A power plant for integrated waste energy recovery from liquid air energy storage and liquefied natural gas

Liquefied natural gas(LNG)is regarded as one of the cleanest fossil fuel and has experienced significant developments in recent years.The liquefaction process of natural gas is energy-intensive,while the regasification of LNG gives out a huge amount of waste energy since plenty of high grade cold energy(-160℃)from LNG is released to sea water directly in most cases,and also sometimes LNG is burned for regasification.On the other hand,liquid air energy storage(LAES)is an emerging energy storage technology for applications such as peak load shifting of power grids,which generates 30%-40%of compression heat(-200℃).Such heat could lead to energy waste if not recovered and used.The recovery of the compression heat is technically feasible but requires additional capital investment,which may not always be economically attractive.Therefore,we propose a power plant for recovering the waste cryogenic energy from LNG regasification and compression heat from the LAES.The challenge for such a power plant is the wide working temperature range between the low-temperature exergy source(-160℃)and heat source(-200℃).Nitrogen and argon are proposed as the working fluids to address the challenge.Thermodynamic analyses are carried out and the results show that the power plant could achieve a thermal efficiency of 27%and 19%and an exergy efficiency of 40%and 28%for nitrogen and argon,respectively.Here,with the nitrogen as working fluid undergoes a complete Brayton Cycle,while the argon based power plant goes through a combined Brayton and Rankine Cycle.Besides,the economic analysis shows that the payback period of this proposed system is only 2.2 years,utilizing the excess heat from a 5 MW/40 MWh LAES system.The findings suggest that the waste energy based power plant could be co-located with the LNG terminal and LAES plant,providing additional power output and reducing energy waste.

Liquid Air Energy Storage for Decentralized Micro Energy Networks with Combined Cooling,Heating,Hot Water and Power Supply

Liquid air energy storage(LAES)has been regarded as a large-scale electrical storage technology.In this paper,we first investigate the performance of the current LAES(termed as a baseline LAES)over a far wider range of charging pressure(1 to 21 MPa).Our analyses show that the baseline LAES could achieve an electrical round trip efficiency(e RTE)above 60%at a high charging pressure of 19 MPa.The baseline LAES,however,produces a large amount of excess heat particularly at low charging pressures with the maximum occurred at~1 MPa.Hence,the performance of the baseline LAES,especially at low charging pressures,is underestimated by only considering electrical energy in all the previous research.The performance of the baseline LAES with excess heat is then evaluated which gives a high e RTE even at lower charging pressures;the local maximum of 62%is achieved at~4 MPa.As a result of the above,a hybrid LAES system is proposed to provide cooling,heating,hot water and power.To evaluate the performance of the hybrid LAES system,three performance indicators are considered:nominal-electrical round trip efficiency(ne RTE),primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions.Our results show that the hybrid LAES can achieve a high ne RTE between 52%and 76%,with the maximum at~5 MPa.For a given size of hybrid LAES(1 MW×8 h),the primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions are up to 12.1 MWh and 2.3 ton,respectively.These new findings suggest,for the first time,that small-scale LAES systems could be best operated at lower charging pressures and the technologies have a great potential for applications in local decentralized micro energy networks.

The carbon dioxide removal potential of Liquid Air Energy Storage: A high-level technical and economic appraisal

Liquid Air Energy Storage(LAES)is at pilot scale.Air cooling and liquefaction stores energy;reheating revaporises the air at pressure,powering a turbine or engine(Ameel et al.,2013).Liquefaction requires water&CO2 removal,preventing ice fouling.This paper proposes subsequent geological storage of this CO2–offering a novel Carbon Dioxide Removal(CDR)by-product,for the energy storage industry.It additionally assesses the scale constraint and economic opportunity offered by implementing this CDR approach.Similarly,established Compressed Air Energy Storage(CAES)uses air compression and subsequent expansion.CAES could also add CO2 scrubbing and subsequent storage,at extra cost.CAES stores fewer joules per kilogram of air than LAES–potentially scrubbing more CO2 per joule stored.Operational LAES/CAES technologies cannot offer full-scale CDR this century(Stocker et al.,2014),yet they could offer around 4%of projected CO2 disposals for LAES and<25%for current-technology CAES.LAES CDR could reach trillion-dollar scale this century(20 billion USD/year,to first order).A larger,less certain commercial CDR opportunity exists for modified conventional CAES,due to additional equipment requirements.CDR may be commercially critical for LAES/CAES usage growth,and the necessary infrastructure may influence plant scaling and placement.A suggested design for low-pressure CAES theoretically offers global-scale CDR potential within a century(ignoring siting constraints)–but this must be costed against competing CDR and energy storage technologies.

Design of ionic liquids as liquid desiccant for an air conditioning system

Suitable control of the humidity can contribute to electric energy savings. However, the present dehumidification system has many weak points. The liquid desiccant air-conditioning system has recently gained growing interest from the stand point of reducing energy consumption during dehumidification. In order to find the appropriate ionic liquids(ILs) as a desiccant for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system, we conducted a systematic evaluation of the humidification capability of 16 types of ILs. Among the tested ILs, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium dimethyl phosphate([P4441][DMPO_4]) exhibited the best dehumidification capacity and had a less corrosive effect on four types of metals as possible piping materials. It should be noted that this [P_(4441)][DMPO_4] has a very stable nature and produced no odor while conducting the experiment and storing for over 1 year at room temperature under ambient conditions. Furthermore, it was revealed that a 77%(w/w) aqueous solution of [P4441][DMPO_4] worked as an efficient desiccant liquid for the liquid desiccant air-conditioner system.

Air tamponade and without heavy liquid usage in pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair

AIM： To report the results of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment（RRD） repair after pars plana vitrectomy（PPV） without operative use of heavy liquid, and utilizing air tamponade in selected cases.METHODS： RRD patients without severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy C2 or more underwent PPV without operative use of heavy liquid, and utilizing air tamponade were consecutively enrolled. Alternative postoperative facedown position or lateral position was required for 3-5 d.RESULTS： Totally 36 eyes of 36 patients（24 males, 66.7%） aged 53.8±10.9 y underwent this modified surgery. The mean number of retinal break was 2.1±1.3. Most of the eyes（29, 80.6%） had retinal detachment involving more than one quadrant. Twenty-two（61.1%） eyes with cataract had combined phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. The mean follow up time was 4.6±1.8 mo. Two eyes with retinal redetachment underwent a second retinal repair surgery with silicone oil tamponade, yielding the primary reattachment rate to 94.4%（34/36）. Six（16.7%） eyes had intraocular pressure higher than 25 mm Hg. The visual acuity（logMAR） improved from 0.98±0.74 preoperatively to 0.52±0.31 postoperatively（P〈0.001）. CONCLUSION： The success rate of this modified retinal repair surgery is comparable with traditional surgery. This technique can be considered for certain retinal detachment patients, since its apparent advantages included lower surgical complications, reduced surgery expenditure, shorter time for postoperative facedown position, and avoiding silicone oil removal surgery.

Liquid penetration of freeze-drying and air-drying wood of plantation Chinese fir

比较研究在 freeze-dryingand air-drying 边材和赤木质的液体穿入上被进行种植园汉语冷杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata ) 伐木。由毛状的上升方法染答案举起的 Themaximum 数量被用来评估对待的木头的液体穿入性质。坑渴望比率是坚定的 bysemithin 切片法。在木头微观结构的变化用扫描电子显微镜学被调查。结果证明与弄干的空气相比，弄干的 freeze 在边材的液体穿入和中国冷杉木的赤木质上有重要效果。边材的液体穿入比为两个都弄干处理的赤木质的显著地高。某具缘纹孔的坑膜的低坑渴望比率和裂缝是为增加液体穿入在以后的主要原因结冰弄干处理。

Time Sequential and Phase-resolved Measurement and Analysis of Corona Discharge in Air and Streamer Discharge in Insulating Liquid

Insulation is one of the most important parts in a high voltage equipment.There are gaseous,liquid and solid insulations which are commonly used.In a high voltage transformer for example the insulating materials are all used.During operation of a high voltage equipment high electric stress may occur.Under extreme condition failure of the insulation may take place.Excessive electric field in air may cause corona discharges while in liquid insulation discharges may take place in the form of streamer.This paper reports experimental results on the corona and streamer discharges in air and silicone oil.The discharges were artificially generated around a needle tip in a needle-plane electrode system with gap length of 4 mm under sinusoidal and triangular voltages.The needle was made of steel with tip radius of 3 μm and curvature angle of 30°.The needle was made by Ogura Jewelry.The discharge pulses were measured using personal-computer based partial discharge(PD)measurement system with sensitivity of better than 0.5 pC.The system is able to measure discharge in time sequential.Phase-resolved analysis of the discharges was done to interpret the physical processes behind the discharges.The experimental results showed that corona discharges took place at negative half cycles.The discharges were concentrated around 270° of phase angle of applied voltage.The discharge magnitude and discharge number of corona clearly dependent on the instantaneous of applied voltage.These were strongly supported by the application of triangular voltage.Streamer discharges occurred at both positive and negative half cycles.The discharges pulses concentrated around the peak of applied voltage at phase angle of 90° and 270°.Experimental results under sinusoidal and triangular voltages revealed that streamer discharge magnitude as well as probability of occurrence was strongly dependent on the instantaneous applied voltage.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF AIR SEPARATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE TRIHEPTYL CELLULOSE/ETHYL CELLULOSE MEMBRANES

Triheptyl cellulose/ethyl cellulose(3/97)binary blend membranes were prepared from tetrahydrofuran,chloroform and dichloromethane solutions and their air separation capabit- ities were studied at different temperatures.With increasing temperature from 25 to 85℃,the flux QOEA of O_2-enriched air(OEA),O_2 permselectivity and the O_2 concentration Yo_2 in the OEA all increase.The membranes show a unique trend in their Yo_2～QOEA relationship,that is,the air separation capability increases simultaneously with the OEA permeation capability.The magnitudes of QOEA and Yo_2 for 17μm-thick membrane after the testg time of 36hours at 70℃ are 5×10^(-4)cm^3 (STP)/s·cm^2 and 37.6%,respectively.The air separation capability depends slightly on membrane forming solvents.

Liquid Circulation in a Multi-tube Air-lift Loop Reactor

A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy conservation, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was developed, which was determined by gas velocity, the cross areas of riser and downcomer, gas hold-up and the local frictional loss coefficient. The experimental data indicate that either increase of gas flow rate or reduction of the downcomer diameter contributes to higher liquid circulation rate. The correlation between total and the local frictional loss coefficients was also established.Effects of gas flowrate in two risers and diameter of downcomer on the liquid circulation rate were examined. The value of total frictional loss coefficient was measured as a function of the cross area of downcomer and independent of the gas flow rate. The calculated results of liquid circulation rates agreed well with the experimental data with an average relative error of 9.6%.

Liquid mean velocity and turbulence in a horizontal air-water bubbly flow

The liquid phase turbulent structure of an air-water bubbly horizontal flow in a circular pipe has been investigated experimentally. Three-dimensional measurements were implemented with two "X" type probes oriented in different planes, and local liquid-phase velocities and turbulent stresses were simultaneously obtained. Systematic measurements were conducted covering a range of local void fraction from 0 to 11.7%. The important experiment results and parametric trends are summarized and discussed.

喷嘴位置对轴承腔内油气润滑两相流的影响

基于气液两相流理论,采用多重坐标系法构建角接触球轴承数值计算模型,分析不同喷嘴位置和转速下轴承腔内油相体积分数、保持架表面及轴承内外圈的油气分布特性。结果表明:在轴承低转速下,正面供油时轴承腔内油相体积分数及其周向分布的波动大于背面供油;正面供油时保持架下表面会产生润滑油的积聚,造成润滑油无法及时通过出口排出,而背面供油时润滑油在保持架表面的油相分布更均匀;正面供油时内圈左面油相体积分数较高,外圈油相分布变化较大,而背面供油时内圈右面、中间面及外圈中间面油相体积分数较高。不同转速下喷嘴位置对腔内油相分布的影响也不同,低转速下正面供油时腔内油相体积分数更高,高转速下喷嘴位置对轴承腔内油相分布的影响较小,润滑油在轴承腔内分布较为均匀,保持架下侧未见明显的润滑油积聚。

极薄规格热镀锌带钢锌流纹控制技术

研究了热镀锌带钢锌流纹缺陷的主要影响因素,针对0.35 mm以下极薄规格热镀锌带钢的锌流纹缺陷,通过调整炉区工艺控制、增加铝含量在线检测设备、调整锌锅温度目标值、优化气刀工艺参数等措施,较好地控制了极薄规格热镀锌带钢锌流纹缺陷的产生,满足了生产要求。

低温下高纯空气黏度实验研究

工质准确的热物理性质是工业工艺计算及设备使用优化的基础,然而空气黏度在温度190 K以下的数据匮乏,影响了工业应用的工程设计、流程优化。采用低温振动弦法黏度计实验系统,在温度范围85~190 K、压力范围0.2~5 MPa的条件下对气态、液态、超临界态高纯空气开展了黏度测量实验研究,黏度实验测量结果的标准不确定度为2.64%。本文工作可为液态空气工业应用的相关技术优化设计提供基础数据支撑。

一种新型溶液除湿空调系统能耗及应用分析

传统空调系统通常采用温湿度联合处理的方式,该方式存在舒适性差、能源消耗大等问题。针对以上问题,提出一种利用复合直接蒸发冷却制冷水的溶液除湿空调系统,该系统可以有效节省功耗,符合节能减排的发展趋势。在研究过程中,以某办公楼为研究对象,利用TRNSYS仿真软件建立该系统,研究其在制冷季7—9月的能耗,分析其节能性及适用性。结果表明:当空调新风系统使用太阳能热水作为再生热源时,总供热能耗为6.1×10^(5)kW·h,总耗功为8.73×10^(4)kW·h。相比于传统空调系统,节能率达到55.2%,为降低空调系统能耗提供了新思路。

液态空气储能耦合综合能源系统热电联储联供优化配置研究

液态空气储能(LAES)在多能耦合的综合能源系统中极具应用前景,合理的储能容量配置更有利于综合能源系统低碳经济运行,但目前研究未充分考虑LAES热电联储联供强相关的特性和优势。因此,本文提出了一种LAES耦合综合能源系统的热电联储联供优化配置方法,针对综合能源系统的基本架构,构建了各组成单元的热电联储/供调度约束模型,并以设备初始投资成本、设备运维成本、购能成本、弃风弃光成本等为目标函数,考虑了系统能量平衡约束、设备容量约束、设备出力约束、外网交互功率约束以及储能约束,建立了相应的优化配置模型,并基于混合整数线性规划方法进行模型求解。以某实际园区为例,设置了5种场景进行优化结果对比分析,结果表明:考虑LAES热电联储联供特性的综合能源系统能实时有效地满足系统用能需求,同时能实现更好的经济效益和环境效益,相较于传统分供系统,系统总经济成本下降37.1%,实现碳减排71.50%,并在消纳可再生能源和减少弃光弃风方面更具潜力。本研究可为LAES耦合系统热电联储联供优化模型的有效性提供理论依据,有助于推动LAES在综合能源系统中的商业化应用。

塔拉单宁液气射流氧化法制备鞣花酸

为解决五倍子原料稀缺的问题,以塔拉粉为原料,采用液气射流技术对塔拉单宁溶液进行氧化制备鞣花酸,探究鞣花酸的纯化方案,确定一条比较理想的工艺技术。通过高效液相色谱仪、紫外可见分光光度计、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、同步热分析仪检测分析得到的样品。结果表明,以塔拉粉为原料制备鞣花酸的较优工艺条件为:采用水提法提取得到塔拉单宁溶液,塔拉单宁浓度为30 g·L^(-1),用12%NaOH溶液调节反应液的pH值至8.5,反应温度30℃,反应时间6 h,所得到的固相经碱溶酸沉后其鞣花酸的收率为44.58%,质量分数为88.69%,选用溶剂洗涤法对碱溶酸沉后鞣花酸样品进行再纯化,此时得到鞣花酸的收率为61.70%,质量分数为94.69%。此制备方法大幅度缩短了制备的反应时间且质量分数较高。

储能式低温空分系统热力学与经济性分析

低温空气分离设备是大型化工系统的高耗能环节,若与液态空气储能技术相结合,可有效平衡电网峰谷负荷,显著提高系统的经济效益。提出了一种储能式低温空分系统(ASU-ESG),利用谷电制取液态空气并储存,在峰电期内液态空气膨胀发电并参与低温精馏。此方案可有效降低系统在用电峰时的压缩负荷和电力成本,改善空分装置的负荷调节能力。研究结果表明,空气处理量为60000 m^(3)/h的ASU-ESG系统的日均制氧压缩功比功耗为0.378 kW·h/m^(3),储能和释能过程氧提取率分别为89.46%和93.71%。相比常规ASU系统,该系统的谷时压缩负荷提高了28%,峰时压缩负荷降低了20%,可节约年度用电成本5.72%~6.88%,动态回收期仅为3.3~4.3年,全生命周期净现值可达(19714.6~28074.7)万元。本系统可平衡电网峰谷波动,并利用电价差显著提高系统的经济效益。

基于太阳能和双有机朗肯循环的液态空气储能系统特性研究

为了解决传统太阳能蓄热式液态空气储能系统(LAES-S)余热利用不完全的问题,进一步提高系统的往返效率,文章在LAES-S系统基础上,构建了一个耦合太阳能蓄热和双有机朗肯循环的液态空气储能系统(LAES-S-O),并建立了耦合系统的热力学模型,分析了关键参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明:典型工况下,子系统ORC1和ORC2的净输出功分别为1296 kW和6695.83 kW;新系统的往返效率可达117.63%,火用效率为38.97%,能量效率为28.88%,与参考系统相比,分别提升了12.58%,2.35%,1.21%。此外,该系统还为用户提供了温度为364.15 K的生活热水,实现了热电联产功效。对关键参数的敏感性分析显示,当液化压力(末级压缩机出口压力)从15 MPa升高到18 MPa,液化温度(节流阀入口空气温度)从93.15 K上升到113.15 K时,空气液化率、往返效率、火用效率随液化压力的增大而降低,液化压力和温度的提高不利于系统性能的提升;但当排气压力从5.3 MPa升高至7.7 MPa时,往返效率、火用效率均随之升高。研究结果可为液态空气耦合太阳能系统提供一定的理论支持。

液冷服务器中多连接器拓扑的信号完整性研究

对3个高速连接器的拓扑和4个高速连接器的拓扑分别在液冷环境和风冷环境中的信号质量进行仿真。在液冷环境中,对4个高速连接器的拓扑中高速连接器间间距进行仿真。仿真结果表明:风冷环境下PCIe 5.0 Tx链路的信号质量优于液冷环境下PCIe 5.0 Tx链路的信号质量;高速连接器个数对液冷环境下PCIe 5.0 Tx链路的信号质量影响较风冷环境下更大;优化后的高速连接器间间距可以改善液冷环境下PCIe 5.0 Tx链路的信号质量。

FLNG船舶能量管理系统设计与性能优化

浮式液化天然气生产储卸装置(floating liquefied natural gas system,FLNG)特种液货船作为开发海上天然气田的新式装置,极大的方便了对处于深海的气田的开发利用,该文以“Prelude”号FLNG作为母船,提出一种新型FLNG低温能量管理系统。该系统主要利用液态空气作为媒介储存和释放能量,通过液态空气冷能与混合制冷循环相结合实现天然气液化过程,在提高LNG生产性能的同时集成了CO_(2)液化循环和电力的生产,通过CO_(2)液化和剩余冷能发电提高系统的输出性能,实现了FLNG船舶冷能的多级利用,也为FLNG船舶冷能利用提供新方法,新途径。所提系统相较于基准模型具有更好的性能,在7.04年可实现成本回收。最后采用多目标性能优化,进一步提高系统㶲效率达60.67%,同时降低约2.3%的成本。该FLNG低温能量管理系统有高效、低耗、稳收益、低碳化等特点,可更好优化海上LNG供应链,促进航运业“双碳”发展。