输层、数据处理层及应用终端层组成,可实现对液化石油气钢瓶的身份识别、状态监测、定位及报警等功能。

浅谈家用液化石油气钢瓶监管平台设计

随着社会发展和人民生活水平的提高,消费者对液化石油气钢瓶的安全问题越来越关注。本文根据家用液化石油气钢瓶灌装、销售的实际情况,在国内外使用RFID的研究基础上,通过钢瓶RFID身份的唯一性,在检测、入库、灌装、出库和运输等生产过程的信息链中利用产品个体标识技术,对钢瓶原瓶、钢瓶灌装、钢瓶成品进行标识、记录和管理,建立从检测到运输的全程信息可监控系统。

RFID技术在液化石油气瓶安全管理中的应用

针对液化石油气瓶安全管理应用需求,研究了基于RFID的液化石油气瓶安全管理系统功能架构,重点研究了系统各功能组件的关键技术应用要求,包括:RFID电子标签、读写器、自动充装控制装置与管理系统软件。目前该技术方案已在济南液化石油气瓶充装企业进行了试点应用,解决了企业自有产权气瓶流失、超期未检气瓶充装等管理难题,提升了企业的安全管理水平。