An improved effective liquid drop model for cluster radioactivity

The effective liquid drop model(ELDM)is improved by introducing an accurate nuclear charge radius formula and an analytic expression for assaulting frequency.Within the improved effective liquid drop model(IMELDM),the experimental cluster radioactivity half-lives of the trans-lead region are calculated.It is shown that the accuracy of the IMELDM is improved compared with that of the ELDM.At last,the cluster radioactivity half-lives that are experimentally unavailable for the trans-lead nuclei are predicted by the IMELDM.These predictions may be useful for searching for new candidates for cluster radioactivity in future experiments.

Systematic study of cluster radioactivity within the generalized liquid drop model

Cluster radioactivity is studied within the generalized liquid drop model(GLDM),in which the shell correction energy,pairing energy,and cluster preformation factor are considered.The calculations show significant improvements and can reproduce the experimental data within a factor of 8.04 after considering these physical effects.In addition,the systematic trend of the cluster preformation factors is discussed in terms of the N_(p)N_(n)scheme to study the influence of the valence proton-neutron interaction and shell effect on cluster radioactivity.It is found that log10Pcis linearly related to N_(p)N_(n).This is in agreement with a recent study[L.Qi et al.,Phys.Rev.C 108,014325(2023)],in which log10Pc,obtained using different theoretical models and treatment methods than those used in this study,also had a linear relationship with N_(p)N_(n).Combined with the work by Qi et al.,this study suggests that the linear relationship between log10Pcand N_(p)N_(n)is model-independent and both the shell effect and valence proton-neutron interaction play essential roles in cluster radioactivity.An analytical formula is proposed to calculate the cluster preformation factor based on the N_(p)N_(n)scheme.In addition,the cluster preformation factors and the cluster radioactivity half-lives of some heavy nuclei are predicted,which can provide a reference for future experiments.

Systematic study ofαdecay half-lives within the Generalized Liquid Drop Model with various versions of proximity energies

It is universally acknowledged that the Generalized Liquid Drop Model(GLDM)has two advantages over otherαdecay theoretical models:introduction of the quasimolecular shape mechanism and proximity energy.In the past few decades,the original proximity energy has been improved by numerous works.In the present work,the different improvements of proximity energy are examined when they are applied to the GLDM for enhancing the calculation accuracy and prediction ability ofαdecay half-lives for known and unsynthesized superheavy nuclei.The calculations ofαhalf-lives have systematic improvements in reproducing experimental data after choosing a more suitable proximity energy for application to the GLDM.Encouraged by this,theαdecay half-lives of even-even superheavy nuclei with Z=112-122 are predicted by the GLDM with a more suitable proximity energy.The predictions are consistent with calculations by the improved Royer formula and the universal decay law.In addition,the features of the predictedαdecay half-lives imply that the next double magic nucleus after ^(208)Pb is ^(298)Fl.

Investigation of proton radioactivity with the effective liquid drop model

Proton radioactivity has been investigated using the effective liquid drop model with varying mass asymmetry shapes and effective inertial coefficients. An effective nuclear radius constant formula replaces the old empirical one in the calculations. The theoretical half-lives are in good agreement with the available experimental data. All the deviations between the calculated logarithmic half-lives and the experimental values are less than 0.8. The root-mean-square （rms） deviation is 0.523. Predictions for the half-lives of proton radioactivity are made for elements across the periodic table. From the theoretical results, there are 11 candidate nuclei for proton radioactivity in the region Z〈51. In the region Z〉83, no nuclei are suggested as probable candidate nuclei for proton radioactivity within the selected range of half-lives studied.

Alpha decay half-lives of heavy nuclei within a generalized liquid drop model

Theoretical α-decay half-lives of the heaviest nuclei are calculated using the experimental Qα value. The barriers in the quasi-molecular shape path is determined within a Generalized Liquid Drop Model (GLDM) and the WKB approximation is used. The results are compared with calculations using the DensityDependent M3Y (DDM3Y) effective interaction and the Viola-Seaborg-Sobiczewski (VSS) formulae. The calculations provide consistent estimates for the half-lives of the α decay chains of these superheavy elements. The experimental data stand between the GLDM calculations and VSS ones in the most time.

Systematic study of theαdecay preformation factors of the nuclei around the Z=82,N=126 shell closures within the generalized liquid drop model

In this study,we systematically investigate theαdecay preformation factors,Pα,and theαdecay half-lives of 152 nuclei around Z=82,N=126 closed shells based on the generalized liquid drop model(GLDM)with Pαbeing extracted from the ratio of the calculatedαdecay half-life to the experimental one.The results show that there is a remarkable linear relationship between Pαand the product of valance protons(holes)Np and valance neutrons(holes)Nn.At the same time,we extract theαdecay preformation factor values of the even–even nuclei around the Z=82,N=126 closed shells from the study of Sun et al.[J.Phys.G:Nucl.Part.Phys.,45:075106(2018)],in which theαdecay was calculated by two different microscopic formulas.We find that theαdecay preformation factors are also related to NpNn.Combining with our previous studies[Sun et al.,Phys.Rev.C,94:024338(2016);Deng et al.,ibid.96:024318(2017);Deng et al.,ibid.97:044322(2018)]and that of Seif et al.,[Phys.Rev.C,84:064608(2011)],we suspect that this phenomenon of linear relationship for the nuclei around the above closed shells is model-independent.This may be caused by the effect of the valence protons(holes)and valence neutrons(holes)around the shell closures.Finally,using the formula obtained by fitting theαdecay preformation factor data calculated by the GLDM,we calculate theαdecay half-lives of these nuclei.The calculated results agree with the experimental data well.

Spontaneous Fission Barriers Based on a Generalized Liquid Drop Model

The barrier against the spontaneous fission has been determined within the Generalized Liquid Drop Model （GLDM） including the mass and charge asymmetry, and the proximity energy. The shell correction of the spherical parent nucleus is calculated by using the Strutinsky method, and the empirical shape-dependent shell correction is 6mp10yed during the deformation process. A quasi-molecular shape sequence has been defined to describe the whole process from one-body shape to two-body shape system, and a two-touching-ellipsoid is adopted when the superdeformed one-body system reaches the rupture point. On these bases the spontaneous fission barriers are systematically studied for nuclei from 2a^Th to 249 Cm for different possible exiting channels with the different mass and charge asymmetries. The double, and triple bumps are found in the fission potential energy in this region, which roughly agree with the experimental results. It is found that at around Sn-like fragment the outer fission barriers are lower, while the partner of the Sn-like fragment is in the range near l^SRu where the ground-state mass is lowered by allowing axially symmetric shapes. The preferable fission channels are distinctly pronounced, which should be corresponding to the fragment mass distributions.

液氮灭火系统管路输送压力损失影响因素及计算方法研究

结合液氮防灭火工程管路实际,分析了环境温度、液氮温度、入口流速、管长、管径、出口口径对管路出口液氮含量、输送压降的影响,并结合模拟与试验分析了均相模型预测管路输送压降的计算方法。结果表明:环境温度、液氮温度对液氮含量和管路压降影响较小;管路流速越快、输送距离越长、管径越小,压降增加越显著;随管路出口口径的减小压降迅速增加。对于低干度的气液两相氮适合用于均相模型计算,提出的简化计算经验模型压降预测值与试验值吻合良好,可以预测气液两相氮的管路输送压降,为液氮输送管路的工程应用设计提供理论支撑。

页岩气水平井井筒压降计算新模型

井筒压力计算是气井生产动态分析、优化配产和排水采气设计的基础。页岩气井生产具有井口压力、产量、气液比等参数变化快的特点,全生命周期的井筒压降难以通过现有单一模型准确预测。文章以页岩气水平井为研究对象,开展空气—水两相管流实验,分析了表观气流速、表观液流速、井斜角、管径对持液率的影响规律。基于实验测试数据,引入滑脱速度,建立了实验条件下持液率计算新模型,修正气相/液相无因次准数来实现实验低压向气井高压条件转换。采用Mukherjee&Brill模型计算页岩气井井筒摩阻,形成了页岩气井井筒压力降计算新模型。经页岩气井现场生产数据验证,新模型平均相对百分误差为-5.48%,明显优于常用的气液两相管流模型。该模型对于页岩气水平井高效开发及生产动态分析提供理论技术支撑。

气爆危害对深隧竖井折板荷载的影响分析

深层隧道排水系统中的气爆危害将使竖井折板承受巨大的反向冲击荷载,严重威胁结构安全。为研究其荷载变化趋势,开展了长度比尺为1∶50的气爆模型水力试验,分析进气压、进气量、初始水深和联络管接入方式等关键因素的取值变化对冲击荷载的影响。结果表明:气爆对折板的反向冲击荷载可达正向水动力荷载的20倍以上且与进气压和进气量均呈正相关;当竖井内自由液面“紧邻”折板且联络管接入干区时,折板将大概率承受较大的冲击荷载。在试验研究基础上,分别拟合出了联络管接入湿区和干区时的最大冲击荷载预测式。研究成果可为折板型竖井正常安全运行以及结构设计优化提供技术支撑和理论指导。

燃气发生器内气体吹除过程压降特性实验研究

为了提高运载火箭变推力调节过程中气体吹除乳化技术的成熟度,使液体燃料在低流量条件下流经喷注器时能够保持足够高的压降水平,并实现充分雾化,通过实验手段,以水和氮气为工质,针对某型号燃料头腔开展了单相液及气液两相对比实验,定量分析气体吹除乳化过程对压降水平的提升效果,基于泊金汉定理提出了一种可描述高速气液两相流混合乳化过程压降特性的数学模型。研究结果表明:气体吹入可显著提高燃料流经燃气发生器产生的压降;单相流动时,压降最高产生于阀芯处,且压降随液体流量的升高呈指数形式,而两相流动的最大压降产生于乳化混合段,且液体流量一定时,压降与气体流量呈现线性规律。通过定义无量纲参数乳化数E表征气体吹除乳化过程气液两相撞击时的动量交换强度,所建立的压降模型计算结果与实验数据的平均误差为4.38%,能够较为准确地预测气体吹除乳化过程的两相压降特性。

基于SOA优化LSSVM的气液两相流持液率预测

为准确预测气液两相流持液率,在筛选前人实验研究结果的基础上,采用海鸥算法(SOA)优化最小二乘向量机(LSSVM)模型对气液两相流持液率进行预测,并将预测结果引入Beggs-Brill压降计算模型,形成改进压降模型,用于现场验证。结果表明,与传统经验模型相比,SOA-LSSVM模型考虑的影响因素更加全面,实际值与实验值偏差较小,模型的均方误差(MSE)较传统经验模型缩小了85倍,R2提高了0.138;与其余机器学习模型相比,计算精度和收敛速度均有明显提升,证明了该模型在预测持液率方面的优越性;根据现场情况,利用管道沿程压力和低点排液量验证了改进压降模型的准确性。研究结果极大扩展了持液率模型的计算精度和适用范围。

A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE PRESSURE DROP OF GAS-LIQUID SLUG FLOW IN HORIZONTAL PIPES

A comprehensive treatment of all sources of pressure drop within intermittent gas-liquid flow is presented. A slug unit is divided into three parts and the pressure gradient of each part is calculated separately. In the mixing zone the momentum theory is employed and the mixing process between the film and slug is simulated by a two-dimensional wall jet entering a large reservoir to calculate the mixing length. The boundary layer theory is utilized to calculate the pressure drop for the slug body and the momentum equation of the film zone is integrated to calculate the pressure drop for the film zone. The pressure drop predicted in present model is in good agreement with all the measurements.

气井积液可视化实验

气藏在开发过程中都会产地层水或凝析液。产出液若不能及时排出,就会聚积在井底,增大井底回压、降低产气量,严重时造成气井水淹停产。为此,文章在实验研究建立总高为16m、Φ40有机玻璃管可视化实验架的基础上,通过实验手段采用压缩空气和水作为实验介质(气液比>10000),模拟气井连续排液和积液这一物理现象,并测试井口压力、井口温度、注入气量及实验液量等参数,采用现代化技术手段捕捉高速气流中液滴实际形状。通过实验后对测试数据处理发现,实验结果同Turner液滴模型公式计算结果基本相符。该实验研究成果对于科研教学以及指导现场应用均有重要意义。

井筒连续携液规律研究

我国己开发的气田中,大多数气藏均属于不同程度的有水气藏。气藏在开发过程中都会产出地层水或凝析液。产出液若不能及时排出,就会聚积在井底,严重时造成水淹停产。在天然气生产过程中如何配产以连续携液是十分重要的。以往有学者认为产水气井只要井底不积液则气井就具有能连续携液的能力。本文利用相应的模型公式进行理论计算得到温度、压力对气井连续携液影响规律。同时,对川西气田7口井各重要参数进行了敏感性分析从而得出天然气井连续携液的规律性认识,即:在产液量较小时,井筒中的压力损失较小,而温度损失较大,温度成为影响携液的主导因素,井筒中的最大临界流量出现在井口附近;随着产液量的增加,温度损失较小,压力损失较大,压力成为影响携液的主导因素,井筒中的最大临界流量出现在井底附近。这也说明低压气井最大临界流量易出现在井底,而高压气井最大临界流量易出现在井口附近。

超重核的生成和衰变

简单介绍了近年来在超重核研究方面所取得的成就和理论方面所面临的挑战.着重介绍推广的液滴模型和准分子形状机制,它们的优点是考虑了精确的核半经、质量和电荷的不对称性、形变、亲和力和温度等.推广的液滴模型和准分子形状机制能很好地描述重核和超重核的裂变、衰变及完全熔合反应.

应用人工神经网络方法预测气井积液

气井井筒积液对天然气的开采影响极大,准确地计算气井临界流量对气井开发至关重要。气井携液临界流量理论计算模型主要有液滴模型和携液率模型,然而在实际计算过程中往往会出现计算结果偏差大、不能满足工程需要等问题。文中提出一种应用人工神经网络方法预测井筒积液的新模型,该模型充分利用了气井现有的生产测试数据,简化了大量复杂的机理研究,具有更广泛的实用性。生产井的计算结果表明,应用神经网络模型预测气井积液的成功率较高,可以用来判断气井积液。

高炉下部气相压降特性的模拟研究

为了阐明高炉下部气相压降的特性,在填料床内模拟高炉下部流动条件进行了气液两相逆流的流体力学实验。结果表明在气相雷诺数较小时,由于停滞孔隙率的存在,实测压降值比修正厄根方程计算的值大;气相雷诺数较大时,气液界面上产生的粘性曳力较小,实测压降值比修正厄根方程计算的值小。对实验结果进行回归得到了阻力系数与气相雷诺数的关系,并提出了新的气相压降计算模型。当填料密度比液体密度小时,在液泛前填料会发生松动和膨胀,通过修正填料床的孔隙度可以计算膨胀填料床的压降。填料膨胀率的大小与液体流量、填料的流化速度及自由沉降速度有关。在实验数据范围内,模型的计算结果与实测值吻合较好。

气井临界携液流量的计算方法

在气藏开发中,气井井底的液量若不能及时排出,就会在井底聚集,将会形成积液,严重时造成水淹停产,因此,预测气井积液很重要。目前现场主要应用Turner模型进行气井临界携液流量的计算,但有一定的局限性。在实际生产现场,每口井的生产条件是不一样的,因此在计算气井临界携液流量时应先结合拽力系数CD的全域拟合关联式计算出液滴的拽力系数,采用与Turner液滴模型相同的力学分析方法,得到了针对不同生产井的临界携液流量的计算公式。通过实例的计算分析,其预测结果较符合实际生产。

用系统学研究ADS靶材料的质子反应裂变截面

用系统学公式研究ADS靶材料的质子反应裂变截面,旨在为核设计提供依据。首先在液滴模型、壳修正模型等相关的理论模型的基础上,利用铅、铋这两个重要核材料质子裂变反应截面的实验数据得到了一系列的理论参数。基于所给出的一组最佳理论参数,对无实验数据的能区裂变截面及其他重要核素的裂变截面进行了预言,可知随着靶核的质子数Z和质量数A的减小,裂变截面减小得很快。