Exploration and Practice of Nitrogen Addition Process for LF Refining Ladle Bottom Blowing Nitrogen Steel Liquid

This article discusses and analyzes the law of nitrogen increase in liquid steel and the main factors affect-ing the nitrogen increasing of molten steel,through the way of adding nitrogen to molten steel by bottom blowing nitrogen gas in LF refining process.It is considered that the main factors affecting the nitrogen increasing instability of molten steel are the initial temperature of LF refining,nitrogen relative element,surface active elements[O]and[S]of steel liquid,and bottom blowing rate of ladle.The large-scale production practice shows that T[O]not more than 50×10-6 and[S]is not more than 0.020 in LF refining at the initial temperature of not less than 1570.The liquid steel nitrogen enrichment test is carried out by ladle bottom blowing nitrogen gas after 20 min of refining,the flow rate is set as(6.0~7.0)NL/min per ton,and it is turned to 2 NL/min at 6 min before the end of refining,the nitrogen increasing rate of liquid steel is basically stable at(5~6)×10-6 per minute.

Density of Liquid Steel over Temperature Range of 1803-1873K

The density of three kinds of liquid steel was measured by a modified sessile drop method over the temperature range of 1803-1 873 K.It is found that the density of liquid steels decreases with increasing temperature and carbon content in steel.Both of the density and its absolute temperature coefficient of studied steels are smaller than the literature values of pure iron.The molar volume of the steels increases with increasing temperature.

Effects of Temperature and [S] on the Kinetics of Nitrogen Removal from Liquid Steel

The kinetics of denitrogenation from liquid steel was studied by using an oxygen-nitrogen analysis system(LECO TC-436) under 1600 degreesC similar to 2813 degreesC conditions. The results show that when [S]=0.005%, nitrogen removal was controlled by nitrogen transfer in liquid diffusion layer, when [S]=0.012% and 0.140%, it was controlled by both nitrogen transfer in liquid diffusion layer and the chemical reaction at the liquid-gas interface below 2250 degreesC, and by nitrogen transfer in liquid diffusion layer under 2250 degreesC similar to 2813 degreesC conditions. The activation energy E-a was 57 kJ/mol for 0.0050%[S], 95 kJ/mol for 0.012%[S], 165 kJ/mol for 0.140%[S]. The resistance of sulphur on nitrogen removal decreased with the temperature rose, and disappeared at 2630 degreesC. Based on the results obtained, it has been answered why the nitrogen in liquid steel can be decreased rapidly by carbon-oxygen reaction under very high oxygen and sulphur content conditions during the BOF, EAF, VOD and AOD steelmaking processes.

Immersing Treatment of Steel Plate Surface in Steel-Aluminum Solid to Liquid Bonding

The interfacial status of the steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding plates (their steel plate surfaces were or were not immersed in flux aqueous solution) were measured by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and X-ray diffraction . The results showed that the layer of flux (the minimum thickness was 15 μm on the steel plate surface) could protect the steel plate surface from oxidizing effectively at high temperature in solid to liquid bonding. The melt temperatUre of the flux should be lower than 580 ℃ so that it could be melted and removed completely. No. 1 flux (patent product made by the author) made up of halogeindes could also force liquid aluminum to infiltrate into steel plate surface and thus the interfacial shear strength of the bonding plate was rather large.

Behavior of Liquid Steel in Mold for Thin Slab Caster

The comparison of different submerged entry nozzles(SEN)was made by numerical simulation regarding the influence of liquid steel flow field,heat transfer and mold fluxes,as well as solidification shell stress and surface quality of thin slabs.The optimum internal shape of mold and the SEN were obtained.The foundation for choice of internal shape and casting parameters of mold was built.

Recovery of heavy metals from electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid by ammonia leaching method

A coordinative disposal process for treatment of electroplating sludge and stainless steel pickle waste liquid containing Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe etc., has been developed to recover valuable metals and to eliminate pollution. The recovery of Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr is 94%, 91%, 90% and 95%, respectively. The ammonia was recycled by the simplified process of CaO caustic distillation. The precipitated product of Cu, Ni and Zn obtained from caustic distillation of ammonia was separated by extraction or high\|pressure hydrogen reduction in an autoclave. The qualified metal salt products were obtained through extraction. The rich chromium residue from coordinative disposal was subjected to recover Cr by hydrothermal oxidation in NaOH medium and Fe\-3O\-4 was synthesized by wet methods from the residue produced by extracting Cr. Cr was a stable chemical fixed in Fe\-3O\-4 and harmless. The recovery process has been used in a pilot plant with sludge production capacity of 2000 t/a.

The Bonding Properties of Solid Steel to Liquid Aluminum

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid al uminum was studied using rapid solidification. The relationship models of interf acial shear strength and thickness of interfacial layer of bonding plate vs bond ing parameters (such as preheat temperature of steel plate, temperature of alumi num liquid and bonding time) were respectively established by artificial neural networks perfectly.The bonding parameters for the largest interfacial shear stre ngth were optimized with genetic algorithm successfully. They are 226℃ for preh eating temperature of steel plate, 723℃ for temperature of aluminum liquid and 15.8s for bonding time, and the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding pl ate is 71.6 MPa . Under these conditions, the corresponding reasonable thickne ss of interfacial layer (10.8μm) is gotten using the relationship model establi shed by artificial neural networks.

Thickness of compound layer in steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid aluminum was studied using rapidsolidification. The surface of solid steel plate was defatted, descaled, immersed (in K_2ZrF_6 fluxaqueous solution) and stoved. In order to determine the thickness of Fe-Al compound layer at theinterface of steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding under rapid solidification, the interface ofbonding plate was investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) experiment. The relationshipbetween bonding parameters (such as preheat temperature of steel plate, temperature of aluminumliquid and bonding time) and thickness of Fe-Al compound layer at the interface was established byartificial neural networks (ANN) perfectly. The maximum of relative error between the output and thedesired output of the ANN is only 5.4%. From the bonding parameters for the largest interfacialshear strength of bonding plate (226℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate, 723℃ for temperatureof aluminum liquid and 15.8 s for bonding time), the reasonable thickness of Fe-Al compound layer10.8 μm was got.

Techniques for Treating Sulphuric Acid Pickling Waste Liquid of Steel Industry

Pickling waste liquid of the steel industry is included in National Hazardous Wastes Catalogue because of its high corrosion and large discharge. The techniques for treating pickling waste liquid （ H2SO4 ） in steel industry is summarized. The advantages, disadvantages and applied ranges of all kinds of control technologies are comparatively analysed. The research trends of techniques for treating pickling waste liquid （ H2SO4 ） are the resource reclamation technologies in future which is pointed out in the paper.

Incubation and development of corrosion in microstructures of low alloy steels under a thin liquid film of NaCl aqueous solution

Electrochemical measurement, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to investigate the corrosion behavior of some low alloy steels. The steels were held under a thin liquid film of 0.5wt% NaCl aqueous solution. It is found that the steels with the same chemical composition but different micmstructures exhibit obviously different corrosion behaviors. However, the corrosion behavior of the steels with different compositions but the same microstructnres may be similar in the present investigation. The corrosion rate of bainite is slower than that of ferrite and pearlite. The corrosion products of bainite are uniform and fine. The size of carbon-rich phases produces a great impact on the corrosion of the steels, whether in the initial stage or in the long tenn. It is easy to induce large pitting for carbon-rich phases with large size, which damages the compactness of the rust layer.

Mechanical relationship in steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid aluminum was studied by using rapid solidification. The relationship between the bonding parameters such as preheat temperature of steel plate, temperature of aluminum liquid and bonding time, and the interfacial shear strength of bonding plate was established by artificial neural networks perfectly. This relationship was optimized with a genetic algorithm. The optimum bonding parameters are: 226 ℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate, 723 ℃ for temperature of aluminum liquid and 15.8 s for bonding time, and the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate is 71.6 MPa.

Corrosion Inhibition of Amino Pentadecylphenols (APPs) Derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid on Mild Steel in Acidic Medium

In this study, corrosion inhibiting properties of amino pentadecylphenols (APPs) derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) on mild steel in aerated 0.10 M HCl at 303 K were studied using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Both methods indicated the potential of a mixture of amino pentadecyphenols to serve as a corrosion inhibitor in mild steel in 0.10 M HCl. Corrosion inhibition efficiencies were observed to increase with increase in the inhibitor concentration, with maximum corrosion inhibition of about 98% at inhibitor concentration of 600 ppm. The adsorption of the inhibitor on mild steel surface was found to obey Temkin adsorption isotherm, signifying physical adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on mild steel surface.

Layer Structure Analysis of Low-Carbon Steel Containing Rare Earth by High-Temperature Carburizing of Liquid Cast-Iron

The layer structure of low-carbon steel containing RE by high-temperature (T>1200 ℃) carburizing of liquid cast-iron was studied and the diffusion activation energy of carbon was calculated by metallographic microscpe, chemical analysis etc. The result shows that the technology of carburizing in liquid cast-iron can expedite caburization distinctly and changes the carburizing layer structure. The carburizing rate is 60～80 times of that of the traditional technology, and there is about 43% decrease in the activation energy compared with gas-carburization. In outer structure layer, cementite is formed simultaneously both on the crystal boundary reticularly and inside the crystal grains stripedly. In inner carburizing layer, there is undissolved blocky ferrite in reticular cementite. Besides, rare earth element can expedite carburization process.

Electrochemical Behavior of Niobium Electrodeposited 316 Stainless Steel Bipolar Plate for PEMFC in Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquids

Niobium was electrodeposited on 316 stainless steel bipolar plates of a fuel cell in water and air-stable choline chloride based ionic liquids. The electrochemical corruption property of bipolar plates in simulated PEMFC environment was investigated. It was showed that the plating film was distributed on the surface of 316 stainless steel like isolated islands with height less than 50 nm. The XPS, XRD results showed that a smooth and strong chemical inert film of Nb O and Nb2O5 was formed on the surface of 316 stainless steel. In simulated cathodic condition, the corrosion potential of Nb coated stainless steel was improved by 244 m V, whilst in an anodic condition, it was improved by 105 m V. The current densities for the coated 316 stainless steel were decreased to 2.479 4 μA·cm-2 from 14.810 μA·cm-2 at-0.1 V and to 0.576 μA·cm-2 from 13.417 μA/·cm-2 at 0.6 V, respectively. It was implied that the niobium coating effectively decreased the corrosion rate. The results of the electrochemical tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel was greatly improved after coated with niobium.

合金冷墩钢10B21钢水流动性生产实践研究

针对安钢合金冷墩钢10B21因钢水流动性差造成生产事故,分析了水口堵塞原因,并提出了改进措施,通过提高转炉终点碳、降低转炉冶炼后期点吹比例、控制转炉下渣量、优化精炼操作等措施,钢水的流动性明显改善,生产事故大幅度降低。

超级13Cr不锈钢在油田模拟液中的应力腐蚀研究

为延长超深井超级13Cr不锈钢油管的生命周期,降低生产过程中复杂钻完井工作液及地层产出流体导致的应力腐蚀,开展了应力腐蚀产生机理分析,并提出了应对策略;基于聚合成膜缓蚀机理研发了缓蚀剂;在模拟工况和标准工况下,评价了超级13Cr不锈钢在酸液及加/未加缓蚀剂的返排液中的应力腐蚀情况。结果表明,加入缓蚀剂的酸液达到缓蚀要求;在返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢的宏观腐蚀速率较大;在酸液及返排液中,超级13Cr不锈钢发生应力腐蚀,且在返排液中应力腐蚀较严重;在实验温度为140℃、压力为10 MPa的条件下,超级13Cr不锈钢在返排液中7 d后的应力腐蚀裂纹宽度为3~5μm,而加入体积分数为1%的缓蚀剂后测试72 h,超级13Cr不锈钢试片未产生应力腐蚀,说明该缓蚀剂可抑制超级13Cr不锈钢在高温环境中的应力腐蚀开裂。研究结果对超深井钻完井安全施工及安全生产具有借鉴意义。

高温环境下模拟CO_(2)驱采出液中304不锈钢的腐蚀行为

现阶段随着CO_(2)驱油技术的普遍使用,采出液中CO_(2)的含量不断上升,使得采出系统中金属管道的腐蚀程度逐渐增大。为了掌握304不锈钢在高温环境下CO_(2)驱采出液中的腐蚀行为,室内配制了模拟CO_(2)驱采出液,测试了304不锈钢在高温环境下不同含量CO_(2)、不同腐蚀时间下的金属腐蚀速率,并对不同腐蚀时间下金属表面的微观形貌和腐蚀产物组成进行了表征。结果表明,随着CO_(2)含量和腐蚀时间的不断上升,金属的腐蚀速率上升;随着腐蚀时间的上升,金属表面的腐蚀产物逐渐增加,发生了局部区域析氢腐蚀过程;腐蚀产物膜主要由Fe_(2)O_(3)、Cr_(2)O_(3)和FeCO_(3)组成。

通钢65t Consteel EAF-LF-CC工艺生产40Cr钢水洁净度的分析

通钢通过65 t Consteel电弧炉-65 t LF-150 mm×150 mm方坯连铸流程生产40Cr合金钢。检验结果表明,通过LF精炼,40Cr钢水中的氧含量由精炼前227×10-6降至35×10-6;而连铸时中间包钢中的氧含量增加至51×10-6,铸坯的氧含量为54×10-6。因此,进一步预防钢水从钢包至中间包及中间包内钢水的二次氧化和去除钢中大型夹杂物,是提高钢水洁净度和降低[O]的关键步骤。

稀土镧铈对钢液洁净度提高和钢材性能强化作用研究进展

我国稀土产业中元素应用失衡,高丰度镧、铈过剩,稀土在钢中的应用逐渐得到重视。文章综述了近年来国内外采用稀土镧铈处理钢的研究进展,包括稀土在净化钢液、变质夹杂物和微合金化方面的效果,设计稀土脱氧试验证明了稀土可作为钢液脱氧剂的可行性。介绍了稀土在强化钢材性能方面的表现,并介绍了稀土与碱金属协同净化钢液及低氧条件下稀土合金化的优越性。在总结现有成果的基础上,对稀土在钢中的高效利用进行了展望。

高温液钠与不锈钢界面润湿机制研究

钠冷快堆的主要特点是将液态钠作为堆芯冷却剂,因此液态钠与不锈钢固液界面的润湿现象在该堆芯系统中普遍存在。高温液钠在不锈钢界面的润湿性能与结构材料的腐蚀程度、材料自洁以及测量仪器精度等直接相关。本文通过可视化实验和分子动力学数值模拟的方法,针对高温液钠与不锈钢界面的润湿特性开展研究,结果发现:液钠与不锈钢的润湿转捩(接触角90°)温度在320~335℃附近;不锈钢表面的Cr_(2)O_(3)层会抑制液钠前驱膜的形成,使得液钠等效润湿半径减小,导致液钠与不锈钢界面润湿性变差;随着温度逐渐升高,液钠与Cr_(2)O_(3)层逐渐反应生成NaCrO2,使得液钠与不锈钢界面润湿性转好。