Self-assembly and UV-curing Property of Polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Monomer of Sodium 3,4,5-tris（ll-acryloxyundecyloxy）benzoate

A polymerized lyotropic liquid crystal monomer of sodium 3,4,5-tris（11-acryloxyundecyloxy）- benzoate was synthesized by a convenient route starting from 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid via esterification followed by etherification, acylation and finally neutralization. The chemi- cal structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. The self-organization behavior of the monomer with deionized water in methanol at room temperature was also demonstrated. The assemblies were char- acterized by polarized optical microscope and X-ray diffraction. The results show that a solution containing 80：20 of the monomer to water was found to be able to self-organize into Lamellar （La） phase and 92：8 with inverted hexagonal （H]I） phase, which was in ac- cordance with the theoretical calculation of critical packing parameter. It suggests that the concentration of the monomer was the key factor to influence assembly structure. Addi- tionally, the acrylate conversion with different photoinitiators and nanostructure retention after polymerization were investigated. The research shows that the acrylate conversion of the monomer with Darocur2959 could reach up to 78% when irradiated by 30 mW/cm2 UV light of 365 nm for 30 min characterized by Real-time FT-IR as well as the sol-gel method. Meanwhile, the La and HII phase nanostructures were both retained after polymerization.

Progress in Technology of Main Liquid Rocket Engines of Launch Vehicles in China

Liquid propellant rocket engines for a launch vehicle are an essential aerospace technology, representing the advanced level of hi-tech in a country. In recent years, China’s aerospace industry has made remarkable achievements, and liquid rocket engine technology has also been effectively developed. In this article, the development processes of China’s liquid rocket engines are discussed. Then, the performance features of China’s new generation liquid rocket engines as well as the flight tests of the new-generation launch vehicles are introduced. Finally, the development direction and the most recent progress of the next generation large-thrust liquid rocket engine is presented.

Experimental Investigation on Finishing Technology by Magnetostrictive Ultrasonic Vibration of Magnetic Liquid

Magnetic liquid can produce alternative internal pressure under the alternative high-frequency gradient magnetic field.Because it has higher bulk modulus,the internal pressure results in its volume change.Using piezoelectric transducers,the ultrasonic wave generated by the vibration of magnetic liquids can be detected,which shows that the magnetic liquids have the magnetostrictive effect and can generate the ultrasonic vibration under the alternative magnetic gradient field.Some nonmagnetic abrasives and rust-proofing agents can be mixed into the magnetic liquids,under the alternative magnetic field,the abrasives held by magnetic liquids grind the surface of the workpieces,and thus,the finishing for the surface with complex shape,mold cavity and inner wall of tiny tubes can be realized.

Studies on the structure and catalytic performance of Cu-Zn-Al catalyst prepared by liquid-phase preparation technology under different heat treatment atmosphere

Cu-Zn-Al slurry catalysts were prepared using a complete liquid-phase preparation technology under different heat treatment atmospheres.The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscope,and N2 adsorption-desorption.Their application in the single-step synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas was also investigated.The results indicate that the type of heat treatment atmosphere has an influence on the Cu species and the Cu0/Cu＋ ratio on the catalyst surface.Moreover,the final Cu/Zn ratio on the catalyst surface is mainly dependent on the composition and reaction environment of the catalyst and less on the type of heat treatment atmosphere.The prepared catalysts can suppress sintering of active sites at high temperatures,and the type of heat treatment atmosphere mainly affects the capability of the catalyst for methanol synthesis.The catalysts perform best using N2 as the heat treatment atmosphere.

Research on Key Technologies for Reusable Liquid Rocket Engines

Based on current research,the development trend of reusable liquid rocket engines was analyzed.Key technologies and research focuses of the reusable liquid rocket engine have been analyzed and summarized,and then suggestions on the development of future key technologies are proposed.

Preliminary study on treatment of waste organic matter from livestock by bacteria-mineral technology

The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology. An inverse correlation was found between the protein, lipid, and some of the humification indices considered, suggesting that the humification theory is actually humic substances produced from simple-structured natural organic substrates. Weight-average molecular weight （Mw）, number-average molecular weight （Mn）, and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters at different stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography. The results showed that Mn and Mw increased with reaction time from 352 to 17,191, and from 78,707 to 104,564, respectively. The ratio of Mn/Mw decreased from 223.3 to 6.1. This reflected the growth of the polymerization degree of dissolvable organic matters in the process; furthermore, it indicated the formation of complex molecules （humic substances） from more simple molecules. Bacteria-mineral water （BMW） （the effluent of the process） treatments can exert hormone-like activity for enhanced seed germination of wheat and rice and greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice leaves, Major polyamines （plant regulators） putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, were found in BMW by a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method, which may explain the hormone-like activity of BMW.

Optimization of Processing Technology for Roasted Licorice with Water by Orthogonal Method

[Objectives]To optimize the processing technology for roasted licorice with water.[Methods]Through the orthogonal experimental design,taking the water added,moistening time,frying temperature and frying time as the factors,and the content of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid as the evaluation index,the processing technology for roasted licorice with water was optimized.[Results]The best processing technology of licorice was as follows:Pure licorice slices were mixed with water and moistened for 3 h,and then fried at 160℃for 6 min.20 kg of water was added to every 100 kg of licorice.[Conclusions]The best processing technology for roasted licorice with water was established,laying a foundation for the research and application of roasted licorice with water and its preparation.

Chiral liquid crystals based on pillararene and supramolecular self-assembly-induced chirality amplification

Macrocyclic liquid crystals combine the unique property of liquid crystals and excellent supramolecular assembly ability of macrocyclic compounds.It is a significant challenge to make rational use of the advantages of macrocyclic compounds to prepare new macrocyclic mesogens.Pillararenes,a type of macrocycles with rigid pillar-shaped frameworks and easy-tofunctionalize property,are excellent building blocks to fabricate liquid crystal materials.However,the site-selective modification property of pillararene has been rarely exploited to tailor liquid crystal behaviors.Previously reported pillararene-based liquid crystal systems are almost prepared by per-functionalized pillararenes.Herein,we report the regulation of chiral liquid crystal behaviors by different derivatization of pillararene.Lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals with different chirality were obtained by self-assembly of pillararene with different numbers of cholesterol groups.The bridge between thermotropic liquid crystal and lyotropic liquid crystal based on pillararene is built.In addition,the chirality of the mesogens can be amplified through supramolecular self-assembly driven by noncovalent interactions.Based on the different liquid crystal behaviors,the optical signal of the pillararene-based chiral liquid crystals was used to fabricate an information encryption system.This work provides a simple strategy to regulate liquid crystal behaviors via pillararene-based mesogens and realizes information encryption through the combination of different types of liquid crystals.

Facile synthesis and characterization of novel thermo-chromism cholesteryl-containing hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals

Two series of novel cholesteryl-containing H-bonded liquid crystals were prepared through facile self-assembly between cholesteryl isonicotinate （proton acceptor） exhibiting a monotropic cholesteric phase, and the 4-alkoxy-benzoic acid or 4-alkoxy cinnamic acid （proton donor）. It was found that the increase of the conjugate length as well as the terminal length can contribute to enhance the interaction of molecules and thus significantly influenced the thermal behaviors of H-bonded LCs. The cholesteric reflection spectra of the induced mesogenic complexes were located in the visible region with the color tuneable thermo-sensitivity, which could be used for display application.

Solvent-free Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Thermal Stability of Ionic Liquid 1-Hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

Ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C16mim]Br was synthesized by solvent-free alkylation of N-methylimidzole with hexadecyl bromide. A large transparent single crystal of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide monohydrate （[C16mim]Br·H2O）, 4 mm in length, was firstly obtained in the water-trichloromethane-toluene growth system （Vwater＇Vtrichloromethane＇Vtoluene = 0.1：1：2）. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 5.4962（15）, b = 7.839（2）, c = 27.279（8） A, α = 94.375, β = 91.500, γ = 101.999°, Z = 2, V = 1145.2（5） A3, C20H41BrN2O, Mr = 405.46, Dc = 1.176 Mg/m3, μ = 1.804 mm^-1, F（000） = 436, the final R = 0.0523 and wR = 0.1345. The 3D supramolecular structure is constructed through weak interactions between imidazolium cations, Br- anions and lattice water molecules. The long alkyl chain to the imidazolium ring and lattice water molecules play an important role in the self-assembly process. Moreover, it is proposed that [C16mim]Br in water has aggregation behavior and the possible self-assembled structure is the interdigitated pattern. Finally, thermal stability of [C16mim][Br]·H2O was also studied by DSC and TGA analysis.

Ionic Liquid Modified Inorganic Nanoparticles for Gaseous Phenol Adsorption

Ionic liquid modified silica nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple silane chemistry,followed by substitution reaction. The phenol adsorption performance was tested using temperature programmed desorption technique. The experimental results reveal that the introduction of ionic liquids on the surface of silica nanoparticles can improve the adsorption capacity of phenol compared to the pure silica nanoparticles.The initial adsorption capacity reaches 0.312 mmol·g^-1 at 25 ℃ under total pressure of 0.2 bar and it decreases slightly in the following adsorption-desorption cycles. The results demonstrate that introduction of ionic liquids can improve the phenol adsorption capacity and the simple material preparation process is feasible for industrial applications.

Assembling Synthesis of ZnSe Orthohexagonal Slices through Emulsion Liquid Membrane System of Gas-liquid Transport

Orthohexagonal slices assembled by ZnSe quantum dots were synthesized through emulsion liquid membrane system. These orthohexagonal slices were 1.5-3.5 μm in side length and were self-assembled by ZnSe quantum dots of 2-3 nm. It was proposed the surfactant molecules on ZnSe quantum dots played a key role in the self-assembly process.

Feasibility Demonstrations of Liquid Turbine Power Generator Driven by Low Temperature Heats

Lower temperature waste heats less than 373 K have strong potentials to supply additional energies because of their enormous quantities and ubiquity. Accordingly, reinforcement of power generations harvesting low temperature heats is one of the urgent tasks for the current generation in order to accomplish energy sustainability in the coming decades. In this study, a liquid turbine power generator driven by lower temperature heats below 373 K was proposed in the aim of expanding selectable options for harvesting low temperature waste heats less than 373 K. The proposing system was so simply that it was mainly composed of a liquid turbine, a liquid container with a biphasic medium of water and an underlying water-insoluble low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase, a heating section for vaporization of the liquid and a cooling section for entropy discharge outside the system. Assumed power generating steps via the proposing liquid turbine power generator were as follows: step 1: the underlying low-boiling-point medium in a liquid phase was vaporized, step 2: the surfacing vapor bubbles of low-boiling-point medium accompanied the biphasic medium in their wakes, step 3: such high momentum flux by step 2 rotated the liquid turbine (i.e. power generation), step 4: the surfacing low-boiling-point medium vapor was gradually condensed into droplets, step 5: the low-boiling-point medium droplets were submerged to the underlying medium in a liquid phase. Experiments with a prototype liquid turbine power generator proved power generations in accordance with the assumed steps at a little higher than ordinary temperature. Increasing output voltage could be obtained with an increase in the cooling temperature among tested ranging from 294 to 296 K in contrast to normal thermal engines. Further improvements of the direct current voltage from the proposing liquid turbine power generator can be expected by means of far more vigorous multiphase flow induced by adding solid powders and theoretical optimizations of heat and mass transfers.

Synthesis and catalytic performance of bimetallic NiMo-and NiW-ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites for production of liquid biofuels

This work presents a synthesis of bimetallic NiMo and NiW modified ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites and their heterogeneous catalytic conversion of crude palm oil( CPO) to biofuels. The ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites were synthesized through a self-assembly of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide( CTAB) surfactant with silica-alumina from ZSM-5 zeolite,prepared from natural kaolin by the hydrothermal technique. Subsequently,the synthesized composites were deposited with bimetallic NiMo and NiW by impregnation method. The obtained catalysts presented a micro-mesoporous structure,confirmed by XRD,SEM,TEM,EDX,NH_3-TPD,XRF and N_2 adsorption-desorption measurements. The results of CPO conversion demonstrate that the catalytic activity of the synthesized catalysts decreases in the series of NiMo-ZSM-5/MCM-41 > NiW-ZSM-5/MCM-41 > Ni-ZSM-5/MCM-41 > Mo-ZSM-5/MCM-41 > W-ZSM-5/MCM-41 > NiMo-ZSM-5 > NiW-ZSM-5 > ZSM-5/MCM-41 > ZSM-5 > MCM-41. It was found that the bimetallic NiMo-and NiW-ZSM-5/MCM-41 catalysts give higher yields of liquid hydrocarbons than other catalysts at a given conversion. Types of hydrocarbon in liquid products,identified by simulated distillation gas chromatography-flame ionization detector( SimDis GC-FID),are gasoline( 150-200 ℃; C5-12),kerosene( 250-300 ℃; C5-20) and diesel( 350 ℃; C7-20).Moreover,the conversion of CPO to biofuel products using the NiMo-and NiW-ZSM-5/MCM-41 catalysts offers no statistically significant difference( P> 0.05) at 95% confidence level,evaluated by SPSS analysis.

A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE DESIGN OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS WITH FLEXIBLE AND APOLAR BUILDING BLOCKS

The synthesis and characterization of a new series of liquid crystalline polymers, poly(dicycloalkylvinylterephthalate)s, are reported. The basic building blocks of these polymers are not mesogenic by themselves. However,very stable mesophases can be generated by self-assembly of the polymer molecules. This approach suggests a novel designstrategy of liquid crystalline polymers with flexible and apolar building blocks.

An Alternative to Flare Gas Processing:A Feasibility Study of Natural Gas to Liquid Processes

The quantities of gas released into the environment during the extraction and processing of crude oil,by flaring,constitute a vast source of mineral wealth which can be used to produce other useful products.The processes studied in this paper,as alternatives to the above problem,are the ones used in Shell Pearl Qatar project and Oryx GTL project.Both projects produce liquid fuels,mainly naphtha and diesel,in addition to more special fuel such as kerosene.This paper is a feasibility study of a project that makes use of the flare gas from the State of Texas,U.S.A.,as a feedstock to a process similar to either Shell Pearl Qatar project,or Oryx GTL project.The objective of this study is to determine the price range for crude oil over which an investment to similar projects can be profitable.An MS Excel Model was developed in order to perform calculations having as a variable the crude oil price and taking into account all the process and project’s financial data.The results of this model showed that a project similar to Shell Pearl Qatar remains profitable in crude oil price above$57.76/barrel,while a project similar to Oryx GTL remains viable for crude oil price over$31.4/bbl.In the price range$55-$60/barrel,the payout of the corresponding to Shell Pearl Qatar project will be in about 15.2 years and 3.3 years for a project similar to Oryx GTL.Finally,using the financial principles of this study we can apply them to any process in order to determine under what conditions will remain viable.

Selecting the Packaging System for Liquid Foods Using an ANP Model

This paper provides a model to identify the most appropriate packaging system （i.e. the industrial process by which the product is hygienically coupled with the container） for different liquid foods. The model developed is grounded on the Analytic Network Process （ANP） methodology, a powerful and flexible tool used in decision making. To select the appropriate packaging system, the model takes into account several factors, including packaging material, cost, safety, performance （e.g., speed and accuracy）, plant reliability and flexibility, which may directly or indirectly affect the suitability of the process. Moreover, the chemical and physical properties of commercial liquid foods, and the packaging technology are included in the model as further variables to be considered for the final choice. We try to answer the following research questions： is a filling system appropriate for a given liquid food？ Is it compatible with a defined packaging technology？ When several filling systems are available for a given liquid food, how can the most appropriate one be selected？ The ease of application of the model and the robustness of the results provided have been tested on a sample of 59 commercial liquid foods, for which the model allowed to identify the most suitable packaging system, providing useful practical guidelines. The model was developed in close collaboration with a panel of experts, operating in the beverage bottling industry, and validated by the same experts; thus, the resulting tool is suitable for use as a decision support system by food and bottling industries.

液体火箭发动机健康监控技术研究进展

液体火箭发动机健康监控技术作为保障运载火箭安全、可靠发射的核心关键技术,经过几十年的发展,有力推动了航天事业的进步。介绍了液体火箭发动机健康监控技术中故障检测与诊断、容错控制与健康监控系统研制等技术的研究现状与发展趋势;梳理了健康监控领域面临的重难点问题,并提出相应的解决方案。分析展望了液体火箭发动机健康监控技术未来发展趋势,为从事火箭发动机健康监控技术研究的科研人员提供参考。