A cold plasma plume with a highly conductive liquid electrode

A cold dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma plume with one highly conductive liquid electrode has been developed to treat thermally sensitive materials, and its preliminary discharging characteristics have been studied. The averaged electron temperature and density is estimated to be 0.6eV and 1011/cm3, respectively. The length of plasma plume can reach 5cm with helium gas （He）, and the conductivity of the outer electrode affects the plume length obviously. This plasma plume could be touched by bare hand without causing any burning or painful sensation, which may provide potential application for safe aseptic skin care. Moreover, the oxidative particles （e.g., OH, O＊, 03） in the downstream oxygen （02） gas of the plume have been applied to treat the landfill leachate. The results show that the activated 02 gas can degrade the landfill leachate effectively, and the chemical oxygen demand （COD）, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, and suspended solid （SS） can be decreased by 52%, 57%, 76% and 92%, respectively.

Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene film using single liquid electrode atmospheric-pressure glow discharge

Polytetrafluoroethylene films are treated by room temperature helium atmospheric pressure plasma plumes, which are generated with a home-made single liquid electrode plasma device. After plasma treatment, the water contact angle of polytetrafiuoroethylene fihn drops from 114° to 46° and the surface free energy increases from 22.0 mJ/m2 to 59.1 mJ/m2. The optical emission spectrum indicates that there are reactive species such as O2＋, O and He in the plasma plume. After plasma treatment, a highly crosslinking structure is formed on the fihn surface and the oxygen element is incorporated into the film surface in the forms of C O-C-, -C=O, and O C=O groups. Over a period of 10 days, the contact angle of the treated film is recovered by only about 10°, which indicates that the plasma surface modification is stable with time.

Kinetics process of Tb(Ⅲ)/Tb couple at liquid Zn electrode and thermodynamic properties of Tb-Zn alloys formation

Electrochemical properties of rare-earth elements in the LiCl-KCl eutectic are important for the pyrometallurgical recycling process of spent nuclear fuels. In this work, the electrochemical properties of Tb(Ⅲ)/Tb(0) couple were studied by the cyclic voltammetry(CV) at a liquid Zn pool electrode. The results showed that this electrochemical reaction is quasi-reversible with mixed reversible diffusion control and the charge transfer control. The diffusion coefficient of Tb(Ⅲ) was determined to be in the order of ~10.5 cm2 s.1. Moreover, kinetic parameters, such as the standard rate constants(ks) and charge transfer coefficient(α) for the electroreduction of Tb(Ⅲ) to Tb(0) at the liquid Zn electrode, were calculated by the Nicholson method at 873 K. Additionally, it was found that Tb-Zn intermetallic compounds were easily to be formed in the measurements. Hence, the reduction process of Tb(Ⅲ)/Tb(0) couple on the Zn-coated Mo electrode was also studied to obtain more information of the Tb-Zn intermetallic compounds. Electrochemical signals stemming from various intermetallic compounds associated with TbZn12, Tb2Zn17, Tb13Zn58, Tb3Zn11, TbZn3, TbZn2 and TbZn, were observed. The thermodynamic data were thereafter estimated by applying the emf method at 823–923 K. The standard formation Gibbs energies and the standard equilibrium constant of each Tb-Zn intermetallic compounds were also calculated. Finally, enthalpies and entropies of formation and the apparent standard potentials of various Tb-Zn intermetallic compounds were also obtained.

Highly sensitive determination of promazine in pharmaceutical and biological samples using a ZnO nanoparticle-modified ionic liquid carbon paste electrode

In this work we describe the first report for the determination of promazine using a nanostructure- modified ionic liquid carbon paste electrode in aqueous solutions. To achieve this goal, a novel modified carbon paste electrode using ZnO nanoparticles and l-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide as a binder （ZnO/NPs/ILs/CPE） was fabricated. The oxidation peak potential of promazine at the surface of the ZnO/ NPs/ILs/CPE appeared at 685 mV, which was about 65 mV lower than the oxidation potential at the surface of CPE under similar conditions. Also, the peak current was increased to about 4.0 times higher at the surface of ZnO/NPs/ILs/CPE compared to that of CPE. The linear response range and detection limit were found to be 0.08-450 and 0.04 μmol/L, respectively. The modified electrode was successfully used for the determination of promazine in real samples with satisfactory results.

A comparative study of liquid and solid inner contact roxatidine acetate ion-selective electrode membranes

A comparative study was conducted using two designs of a roxatidine acetate （ROX）-selective electrode; a conventional liquid inner contact called electrode A and a graphite-coated solid contact called electrode 13. The fabrication of electrodes was based on roxatidine-tetraphenylborate （ROX-TPB） as an ion-association complex in a PVC matrix using different plasticizers. Electrode A has a linear dynamic range of 2.2 ×10^-5 mol/L to 1.0 ×10^-2 mol/L, with a Nernstian slope of 54.7 mV/decade and a detection limit of 1.4 ×10^-6 mol/L. Electrode B shows linearity over the concentration range of 1.0×10^-6 mol/L to 1.0×10^-2 tool/L, with a Nernstian slope of 51.2 mV/decade and a limit of detection of 1.1×10^7 mol/L which is remarkably improved as a result of diminishing ion fluxes in this solid contact, ion-selective electrode. The proposed sensors display useful analytical characteristics for the determination of ROX in bulk powder and its pharmaceutical formulation. The present electrodes show clear discrimination of ROX from several inorganic, organic ions, sugars, some common drug excipients and the degradation product （3-[3-（1-piperidinyl methyl） phenoxy] propyl amine） of ROX. Furthermore, the proposed electrodes were utilized for the determination of ROX in human plasma, where electrode B covers drug Cmax which indicated its applicability to pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalent studies. The results obtained by the proposed electrodes were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by a reported HPLC method. No significant difference for either accuracy or precision was observed.

Na-K liquid alloy:A review on wettability enhancement and ionic carrier selection mechanism

The intrinsic liquid interface of Na-K alloy allays concerns about dendrite growth on metal anodes that are thermodynamically within the room temperature(20-22℃).Nevertheless,it hinders the formation of a stable electrode structure due to the inferior wettability induced by considerable liquid tension.In addition,the dominant ionic carrier in the Na-K alloy is subject to multiple factors,which is not conducive to customized battery design.This review,based on recently reported frontier achievements on Na-K liquid anodes,summarizes practical strategies for promoting the wettability by hightemperature induction,capillary effect,vacuum infiltration,and solid interface protection.Furthermo re,four selection mechanisms of the dominant ionic carrier are presented:(1)ion property dominated,(2)cathode dominated,(3)separator dominated,and(4)solid electrolyte interface dominated.Notably,initial electrolytes in energy storage systems have been unable to play a decisive role in ionic selection.Utilizing a superior wettability strategy and simultaneously identifying the dominant ionic carrier can facilitate the tailored application of dendrite-free Na-K liquid anodes.