HYSTERESIS OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN A TRICKLE BED REACTOR

1 INTRODUCTIONTrickle bed reactors are widely used in the process industry,particularly in petroleumhydroprocessing operations,and have been extensively studied by chemical engineers.In atrickle bed reactor,the gas and liquid flow cocurrently down through the packed bedand undergo chemical reactions.However,there exist multiple hydrodynamic stateswhich correspond to either uniform or,in most cases,nonuniform radial distributionof the gas and liquid flows in the packed section.Moreover,the hydrodynamic state

CORRELATION BETWEEN HYSTERESIS OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER AND LIQUID DISTRIBUTION IN A TRICKLE BED

The hysteresis of gas-liquid mass transfer rate and the corresponding radial liquiddistribution in a trickle bed reactor are measured to provide evidence for the correlation between thesetwo behaviors.Experimental results indicate that the hysteresis of gas-liquid mass transfer originatesfrom the nonuniformity of the hydrodynamic state of gas-liquid flow and the radial maldistributionof local kgia corresponds very well to the radial maldistribution of liquid flow in the bed.The localliquid flow rate is also found to be nonuniform in the azimuthal direction.In view of maldistributedliquid flow even in the pulsing flow regime,the conventional plug flow model seems oversimplifiedfor describing the behavior of a trickle bed.

Gas–liquid flow mass transfer in a T-shape microreactor stimulated with 1.7 MHz ultrasound waves

This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas–liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm. A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducer(PZT) was employed to induce the vibration in this microreactor. Liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured by physical and chemical methods of CO_2 absorption into water and Na OH solution. The approach of absorption of CO_2 into a 1 mol·L^(-1) Na OH solution was used for analysis of interfacial areas. With the help of a photography system, the fluid flow patterns inside the microreactor were analyzed. The effects of superficial liquid velocity, initial concentration of Na OH, superficial CO_2 gas velocity and length of microreactor on the mass transfer rate were investigated. The comparison between sonicated and plain microreactors(microreactor with and without ultrasound) shows that the ultrasound wave irradiation has a significant effect on kLa and interfacial area at various operational conditions. For the microreactor length of 12 cm, ultrasound waves improved kLa and interfacial area about 21% and 22%, respectively. From this study, it can be concluded that ultrasound wave irradiation in microreactor has a great effect on the mass transfer rate. This study suggests a new enhancement technique to establish high interfacial area and kLa in microreactors.

Liquid-solid mass transfer in a rotating packed bed reactor with structured foam packing

A rotating packed bed(RPB) reactor has substantially potential for the process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. However, the scarce knowledge of the liquid–solid mass transfer in the RPB reactor is a barrier for its design and scale-up. In this work, the liquid–solid mass transfer in a RPB reactor installed with structured foam packing was experimentally studied using copper dissolution by potassium dichromate. Effects of rotational speed, liquid and gas volumetric flow rate on the liquid–solid mass transfer coefficient(kLS) have been investigated. The correlation for predicting kLSwas proposed, and the deviation between the experimental and predicted values was within±12%. The liquid–solid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kLSaLS) ranged from 0.04–0.14 1^-1, which was approximately 5 times larger than that in the packed bed reactor. This work lays the foundation for modeling of the RPB reactor packed with structured foam packing for heterogeneous catalytic reaction.

MASS TRANSFER TO LIQUID-LIQUID INTERFACE

Experiments have been done on mass transfer to a liquid-liquid interface on which inert gas bubbles are sparged.To simulate the pyrometallurgy system of melten slag-metal(or matte),aqueous solution-mercury(or zinc amalgam) system was used.The mass transfer coefficients of indicator ions as a function of bubble parameters have been determined.The experimental results show satisfactory agreement with the mass transfer model proposed Previously.

Recovery of carbon monoxide from flue gases by reactive absorption in ionic liquid imidazolium chlorocuprate(I): Mass transfer coefficients

Recovery of carbon monoxide from flue gases by selective absorption of carbon monoxide in an imidazolium chlorocuprate（l） ionic liquid is considered in this work as an alternative to the use of molecular volatile solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons. The present work evaluates the CO mass transfer rates from the gas phase to the ionic liquid solutions in the absence of chemical reaction. To that end, carbon dioxide was employed as an inert model gas and absorption experiments were performed to assess the influence of different process variables in a batch reactor with fiat gas-liquid interface. The experimental mass transfer coefficients showed significant var- iation with temperature, （3.4-10.9） × 10^-7 m·s^-1 between 293 and 313 K; stirring speed, （10.2- 33.1）× 10^-7 m.s 1 between 100 and 300 r·min^-1; and concentration of copper（1）, （6.6-10.2） × 10^-7 m·s^-1 between 0.25 and 2 mol· L^- 1. In addition, the mass transfer coefficients were eventually found to follow a poten- tial proportionality of the type kL ∝μ^-0.5 and the dimensionless correlation that makes the estimation of the mass transfer coefficients possible in the studied range of process variables was obtained： Sh=10^-2.64 Re^1.07 , Sc^0.75,These results constitute the first step in the kinetic analysis of the reaction between CO and imidazolium chlorocuprate（I） ionic liquid that determines the design of the separation units.

THE STUDY ON THE MASS TRANSFER MECHANISM OF EUROPIUM ION THROUGH LIQUID SURFACTANT MEMBRANES

The transfer of trivalent europium ion in a liquid surfactant membrane system is investigated in order toclarify the characteristics of liquid membrane separation process and the availability of this technique forrecovering trivalent lanthanides and actinides.A layered structure model for the emulsion globule is sug-gested.The equations describing the relationship among the effective membrane thickness,the time andother factors are derived and verified experimentally.Results show that under certain conditions the decreas-ing concentration of europium ion in the external phase is proportional to the square root of the time,the acidity of the internal phase and the carrier concentration in the membrane phase.The membrane phase consists of kerosene（solvent）,Span-80（surfactant）and di-（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoricacid（HDEHP,carrier）.The internal phase is dilute nitric acid and the external phase is aqueous solu-tion containing Eu（NO3）3.The mass transfer rate of europium in this system is high and the recovery ofeuropium may be more than 99%.

Extraction of Neodymium by Emulsion-Liquid-Membrane within Hollow-Fiber-contactor and Its Mass Transfer Properties

A non-dispersive extraction technique, using an emulsion liquid membrane within a hollow-fiber-contactor for the extraction and enrichment of Nd^3＋ from the dilute feed aqueous, was applied. The emulsion system is consisted of span80 [ sorbitian monooleate], paraffin oil, D2EHPA [ 2-（ 2-ethylhexyl- phosphonic acid）], kerosene as well as HCl solution. The extraction under various conditions such as the span80 concentrations, the flow rate of aqueous, the extraction time and HCl concentrations in receiving phase were studied. Results show that the lower the flow rates of aqueous are, the higher the extraction percentage and enrichment-fold are, and the extraction percentage increases with the increasing of HCl concentrations. When the initial Nd^3＋ concentration in feed is maintained at 1000 mg· L^-1 and the emulsion is recycled with 70 times by a counter-flow,

Gas Absorption and Mass Transfer in a Pore-Array Intensified Tube-in-Tube Microchannel

A pore-array intensified tube-in-tube microchannel(PA-TMC),which is characterized by high throughput and low pressure drop,was developed as a gas–liquid contactor.The sulfite oxidation method was used to determine the oxygen efficiency(φ)and volumetric mass transfer coefficient(k_(L)a)of PA-TMC,and the mass transfer amount per unit energy(ε)was calculated by using the pressure drop.The effects of structural and operating parameters were investigated systematically,and the twophase flow behavior was monitored by using a charge-coupled device imaging system.The results indicated that the gas absorption efficiency and mass transfer performance of the PA-TMC were improved with increasing pore number,flow rate,and number of helical coil turns and decreasing pore size,row number,annular size,annular length,and surface tension.Theφ,εand k La of PA-TMC could reach 31.3%,1.73×10^(-4) mol/J,and 7.0 s-1,respectively.The Sherwood number was correlated with the investigated parameters to guide the design of PA-TMC in gas absorption and mass transfer processes.

Interphase Mass Transfer in G-L-S Magnetically Stabilized Bed with Amorphous Alloy SRNA-4 Catalyst

Gas-liquid (G-L) and liquid-solid (L-S) mass transfer coefficients were characterized in a gas-liquid-solid (G-L-S) three-phase magnetically stabilized bed (MSB) using amorphous alloy SRNA-4 as the solid phase. Effects such as superficial liquid velocity, superficial gas velocity, magnetic strength, liquid viscosity, and particle size were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the G-L volumetric mass transfer coefficients (KLa) increased along with the magnetic strength, superficial gas and liquid velocities. Proper increase of liquid viscosity promoted KLa only in the range of lower liquid viscosity. The external magnetic field made L-S mass transfer coefficients (Ks) in the G-L-S MSB lower than those of conventional fluidized beds. Ks in the MSB almost kept constant as the su- perficial liquid velocity and superficial gas velocity increased and decreased with the liquid viscosity and surface tension, while increased with the particle size Ks showed uniform axial and radial distributions except of small de- creases close to the wall. Dimensionless correlations were established to estimate KLa and Ks of the MSB with SRNA-4 catalysts , which showed the average error of 5.4% and 2.5% respectively.

单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统开发

传递过程原理是化学工程与工艺专业的核心课程之一,其中质量传递相关知识是该课程的重点和难点,而理论和实践相结合的方法是提升课堂教学效果的可行途径。设计并开发了一套基于方腔流的单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统。将质量传递的基础理论知识和计算机图像识别技术充分结合,探索气液传质过程的影响因素。实验结果表明,增大循环体积流量和提高温度均有利于气液传质。该实验可作为传递过程原理课程理论学习的有益补充,培养学生对化工过程典型现象的科学思考和分析能力。

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展,综述了不同操作参数(气体温度、流向及流量,溶液流量、温度及浓度,内部媒介流量及温度等)与结构参数(管径、管间距等)对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律,以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律,包括整体性能和局部微细特征,为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。

波纹结构液氮脉动热管传热传质特性研究

低温热管换热器是天然气液化系统中的关键装置,液氮脉动热管作为其核心器件具有体积小、换热效率高等特性,可有效克服系统冻堵及设备紧凑等问题,然而开展相应实验难度较大,因此通过数值模拟方法研究其内部传热传质规律具有重要意义。首先,文章通过UDF(User-Defined Functions)编写自适应相变模型,研究了典型液氮脉动热管的传热传质特性。随后,在冷凝段优化设计了波纹结构,结合相态分布与轴线温度方差值,对比分析了充液率为50%情况三种液氮脉动热管传热传质特性,结2果表明5 mm波纹结构热管两侧方差值为51.49 K与99.22 K2,工质循环速率较快且轴线温度分布均匀。最后,研究了充液率分别为30%、50%与70%情况下5 mm波纹结构的脉动热管的传热性能。结合相态、温度及轴线温度分布分析得出充液率过高或过低均会导致热管内部产生液塞,充液率较高时,轴线温度均匀分布,热管充液率为70%时,综合性能最佳。

基于[bmim][BF_(4)]相转移催化的氟代碳酸乙烯酯高效合成

氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)是锂电池电解液添加剂的重要组分之一,其工业制备方法主要为卤素交换法,即氯代碳酸乙烯酯(CEC)与氟化钾(KF)通过取代反应制备FEC。该工艺中,取代反应速率受限于KF相际传质速率,且CEC易发生消去反应生成碳酸亚乙烯酯副产物。针对上述问题,研究了相转移催化剂(PTC)结构对KF相际传质速率和CEC制FEC主副反应能垒的影响规律和调控机制。优化条件下,PTC为[bmim][BF_(4)](1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐),溶剂为乙腈,反应温度为乙腈回流温度(81.6℃),n(KF)∶n(CEC)=2.5∶1,此时FEC收率高达91.94%(摩尔分数)。密度泛函理论计算表明,在乙腈中[bmim][BF_(4)]能与KF形成配合物,增加K+和F-的核间距并降低KF的溶解自由能,从而强化相际传质并降低取代反应能垒,实现CEC经KF取代高效制备FEC。

Maxblend桨和多层组合桨搅拌槽内气液分散特性研究

针对高密度聚乙烯淤浆聚合反应的低黏物料体系,以空气-水为研究对象,研究了Maxblend搅拌桨和利用三叶后掠式搅拌桨HQ150、抛物线圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨BTD170、三宽叶旋桨式搅拌桨KHX170、桨叶安装角度为δ=45°的斜叶圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨ZY160和平直叶圆盘涡轮式搅拌桨PY160构成的3种组合桨搅拌槽内的气液分散与传质特性。结果表明,拟合的气含率、气液相界面积和体积氧传质系数的经验关联式与实验数据吻合较好。Maxblend桨的PG/P受通气影响最小,其次是桨型组合3。通气量为0.6 vvm时,相同功耗下桨型组合3的气含率最高,Maxblend桨近壁区域的d32最小,功率较高时,桨型组合1、2、3中的近壁d32最小的是桨型组合3,气液相界面积最大的是桨型组合3,液相氧传质系数最大的是桨型组合1,桨型组合1、2、3的传质性能相当,且优于Maxblend桨。

微藻生物固碳技术在碳中和中的应用及潜在价值

在“双碳目标”背景下,碳中和将对未来30年人类的经济、社会、科技开发和生活方式产生深远的影响。碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)作为碳达峰、碳中和技术的重要组成部分,是减少CO_(2)排放的关键措施和技术。微藻CCUS技术通过光合作用固定CO_(2)并生成高附加值产品,具有环境友好及资源可持续利用的优势。基于碳捕集、利用技术现状,重点阐述了微藻生物固定CO_(2)技术的应用潜力,分析了CO_(2)在养殖体系内的溶解传输及转化过程,深入讨论了提高微藻固碳效率的有效手段,包括强化CO_(2)传质、高效反应器的优化调控等,并对信息化技术助力微藻高效养殖生产进行了介绍;此外,还总结了微藻生物质在生物能源、蛋白替代及高价值产品等领域的多元化利用途径;最后,系统探讨了微藻生物固碳技术的经济可行性、市场前景及成本优化的策略,以期推动微藻CCUS技术在碳中和中发挥更多作用。

基于气-液传质强化的湿法烟气脱硫CFD模拟研究

针对燃煤电厂烟气脱硫过程中,高硫煤燃烧产生的高含硫烟气高效脱硫难题,通过计算流体力学(CFD)开展了钙法烟气SO_(2)高效脱除研究,提出了基于塔内筛板构件及喷淋系统优化的多手段耦合增效方法。建立了宏观脱硫塔尺度下涵盖喷淋吸收-筛板鼓泡吸收的SO_(2)多形式吸收脱除耦合模型,获得了浆液下落过程中的pH及SO_(2)吸收速率变化规律,并研究了湍流构件对脱硫塔内的气液混合流动、相内相间传质、浆液内部化学反应等过程的影响机制。探究了筛板对于脱硫塔脱除效率的强化机制,并进一步开展了筛板布置位置优化设计研究。同时,针对脱硫塔喷淋系统开展了优化设计研究,通过对比研究获得了喷淋系统优化后布置方案。基于所提出的脱硫塔多手段耦合增效方法,研究了包括液气比、浆液粒径及入口烟气SO_(2)浓度等不同参数影响下的脱硫塔SO_(2)脱除性能,发现通过塔内筛板构件及喷淋系统优化多手段协同增效后,可实现不同工况下脱硫塔SO_(2)脱除效率提升3%~8%。

CHPPO工艺氧化液耦合除杂技术的研究与工业应用

异丙苯过氧化氢法(CHPPO)是生产环氧丙烷的绿色新工艺,然而如何从异丙苯氧化液中脱除有机酸和Na+等杂质一直是CHPPO工艺的关键问题。针对现有碱水洗单元洗涤塔设备投资高、占地面积大、传质效果不佳等问题,通过小试和中试实验,开发了基于静态混合和聚结分离的耦合除杂技术,并研究了一系列操作条件对耦合技术分离性能的影响,实现了异丙苯氧化液高效除杂。结果表明,在NaOH溶液浓度为1.5%,碱液用量为氧化液进料量的4%~5%、纯水用量3%~5%、自循环量10%~15%的条件下,处理后的氧化液总酸含量低于10 mg/L,Na+低于0.5 mg/L。此外,耦合除杂技术在某石化工业装置上实现了首次工业应用,处理后的氧化液有机酸含量为33 mg/L、Na^(+)含量为0.4 mg/L,满足环氧化工段对前处理的技术要求,同时减少了5%的碱、水用量,显著增加了装置的绿色属性。该技术为解决氧化液深度净化问题和促进环氧丙烷合成工艺的发展提供了一种极具前景的选择。

新型管式搅拌反应器的气液传质特性

多相体系的混合与传质性能直接影响多相反应过程,团队开发了从搅拌桨叶端出气的新型管式搅拌反应器。采用稳态亚硫酸盐法(FSM)研究反应器的气液传质性能,考察了通气流量Q、搅拌弗劳德数Fr和液含量ε对体积传质系数k_(L)a的影响。结果表明:增大Q和Fr可以有效提高k_(L)a;新型搅拌桨从桨叶端进气方式可以增强k_(L)a,相较传统反应器最大增强约2倍。反应器的气液传质性能在ε=0.5、Fr=0.054、Q=1.6 m^(3)·h^(-1)时最高,此时k_(L)a=0.032 4 s^(-1)。依据试验数据建立了关于k_(L)a的无量纲关联式,误差基本在25%以内,对后续反应器的改进和应用具有参考意义。

微通道内气液流动与传质特性的研究进展

微化工过程具有高效、安全、节能、体积小和高传热传质率等方面的固有优势,其在气液非均相传质与反应强化领域表现出巨大的发展潜力。本文系统论述了微通道内气液两相流动与传质特性的研究现状,总结了微通道内气液两相流型及分布情况,从操作条件和微通道设计等方面分析了影响两相流型的关键因素,并讨论了多种因素对传质与过程强化的影响方式,对目前研究的微通道内气液两相的传质模型进行了总结分类。以气液两相在主要流动通道的流动形态为基准,分类介绍了多种气液两相微反应器的最新研究进展。文中指出进一步探究微化工过程强化方式以及开发新型气液微通道反应器仍是未来微化工研究的重点发展方向。