A general pressure drop model based on liquid holdup of gaseliquid flow in micro-packed beds

The understanding of the gas-liquid flow characteristics in a micro-packed bed reactor is still immature,especially for many gas-organic working systems commonly used in industry.Accordingly,this study proposes a platform to investigate the gas-eliquid flow characteristics in a micro-packed bed reactor and presents a unified expression for these characteristics of both organic and aqueous liquid phase.The influence of two-phase flow rate,working solution viscosity,and packing particle size on the liquid holdup and pressure drop were studied.The gas-organic working systems results show that the liquid holdup ranges between 0.5 and 0.8 and pressure drop ranges from 50 to 350 kPa·m^(-1).In particular,a strong correlation between the two flow characteristics parameters(liquid holdup and pressure drop)was proposed for the first time.Finally,a general pressure drop mathematical prediction model in micropacked bed were developed.

A unified fractional flow framework for predicting the liquid holdup in two-phase pipe flows

Two-phase pipe flow occurs frequently in oil&gas industry,nuclear power plants,and CCUS.Reliable calculations of gas void fraction(or liquid holdup)play a central role in two-phase pipe flow models.In this paper we apply the fractional flow theory to multiphase flow in pipes and present a unified modeling framework for predicting the fluid phase volume fractions over a broad range of pipe flow conditions.Compared to existing methods and correlations,this new framework provides a simple,approximate,and efficient way to estimate the phase volume fraction in two-phase pipe flow without invoking flow patterns.Notably,existing correlations for estimating phase volume fraction can be transformed and expressed under this modeling framework.Different fractional flow models are applicable to different flow conditions,and they demonstrate good agreement against experimental data within 5%errors when compared with an experimental database comprising of 2754 data groups from 14literature sources,covering various pipe geometries,flow patterns,fluid properties and flow inclinations.The gas void fraction predicted by the framework developed in this work can be used as inputs to reliably model the hydraulic and thermal behaviors of two-phase pipe flows.

Liquid holdup measurement with double helix capacitance sensor in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow pipes

This paper presents the characteristics of a double helix capacitance sensor for measurement of the liquid holdup in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow. The finite element method is used to calculate the sensitivity field of the sensor in a pipe with 20 mm inner diameter and the effect of sensor geometry on the distribution of sensitivity field is presented. Then, a horizontal oil–water two-phase flow experiment is carried out to measure the response of the double helix capacitance sensor, in which a novel method is proposed to calibrate the liquid holdup based on three pairs of parallel-wire capacitance probes. The performance of the sensor is analyzed in terms of the flow structures detected by mini-conductance array probes.

Investigation on Liquid Holdup in Vertical Zero Net-Liquid Flow

Zero net-liquid flow (ZNLF) is a special case of upward gas-liquid two-phase flow. It is a phenomenon observed as a gas-liquid mixture flows in a conduit but the net liquid flow rate is zero. Investigation on the liquid holdup of ZNLF is conducted in a vertical ten-meter tube with diameter of 76 mm, both for Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids. The gas phase is air. The Newtonian fluid is water and the non-Newtonian fluids are water-based guar gel solutions. The correlations developed for predicting liquid holdup on the basis of Lockhart-Martinelli parameter are not suitable to ZNLF. A constitutive correlation for the liquid holdup of vertical ZNLF was put forward by using the mass balance. It is found that the liquid holdup in ZNLF is dependent on both the gas flow rate and the flow distribution coefficient.

Error Analysis of Liquid Holdup Measurement in Gas-Liquid Annular Flow Through Circular Pipes Using High-Speed Camera Method

Accurate measurement of gas-liquid phase fraction is essential for the proper modelling of the pressure drop, heat transfer coefficient, mass transfer rate and interfacial area in two-phase flows. In this paper, taking the issue of optical distortion into account, an analytical model was proposed to estimate and correct the liquid holdup in gas-liquid annular flow through a circular pipe using high-speed camera method. The error in the liquid holdup measurement generated from different refractive indices among transparent circular pipe, liquid film and air core was firstly theoretically analyzed based on the geometric optics. Experimental tests were then carried out to identify the difference as well as to validate the proposed model. Results indicated that the prediction of the liquid holdup has a good performance with the experimental data(i.e., mean relative error is 4.1%) and the measured liquid holdup is larger than the real one. It was found that the measured liquid holdup is larger than the real one. Generally, when the real liquid holdup gets smaller, the discrepancy between the measured liquid holdup by image and the real liquid holdup becomes more significant. Thus, after measuring the liquid holdup from the images, the value of the measured liquid holdup must be corrected by the present model in order to obtain the real liquid holdup.

PHASE HOLDUP AND LIQUID DISPERSION IN GAS-LIQUID-SOLID CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.

Visual study on the characteristics of liquid and droplet in a novel rotor-stator reactor

Rotor–stator reactor(RSR), an efficient mass transfer enhancer, has been applied in many fields. However,the hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid flow in RSR are still a mystery despite they are fundamental for the mass transfer performance and processing capacity. In view of the above, this paper studies the liquid–liquid flow and liquid holdup in RSR under various conditions with a high-speed camera. The paper firstly demonstrates two flow patterns and liquid holdup patterns that we obtained from our experiment and then presents in succession a flow pattern and a liquid holdup criterion for the transition of film flow to filament flow and complete filling to incomplete filling. It is found that experimental parameters, including rotor–stator distance, rotational speed and volume flow rate exert great influence on the average droplet diameter and size distribution. Besides, by comparison and contrast, we also find that the experimental values match well with our previous predicted calculations of the average diameter, and the relation between the average diameter and the mean energy dissipation rate.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BUBBLE DIAMETER AND GAS HOLDUP IN AERATED STIRRED TANKS

Experiments were carried out in geometrically similar vessels with diameters of 0.287, 0.495 and 1.1m respectively. Bubble diameter distribution was measured with a dual electric conductivity probe placed in the tanks. Gas holdup was measured by spillover method. Considering the coalescence of bubbles in the upper circulation region of the aeration stirred tank, introducing the concepts of turbulence decay and effective viscosity of gas-liquid system into this work, and taking into account the equilibrium between the surface energy of the bubbles and the energy supplied by agitation, mathematical models for bubble diameter and mean gas holdup were derived. The mathematical models were confirmed by experimental data.

基于GA的RBF神经网络气液两相流持液率预测模型优化

为了提高气液两相流持液率预测精度,针对传统径向基函数(RBF)神经网络预测气液两相流持液率网络拓扑结构困难和收敛速度慢等问题,提出一种基于遗传算法(GA)优化径向基函数神经网络的气液两相流持液率预测模型。通过系统聚类算法和灰色关联度分析(GRA)对收集的实验数据进行处理,优选出最优模型特征,同时结合遗传算法确定了RBF神经网络结构参数。基于室内实验数据进行训练,并与常用于持液率预测的反向传播(BP)神经网络、GA-BP神经网络及RBF神经网络进行对比,评估了模型的准确性及可行性。结果表明:GA-RBF神经网络模型均方误差为0.0017,均方根误差为0.0416,平均绝对误差为0.0281,拟合度为0.9483。相较于其他神经网络模型,该预测模型表现出更高的计算精度和更强的泛化能力。

倾斜管不同黏度气液两相段塞流持液率实验及预测方法

准确预测持液率可为井筒中的流型判断和压降预测提供重要依据,段塞流为稠油井筒中最常见流型,井筒高黏流体将加重气液两相滑脱,导致现有持液率模型应用于高黏流体的预测精度变差。为此,基于多相管流实验平台,在内径为60 mm的测试管段内开展段塞流持液率实验,获取了不同黏度、不同倾角段塞流流型及持液率数据,研究了黏度对持液率和流型转变的影响规律,并结合实验现象和理论推导,提出了倾斜管不同黏度气液两相段塞流持液率新模型。研究结果表明:液相黏度的增加,会增加液相与管壁之间的黏滞力,导致持液率增加;黏度对持液率的影响会改变段塞流与其他流型的转变界限。以Kora液塞区持液率关系式为基础,建立了用混相黏度代替液相黏度的倾斜管气液两相段塞流持液率新模型,并利用实验数据和文献数据进行了验证,证实新模型具有更高的精度。该研究可为预测稠油井井筒压降提供技术支持。

煤层气水平井筒倾斜-水平耦合流动规律影响分析

精确掌握煤层气水平井井筒内气液流动规律,对煤层气水平井的合理开发工艺和设备的选择具有重要意义。基于气液两相流理论采用Fluent软件模拟分析的方法,研究了煤层气水平井段倾斜-水平耦合条件下变状态流动规律。分析结果表明:水平段井筒中,上倾斜段井筒内的流动会加剧井筒内气液两相界面的波动。高气、液量下水平段井筒内持液率在流体流动方向上不断增大,低气、液量下水平段井筒内持液率在流体流动方向上不断减小。上倾段倾斜角小于20°时,倾斜角对水平段平均持液率影响较大;下水平段井筒中,倾斜段井筒的长度和倾斜角会影响水平井筒中假想断面的位置,同一流动条件下,出口上倾井筒的倾斜角越大、长度越大,假想断面位置越远离出口端上倾井筒。研究结果可为煤层气水平井下泵深度等排采工艺设计和优选提供理论依据。

气液两相段塞流在裂隙中流动规律实验

针对储层裂隙中段塞流流动规律认识不清、控制因素不明确的问题,利用气液两相运移产出微观流动模拟实验装置,研究了段塞流在裂隙中的流动规律,分析了裂隙直径、气液两相流量等对段塞流流动关键参数的影响及流量波动特征。研究表明:气液两相段塞流在裂隙中呈现周期性特征,从形成到消失可分为气塞形成、气塞扩大、气塞主导3个阶段;裂隙直径与段塞频率呈线性负相关,与气液相流量波动幅度呈线性正相关;当液相流量为15.00、20.00、25.00、30.00 cm^(3)/min时,随着气相流量的增加,段塞频率的变化速率分别为0.130、0.012、0.009、0.007,持液率变化速率分别为1.503、1.175、0.918、0.820。该研究结果对煤层气开发过程中段塞流机理研究具有指导意义。

基于高速摄像法的气液段塞流特性参数测量

在气-液两相段塞流中,液膜段的湿壁分数和弹头倾角是研究气弹段持液率和气弹特性的关键.文章基于光学成像技术设计了高速摄像法的视觉传感器测试系统,实现了气液两相段塞流气弹特性参数测量.基于图像分析技术,优化边缘检测算子,精确定位边缘位置,高质量提取了轮廓分布,将机器学习模型作为预测多相流特征参数的一种新方法,对气弹弹头倾角进行数据建模研究,分析了适用于分层平滑流、波浪和环状流的表观粗糙表面(modified apparent rough surface,MARS)模型以及段塞流气弹区和液膜区流动状态机理,在MARS模型基础上进行了参数优化,使其适用于段塞流液膜处的湿壁分数和持液率求解.结果表明:通过数据拟合的多项式模型弹头倾角α的模型预测结果的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为8.87%,94.6%预测结果处于相对误差±20%的范围内.通过修正MARS模型提出的水平管段塞流液膜处湿壁分数预测结果的MAPE为9.42%,96.1%预测结果处于相对误差±20%的范围内.液膜持液率预测模型结果的MAPE约为8.04%,93.4%预测结果处于相对误差±20%的范围内.

钛椭圆低肋横槽管外降膜蒸发流热特性

为提高钛椭圆低肋横槽管外降膜蒸发器传热效率,在试验验证基础上对椭圆系数E在1.0~2.0内管外液膜流热特性进行多相流数值模拟。结果表明:管外液膜分布均存在不同程度干斑,且液膜在临近干斑处较其他区域增厚明显,当E为1.2时液膜覆盖率最高;液膜沿轴/周向均减速铺展,当E为1.0和1.8时管上端液膜速度在无量纲轴向长度Z*为-0.25~-0.375及0.25~0.375之间骤减,液膜厚度沿轴向从喷淋口正下方位置向喷淋口远端变化趋势为先减小后增大;最大传热系数随着E增大而增大,管壁在液膜与干斑交界区域附近传热系数最高;平均传热系数先增大后减小,相较圆管,E为1.2和2.0时平均传热系数分别增大34.5%和15.7%;槽内汽含率分布与液膜分布呈相反规律,液膜整体汽含率随E的增大先增大后减小,槽内/外平均汽含率差值随E增加而增大。

考虑管径因素的中高流速气液两相倾斜管流持液率新模型

为准确得到高流速下倾斜管气液两相管流的持液率,以空气和水为实验介质,设置气量180~2000 m^(3)/h,液量2~20 m^(3)/h,在内径60 mm、长9.5 m的测试管内进行了常压条件下倾斜管高气液两相流实验。实验范围内主要流型是段塞流和环状流,将实验流型绘制到现有流型图中,对比多种流型图发现Mukherjee-Brill、Kaya和Chokshi流型图适用于实验流型的判别。进一步通过实验数据对常用的持液率预测模型进行检验,对比发现Mukherjee-Brill模型相对准确,但误差接近20%,仍然较大。鉴于此,统计国内外高气液流速条件下不同压力、温度、管道直径、管道倾角等参数的文献实验数据,分析总结持液率的影响因素,选择液相黏度准数、管径准数、气相速度准数、液相速度准数、压力准数和倾斜角作为比较序列,持液率作为参考序列,通过灰色关联度分析方法确定管径准数对持液率存在较大影响,从而优化Mukherjee-Brill模型,建立考虑管径影响因素的新持液率计算模型。通过文献实验和本实验高气液流速下包含25.2~95.3 mm共14种管径的数据对新模型进行检验验证,新模型平均绝对百分比误差为6.85%,较现有5种持液率模型至少减少4.96%。

高水气比气井井筒压力分布预测方法

东海气田水驱气藏普遍发育,部分气井带水生产,产水井呈现高水气比特征。利用传统两相流井筒压力计算方法进行井筒压力分布预测时,发现目前常用模型存在预测精度较低,影响气井积液状态的诊断及排采措施的选择。为此,通过分析不同井径、不同倾角、不同水气比条件下的气液两相流态,基于Kaya流型判别模型修正得到了适用于高水气比井的流型判别新方法,并对Mukherjee-Brill持液率计算公式相关经验系数进行修正,引入表征水气比的无量纲参数和角度修正系数,建立适用于高水气比气藏的新压降模型。研究表明:新的持液率计算模型对不同管径在不同倾角下的持液率计算误差平均小于15%,新的井筒压降计算方法在东海见水气井井筒压力预测中的精度可提升50%以上,与实测值误差不超过8%。新的井筒压降计算方法对于高水气比气井井筒两相流压力分布预测具有较好的推广应用价值,对水驱气藏开发中后期工作制度优化和排水采气工艺选择具有重要的指导意义。

安装水平多孔板的鼓泡床反应器CFD-PBM数值模拟

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对安装水平多孔板的鼓泡床反应器内气-液两相流动进行数值模拟研究,探究了不同水平多孔板和表观气速条件对鼓泡床反应器内气含率及气泡直径的影响。结果表明:当表观气速从0.5 m/s增加到1.0 m/s时,安装水平多孔板的反应器内整体气含率显著增加;安装多孔板后,气泡在中心区域分布范围加宽;轴向液体速度为0时,没有安装多孔板的反应器向上流动的液相径向无量纲分布范围为0~0.57,而安装了多孔板的径向无量纲分布范围为0~0.64;水平多孔板的安装能增强气泡之间的聚并与破碎,使大气泡在反应器中心区域的分散范围更宽。

OLGA在天然气集输工艺调整中的应用

在某凝析气田试采开发阶段,开采井数少,油气产量低,为了避免管输原油凝固,气田试采初期采用天然气管输及原油汽车拉运的分输方式。随着生产井数增加,气田油气产量逐年上升,导致原油汽车拉运次数增加,已建分输工艺适应性变差。因此,通过采用OLGA软件从管输压降、管输温降、气液流速、持液率、清管液量多方面对已建集输管道开展分输和混输的适应性分析。结果表明,同样输气量时,混相输送比单相输送起点压力高,温降变化趋势基本一致,输气量较低时,混相输送的气速波动大,输气量越大,气速越大,气体挟液能力越高,持液率和通球液量越小,当管输末点温度大于原油凝固点3℃以上,可将已建天然气集输管道由分输工艺调整为混输工艺,并提出了油气处理厂的改造方案。

Maxblend桨和多层组合桨搅拌槽内气液分散特性研究

针对高密度聚乙烯淤浆聚合反应的低黏物料体系,以空气-水为研究对象,研究了Maxblend搅拌桨和利用三叶后掠式搅拌桨HQ150、抛物线圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨BTD170、三宽叶旋桨式搅拌桨KHX170、桨叶安装角度为δ=45°的斜叶圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨ZY160和平直叶圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨PY160构成的3种组合桨搅拌槽内的气液分散与传质特性。结果表明,拟合的气含率、气液相界面积和体积氧传质系数的经验关联式与实验数据吻合较好。Maxblend桨的PG/P受通气影响最小,其次是桨型组合3。通气量为0.6 vvm时,相同功耗下桨型组合3的气含率最高,Maxblend桨近壁区域的d32最小,功率较高时,桨型组合1、2、3中的近壁d32最小的是桨型组合3,气液相界面积最大的是桨型组合3,液相氧传质系数最大的是桨型组合1,桨型组合1、2、3的传质性能相当,且优于Maxblend桨。

多孔板鼓泡塔流动与传质特性数值模拟

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对安装不同数量的水平多孔板的鼓泡塔内气液两相流动及传质特性进行数值模拟研究,并探究了不同表观气速条件对鼓泡塔内气含率、气泡直径分布和气液传质系数的影响。结果表明,不同数量的多孔板和不同位置的多孔板都会影响气含率的分布;随着多孔板的数目增加,鼓泡塔液相上方区域的气含率增加,但影响区域有限;安装多孔板后,鼓泡塔内径向位置的平均气含率变化明显,出现“M”形状的分布。不同表观气速下,未安装多孔板的鼓泡塔内直径为1~2mm的微小气泡占比超过30%;安装多孔板后,微小气泡占比明显增加;气液传质系数在中心区域(径向无量纲为-0.5~0.5)较为平缓,波动不大。最后将模拟计算得到的气液体积传质系数与Akita的关联式计算值进行比较,本文计算结果略高。