Smart Cellulose‑Based Janus Fabrics with Switchable Liquid Transportation for Personal Moisture and Thermal Management

The Janus fabrics designed for personal moisture/thermal regulation have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance human comfort.However,the development of smart and dynamic fabrics capable of managing personal moisture/thermal comfort in response to changing external environments remains a challenge.Herein,a smart cellulose-based Janus fabric was designed to dynamically manage personal moisture/heat.The cotton fabric was grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide to construct a temperature-stimulated transport channel.Subsequently,hydrophobic ethyl cellulose and hydrophilic cellulose nanofiber were sprayed on the bottom and top sides of the fabric to obtain wettability gradient.The fabric exhibits anti-gravity directional liquid transportation from hydrophobic side to hydrophilic side,and can dynamically and continuously control the transportation time in a wide range of 3–66 s as the temperature increases from 10 to 40℃.This smart fabric can quickly dissipate heat at high temperatures,while at low temperatures,it can slow down the heat dissipation rate and prevent the human from becoming too cold.In addition,the fabric has UV shielding and photodynamic antibacterial properties through depositing graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets on the hydrophilic side.This smart fabric offers an innovative approach to maximizing personal comfort in environments with significant temperature variations.

Bioinspired Unidirectional Liquid Transport Micro-nano Structures:A Review

Unidirectional liquid transport without any need of external energy has drawn worldwide attention for its potential applications in various fields such as microfluidics,biomedicine and mechanical engineering.In nature,numerous creatures have evolved such extraordinary unidirectional liquid transport ability such as spider sik,Sarracenia's trichomes,and Nepenthes alata's peristome,etc.This review summarizes the current progresses of natural unidirectional liquid transport on 1-Dimensional(1D)linear structure and 2-Dimensional(2D)surface stucture.The driving force of unidirectional liquid transport which is determined by unique structure exist distinct differences in physics.The fundamental understanding of 1D and 2D unidirectionaliquid transport especially about hierarchical structural characteristics and their transport mechanism were concentrated,and various bioinspired fabrication methods are also introduced.The applications of bioinspired directional liquid transport are demonstrated especially in fields of microfluidies,biomedical devices and anti-icing surfaces.With newly developed smart materials,various liquid transport regulation strategies are also summarized for the control of transport speed,direction guiding,etc.Finally,we provide new insights and future perspectives of the directional transport materials.

＂Fluidic Diode＂ for Passive Unidirectional Liquid Transport Bioinspired by the Spermathecae of Fleas

We present a device for passive unidirectional liquid transport. The capillary channels used are bioinspired by the shape of the spermathecae （receptaculum seminis） of rabbit fleas （Spilopsyllus cuniculi） and rat fleas （Xenopsytla cheopis）. The spermatheca is an organ of female fleas that stores sperm until suitable conditions to lay eggs are found. We translated and multiplied the natural form and function of a spermatheca to create a continuous capillary system from which we designed our microfluidic device based directly on the model from nature. Applying the Young-Laplace equation, we derived a theoretical description of local liquid transport, which enables model-guided design. We arranged the bioinspired capillaries in parallel and engraved them in poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） plates by CO2 laser ablation. The fabricated structures transport soapy water passively （i.e., without external energy input） in the forward direction at velocities of about 1 mm＇s i while halting the liquid fronts completely in the backward direction. The bio- inspired capillary channels are capable of unidirectional liquid transport against gravity. Distance and velocity measurements prove the feasibility of the concept. Unidirectional passive liquid transport might be advantageous in technical surfaces for liquid man- agement, for instance, in biomedical microfluidics, lab-on-chip, lubrication, electronics cooling and in micro-analysis devices.

Bioinspired directional liquid transport induced by the corner effect

Many natural creatures have demonstrated unique abilities in directional liquid transport(DLT)for better adapting to the local environment,which,for a long time,have inspired the material fabrication for applications in microfluidics,self-cleaning,water collection,etc.Recently,DLTs aroused by the corner effect have been witnessed in various natural organisms,where liquid transports/spreads spontaneously along the corner structures in microgrooves,wedges or conical structures driven by micro-/nano-scaled capillary forces without external energy input.Particularly,these DLTs show advantages of ultrahigh speed,continuous proceeding,and/or external controllability.Here,we reviewed recent research advances on the bioinspired DLTs induced by the corner effect,as well as the involved mechanisms and the artificial counterpart materials with various applications.We also introduced some bioinspired materials that are capable of stimulus-responsive DLT under external fields.Finally,we suggested perspectives of the bioinspired DLTs in liquid manipulations.

Synthesis of New Aza-crown Ethers Containing Pyridine Ring and their Liquid Membrane Transport of Alkali Cations

Five new aza-crown ethers have been prepared by the condensation of 2,6-bis[(2-formylphenyl)oxymethyl] pyridine with different diamino compounds in hot methanol, the bis-Schiff bases without isolation were reduced with NaBH4 to afford the corresponding aza-crown ethers. The liquid membrane transport or alkali cations using the five new macrocycles as the ion-carriers was also studied.

Synthesis of Bis-substituted Calix[4]arenes and Mechanism of Substituents Effect on K^+ and Hg^(2+) Ions Transports through Liquid Membrane

New calix[4]arene derivatives containing nitro,amino and benzoyl in the upper and lower rims of molecule were successfully synthesized.Their effectiveness towards K+ and Hg2+ across bubbling liquid membrane(BLM) was examined.For K+ ion transfer,preserving phenolic hydroxyl in the lower rim of calix[4]arene could enhance its transport ability.When benzoyl replaced phenolic hydroxyl,the transport would fall off,because benzoyl caused steric hindrance on the K+ transfer.The study also revealed that the group having the electron-withdrawing conjugative effect on phenolic hydroxyl,-NO2 in the upper rim of calix[4]arene,made transport ability of calix[4]arene fall off.On the contrary,-NH2 that had electron-repulsive conjugative effect enhanced the transport ability of the compound.For Hg2+ ion,only -NH2 in the upper rim of calix[4]arenes had high affinity for it and contributed to Hg2+ transfer.Transport amount of Hg2+ ion increased with increasing calix[4]arene5 concentration and ΔpH in BLM.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF NON-AQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID TRANSPORT IN A SINGLE FILLED FRACTURE BY LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

In this article,the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid（NAPL）transport in the single filled fracture was studied with the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method（LBM）with special consideration of wettability effects.With the help of the model,the contact angle of the non-wetting phase and wetting phase interface at a solid wall could be adjusted.By considering a set of appropriate boundary conditions,the fractured conductivity was investigated in condition that the NAPL blocks the channels in the single filled fracture.In order to study the wettability effects on the NAPL transport,a constant driving force was introduced in the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase LBM.Flow regimes with different wettabilities were discussed.Simulated results show that the LBM is a very instrumental method for simulating and studying the immiscible multiphase flow problems in single filled fracture.

Transports of K^+,Ca^(2+) Ions in Liquid Membrane with Calixarene Derivatives as Carriers

A few derivatives of calixarenes have been synthesized and characterized by IR, ^1H NNtR, thermal and elemental analysis. The transport of potassium or calcium ion through the liquid membrane, in which the derivatives act as carriers, has been studied. The electron-effect of the substituent on the upper rim of calixarene possesses important effect on the net transport of metal ions. The p- tert-butylcalix[4]arene is the best carrier of calcium ion, compared with p-tert-calix[4]arene（n = 4, 6, 8）. The ptert-butylcalix[4]arene acid is better than p-tert-butylcalix [4]arene. The calixr43crown is the best carrier of calcium ions of all the carriers. The pH gradient between the source and receiving phase, and the concentration of K^＋ , Ca^2＋ ions in the source phase affect mainly transport. After the transport, the pH value of the source phase is found to be decreased, once the calix [n ] arene derivatives act as carrier. But it is not the case for the calix[n] crowns. It might be interpreted as the result of their different mechanisms.

CFD simulation of effect of anode configuration on gas–liquid flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell were conducted to investigate the effects of anode configurations on the bath flow, gas volume fraction and alumina content distributions. An Euler–Euler two-fluid model was employed coupled with a species transport equation for alumina content. Three different anode configurations such as anode without a slot, anode with a longitudinal slot and anode with a transversal slot were studied in the simulation. The simulation results clearly show that the slots can reduce the bath velocity and promote the releasing of the anode gas, but can not contribute to the uniformity of the alumina content. Comparisons of the effects between the longitudinal and transversal slots indicate that the longitudinal slot is better in terms of gas–liquid flow but is disadvantageous for alumina mixing and transport process due to a decrease of anode gas under the anode bottom surface. It is demonstrated from the simulations that the mixing and transfer characteristics of alumina are controlled to great extent by the anode gas forces while the electromagnetic forces(EMFs) play the second role.

Study of Transport and Separation of Rare Earth Ions through the Emulsion Liquid Membrane of Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic Acid-Span 80-Toluene

It is indicated from a study of transport of rare earth ions through the emulsion liquid mem- brane of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid-Span 80-toluene that transporting rare earth ions com- pletely and rapidly was realized under the optimum experimental conditions:1.0×10^(-3)～3.0×10^(-3)mol/L bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid and 2%～4%(W/V)Span 80 in toluene solution as membrane phase,0.50～2.0 mol/L HCl as inner phase,rare earth ion solutions with pH 3.5～5.0 as outer phase.Ac- cording to the differences of transport behavior for rare earth ions,it is possible to separate rare earth ions from mixed solutions of rare earth ions by this liquid membrane system.

Tb(III) Transport in Dispersion Supported Liquid Membrane System with D2EHPA as Carrier in Kerosene

The transport of Tb（III） in dispersion supported liquid membrane（DSLM） with polyvinylidene fluoride membrane（PVDF） as the support and dispersion solution including HCl solution as the stripping solution and di（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid（D2EHPA） dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution, has been studied. The effects of pH value, initial concentration of Tb（III） and different ionic strength in the feed phase, volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution, concentration of HCl solution, concentration of carrier, different stripping agents in the dispersion phase on the transport of Tb（III） have also been investigated, respectively. As a result, the optimum transport conditions of Tb（III） were obtained, i.e., the concentration of HCl solution was 4.0 mol/L, the concentration of D2EHPA was 0.16 mol/L, the volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution was 30：30 in the dispersion phase and pH value was 4.5 in the feed phase. Ionic strength had no obvious effect on the transport of Tb（III）. Under the optimum conditions, the transport percentage of Tb（III） was up to 96.1% in a transport time of 35 min when the initial concentration of Tb（IIl） was 1.0× 10 -4 mol/L. The diffusion coefficient of Tb（III） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase were obtained and the values were 1.82×10 -8 m2/s and 5.61 um, respectively. The calculated results were in good agreement with the literature data.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Polyimide Containing Calix[4] arenes in the Polymer Backbone with Transport Ability

New polyimide containing calix [4] arene moieties on the polymer backbone was successfully synthesized in N- methy1 - 2 - pyrrolidone （NMP） by polycondensations of 3, 3＇, 4, 4＇- oxydiphthalic anhydride （ODPA） with the diaminocalix[4]arene monomer using 3,3＇- dimethy1- 4, 4＇- The polyimide prepared is soluble in common solvents, such as NMP, DMAc, DMF and chloroform. The polyimide films obtained have excellent thermal stability and mechanical property. At the same time, the liquid membrane transport of potassium ions by the new polyimide was investigated, which testified that compared to ODPA-DADPM polyimide, the polyimide containing culix[4] arenes has the transport ability to metal ions in regard to bulky, cone-like calix [-4] arene moieties.

Simulation of groundwater and nuclide transport in the near-field of the high-level radioactive waste repository with TOUGHREACT

In order to know the mechanism of groundwater transport and the variation of ion concentrations in the near-field of the high-level radioactive waste repository,the whole process was simulated by EOS3 module of TOUGHREACT.Generally,the pH and cation concentrations vary obviously in the near-field saturated zone due to interaction between groundwater and bentonite.Moreover,the simulated results showed that calcite precipitation could not cause obvious variations in the porosity of media in the near-filed if the chemical components and their concentrations of groundwater and bentonite pore water are similar to those used in this study.

The kinetic analysis of optimization and selective transportation of Cu(Ⅱ)ions with TNOA as carrier by MDLM system

This study covers the transportation of Cu（Ⅱ） ions by multi-dropped liquid membrane（MDLM） system and tri-noctylamine（TNOA） as carrier in kerosene. Batch experiments are held to obtain optimum conditions for the transportation of Cu（Ⅱ） ions such as volume of donor, organic, and acceptor phase 100 ml, pH of donor phase9.00, temperature 298.15 K, concentration of H2SO4 in acceptor phase 1.00 mol·L^-1, concentration of TNOA in organic phase 5.00 × 10^-3mol·L^-1and rate of peristaltic pump 50 ml·min^-1. Optimum circumstances of this extraction are as follows： pH of donor phase is 9.00, concentration of TNOA is 5.00 × 10^-3mol·L^-1,1.00 mol·L^-1H2SO4 as acceptor phase, and flux rate is 50 ml·min^-1. Cu（Ⅱ） ion transportation is consecutive first order irreversible reaction. Activation energy is found as 5.22 kcal·mol^-1（21.82 kJ·mol^-1, this process is called as diffusion controlled system. Selective transportation of Cu（Ⅱ） ions with alkaline, alkaline earth, and different heavy metal ions at optimum conditions of single Cu（Ⅱ） extraction was conducted. According to the selective transportation Cu（Ⅱ） ions with alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions, Na^＋, K^＋, and Ba^2＋ions are not detected in the acceptor phase, but 12.00% of Ca-（2＋）ions is transported from donor phase to acceptor phase. At the end of the simultaneous extraction of Zn（Ⅱ）, Fe（Ⅲ）, and Mo（Ⅵ） with Cu（Ⅱ） ions, 2.20% of Mo（Ⅵ）, 0.80% of Fe（Ⅲ） and 3.60% of Zn（Ⅱ） are detected in the acceptor phase.

Experimental Study of the Distribution of Au and Cu in Aqueous Vapor Phase at High Temperatures and Its Role on Ore-forming Transportation

This study focuses on experiments of Au and Cu dissolved in vapor phase in hydrothermal fluids. Experiments prove that Au and Cu can re-distribute in vapor phase and liquid phase during separation of Au- and Cu-bearing supercritical fluids to vapor and liquid phases. These experimental results can illustrate some ore geneses, where boiling phenomena of ore fluids were found. Au- and Cubearing NaHCO3-HCl solutions were heated up to more than 350℃ in the main vessel, and then passed through a phase separator in a temperature range from 250℃ to 300℃, separated into vapor and liquid phases. We collected and analyzed the liquid and vapor samples separately, and found that Au and Cu dissolved and distributed in vapor phase. In some cases, the concentrations of Au and Cu in vapor are higher than those in liquid phase. Those experiments are used to interpret field observations of fluid inclusion data of some Au and Cu deposits, and demonstrate that some Au and Cu ore deposits are derived from metals transportation in vapor phase.

Liquid marbles containing petroleum and their properties

Liquid marbles （non-stick droplets） containing crude petroleum are reported. Liquid marbles were ob- tained by use of fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane （FD-POSS） powder. Marbles containing crude petroleum remained stable on a broad diversity of solid and liquid supports. The effective surface tension of marbles filled with petroleum was established. The mechanism of friction of the marbles is discussed. Actuation of liquid marbles containing crude petroleum with an electric field is presented.

Theoretical Study on the Charge Transport Properties of Coronene and Its Derivatives

Molecular structures, reorganization energies and charge transport matrix elements of coronene and its fluoro-, hydroxyl- and sulfhydryl-substituted derivatives have been studied at the B3LYP/6-31G＊＊ level. Based on the semi-classical model of electron transfer, charge transport rate constants of the title molecules have been calculated. The results indicate that the coronene molecule is helpful to the transport of negative charge, and the transport rate of positive charge is between those of hexaazatriphenylene and triphenylene.

LINEAR POLYSILOXANE WITH DIBENZO-18-CROWN-6 MOIETIES AS LIQUID MEMBRANE CARRIER

A modified method of preparing crown functionalized linear polysiloxane has been described. 4'-Allyldibenzo-18-crown-6 was subjected to hydrosilylation with methyldichlorosilane, followed by polycondensation with silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane to give the title crown functionalized linear polysiloxane. The transport properties of sodium, potassium, and ammonium salt through a bulk liquid membrane system using the new type of crown functionalized linear polysiloxane as a carrier were investigated. It is worthy to point out that the carrier can be used repeatedly at least six runs with no apparent change in the transport rate of potassium ion.

单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统开发

传递过程原理是化学工程与工艺专业的核心课程之一,其中质量传递相关知识是该课程的重点和难点,而理论和实践相结合的方法是提升课堂教学效果的可行途径。设计并开发了一套基于方腔流的单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统。将质量传递的基础理论知识和计算机图像识别技术充分结合,探索气液传质过程的影响因素。实验结果表明,增大循环体积流量和提高温度均有利于气液传质。该实验可作为传递过程原理课程理论学习的有益补充,培养学生对化工过程典型现象的科学思考和分析能力。

液氢制-储-运-加关键技术发展现状及展望

【目的】液态储运是实现氢气大规模、远距离储运,保证氢能规模化应用的有效途径之一。目前,我国针对液氢制备、储运及加注领域的研究相对较少,为此,对该领域关键技术发展现状进行了分析。【方法】对比了高压气态、液态及固态储氢技术的优缺点;综述了液氢制备过程中的主要液化方法、液氢储存绝热技术与关键材料;分析了不同液氢运输方式与装备的特点;梳理了液氢加氢站建设情况,并对比了液氢加注技术;阐述了液氢主要应用领域和产业化模式,并对近年来我国液氢储运专利技术进行了统计分析。【结论】提出了我国液氢储运发展面临的“卡脖子”难点及亟需技术攻关的方向。研究结果可为液氢关键技术的研究与装备的研制提供参考。