Variants of Nuclear Power Plants of Small and Medium Power with Heavy Liquid-Metal Coolants

New design solutions have been proposed for a BRS-GPG type reactor circuit, which are different from transport and stationary low and medium-powered reactor installations cooled with heavy liquid-metal coolants, and which correspond to the evolutionary development of such installations. While developing these solutions, the available experience in creating and operating Soviet pilot and commercial power plants cooled with lead-bismuth coolants was used, including investigations, primarily experimental ones, carried out by team of authors in justification of a capacity range (50 - 250 MW) of low and medium-powered reactor plants with horizontal steam generators (BRS- GPG) proposed and elaborated at the NNSTU.

Direct simulation of MHD flows in dual-coolant liquid metal fusion blanket using a consistent and conservative scheme

Direct simulation of 3-D MHD(magnetohydrodynamics) flows in liquid metal fusion blanket with flow channel insert(FCI) has been conducted.Two kinds of pressure equilibrium slot (PES) in FCI,which are used to balance the pressure difference between the inside and outside of FCI,are considered with a slot in Hartmann wall or a slot in side wall,respectively.The velocity and pressure distribution of FCI made of SiC/SiC_f are numerically studied to illustrate the 3-D MHD flow effects,which clearly show that the flows in fusion blanket with FCI are typical three-dimensional issues and the assumption of 2-D fully developed flows is not the real physical problem of the MHD flows in dual-coolant liquid metal fusion blanket.The optimum opening location of PES has been analyzed based on the 3-D pressure and velocity distributions.

液态重金属冷却剂晃动响应特性研究

铅基堆采用液态重金属冷却剂并具有池式布局的特点,与传统压水堆中冷却剂密度低、回路式布局相比,地震载荷作用下重金属冷却剂晃动对反应堆容器和堆内结构产生的冲击和振动模式显著不同。本文基于双向流固耦合的有限元方法,开展液态重金属反应堆的载液堆本体的地震响应分析,研究冷却剂类型、支撑形式和高径比等因素对堆容器内冷却剂晃动效应的影响。计算结果表明:液态重金属相对轻质冷却剂,其地震响应非等比增加,流体动力粘度对大尺寸反应堆的流固耦合作用不显著;不同支撑方式在支撑处有应力集中,整体表现为梁式振型对支撑方式不敏感;不同充液比激发的振动模态类似,充液比越小,最大应力强度点越往底封头集中。这些结果可为液态重金属反应堆的结构安全设计提供参数化依据。

铋含量对铅铋合金黏度的影响

本文对Pb44.5Bi55.5（LBE），Pb60Bi40,Pb70Bi30及Pb80Bi20合金和纯Pb在液相线以上一定温度范围内进行了黏度性质研究，结果显示，随温度升高五种熔体的黏度都呈现减小趋势。LBE，Pb60Bi40，Pb70Bi30和Pb80Bi20四种熔体在测试温度范围内黏度值都有突变，纯Pb黏度值在测试温度范围内没有明显变化，黏度的突变表明了熔体微观结构的转变。在623-923K温度范围内，Pb60Bi40黏度值明显高于其他比例的铅铋合金，温度在1023K以上时，相同温度下的铅铋合金黏度随铋含量的减小而增加。实验结果为先进核反应堆用亚共晶铅铋合金的成分选择提供了一定数据支持。

Experimental Studies of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Properties of the Cross-Flow Pipe Flow Melt Lead

The process of heat transfer in a HLMC cross-flow around heat-transfer tubes is not yet thoroughly studied. Therefore, it is of great interest to carry out experimental studies for determining the heat transfer characteristics in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes. It is also interesting to explore the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow. To achieve this goal, experts of the NNSTU performed the work aimed at the experimental determination of the temperature and velocity fields in high-temperature lead coolant cross-flows around a tube bundle. The experimental studies were carried out in a specially designed high-temperature liquid-metal facility. The experimental facility is a combination of two high-temperature liquid-metal setups, i.e., FT-2 with a lead coolant and FT-1 with a lead-bismuth coolant, united by an experimental site. The experimental site is a model of the steam generator of the BREST-300 reactor facility. The heat-transfer surface is an in-line tube bank of a diameter of 17 × 3.5 mm, which is made of 10H9NSMFB ferritic-martensitic steel. The temperature of the heat-transfer surface is measured with thermocouples of a diameter of 1 mm being installed in the walls of heat-transfer tubes. The velocity and temperature fields in a high-temperature HLMC flow are measured with special sensors installed in the flow cross section between the rows of heat-transfer tubes. The characteristics of heat transfer and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow were studied in different directions of the coolant flow: The vertical (“top-down” and “bottom-up”) and the horizontal ones. The studies were conducted under the following operating conditions: The temperature of lead was t = 450°C - 5000°C, the thermodynamic activity of oxygen was a = 10-5 - 100, and the lead flow through the experimental site was Q = 3 - 6 m3/h, which corresponds to coolant velocities of V = 0.4 - 0.8 m/s. Comprehensive experimental studies of the characteristics of heat transfer in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes have been carried out for the first time and the dependences for a controlled and regulated content of the thermodynamically active oxygen impurity and sediments of impurities have been obtained. The effect of the oxygen impurity content in the coolant and characteristics of protective oxide coatings on the temperature and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow is revealed. This is because the presence of oxygen in the coolant and oxide coatings on the surface, which restrict the liquid-metal flow, leads to a change in the characteristics of the wall-adjacent region. The obtained experimental data on the distribution of the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow permit studying the heat-transfer processes and, on this basis, creating program codes for engineering calculations of HLMC flows around heat-transfer surfaces.

高温永磁式液态金属流量计的应用

液态金属冷却剂具有大比热容、大热导率、低熔点、高沸点的良好热工特性,是目前快堆的优选冷却剂类型,对液态金属冷却剂的热工特性研究也正在兴起。本文通过高温永磁式液态金属流量计的质量流量理论计算与实际标定数据的对比,分析了理论计算精确度预计与实用分度特性方程式精确度预计的差异,并给出了实用分度特性方程式参数的计算方法。

基于最大气泡压力法的液态碱金属密度和表面张力测量

液态碱金属是空间核反应堆的冷却剂材料之一,其热物性参数是冷却剂材料选取的重要依据。现有的液态碱金属的密度及表面张力实验研究数据较少,当今空间堆发展对其有更高要求。根据最大气泡压力法,研制了一套可同时测量液态碱金属密度和表面张力的实验装置,并以纯度为99.9%的锂为被测介质,对该装置的可靠性和可用性进行验证。结果表明,在200~650℃温度范围内,标准大气压下,实验结果与文献参考值相比,密度平均偏差为0.47%,表面张力平均偏差[12]为0.93%,具有较好的线性度。在此基础上,给出了液态锂密度和表面张力与温度的经验关系式。最后分析了管径、鼓泡速度对液态锂密度和表面张力测量结果的影响,并给出相应实验建议。本文工作可对高温液态碱金属的密度及表面张力开展高精度测量提供参考。

液态金属高性能冷却技术:发展历程与研究前沿

＂热障＂问题已经成为阻碍高端电子芯片和光电器件向更高性能发展的重要挑战,发展高性能芯片冷却和热管理技术迫在眉睫。作为一大类新兴的热管理材料,液态金属在对流冷却、热界面材料、相变热控等领域均带来了观念和技术上的巨大革新,打破了传统冷却技术的性能极限,给大量面临＂热障＂难题的器件和装备的冷却提供了全新解决方案,有望在国防、航空航天、能源系统及民用电子设备等领域的冷却与热管理系统中发挥重要作用。本文回顾了液态金属先进冷却技术的发展历程,主要包括液态金属对流冷却技术、液态金属热界面材料、液态金属（低熔点金属）相变储能与热控技术、基于液态金属的复合冷却技术等;梳理了液态金属冷却技术中的关键科学与技术问题和面临的挑战。