Model-based optimal design of phase change ionic liquids for efficient thermal energy storage

The selection of phase change material(PCM)plays an important role in developing high-efficient thermal energy storage(TES)processes.Ionic liquids(ILs)or organic salts are thermally stable,non-volatile,and non-flammable.Importantly,researchers have proved that some ILs possess higher latent heat of fusion than conventional PCMs.Despite these attractive characteristics,yet surprisingly,little research has been performed to the systematic selection or structural design of ILs for TES.Besides,most of the existing work is only focused on the latent heat when selecting PCMs.However,one should note that other properties such as heat capacity and thermal conductivity could affect the TES performance as well.In this work,we propose a computer-aided molecular design(CAMD)based method to systematically design IL PCMs for a practical TES process.The effects of different IL properties are simultaneously captured in the IL property models and TES process models.Optimal ILs holding a best compromise of all the properties are identified through the solution of a formulated CAMD problem where the TES performance of the process is maximized.[MPyEtOH][TfO]is found to be the best material and excitingly,the identified top nine ILs all show a higher TES performance than the traditional PCM paraffin wax at 10 h thermal charging time.

Stability analysis of unsaturated soil slope during rainfall infiltration using coupled liquid-gas-solid three-phase model

Generally, most soil slope failures are induced by rainfall infiltration, a process that involves interactions between the liquid phase, gas phase,and solid skeleton in an unsaturated soil slope. In this study, a loosely coupled liquid-gas-solid three-phase model, linking two numerical codes,TOUGH2/EOS3, which is used for water-air two-phase flow analysis, and FLAC^(3D), which is used for mechanical analysis, was established. The model was validated through a documented water drainage experiment over a sandy column and a comparison of the results with measured data and simulated results from other researchers. The proposed model was used to investigate the features of water-air two-phase flow and stress fields in an unsaturated soil slope during rainfall infiltration. The slope stability analysis was then performed based on the simulated water-air two-phase seepage and stress fields on a given slip surface. The results show that the safety factor for the given slip surface decreases first, then increases, and later decreases until the rainfall stops. Subsequently, a sudden rise occurs. After that, the safety factor decreases continually and reaches its lowest value, and then increases slowly to a steady value. The lowest value does not occur when the rainfall stops, indicating a delayed effect of the safety factor. The variations of the safety factor for the given slip surface are therefore caused by a combination of pore-air pressure, matric suction, normal stress, and net normal stress.

Numerical simulation of predicting and reducing solid particle erosion of solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke

Chokes are one of the most important components of downhole flow-control equipment. The particle erosion mathematical model, which considers particle-particle interaction, was established and used to simulate solid particle movement as well as particle erosion characteristics of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in a choke. The corresponding erosion reduction approach by setting ribs on the inner wall of the choke was advanced. This mathematical model includes three parts： the flow field simulation of the continuous carrier fluid by an Eulerian approach, the particle interaction simulation using the discrete particle hard sphere model by a Lagrangian approach and calculation of erosion rate using semiempirical correlations. The results show that particles accumulated in a narrow region from inlet to outlet of the choke and the dominating factor affecting particle motion is the fluid drag force. As a result, the optimization of rib geometrical parameters indicates that good anti-erosion performance can be achieved by four ribs, each of them with a height （H） of 3 mm and a width （B） of 5 mm equaling the interval between ribs （L）.

MAfHEMAfICAL MODEL FOR MELTING PROCESSES OF SOLID ARTICLES IMMERSED IN METAL BATHS

A mathematical model for melting processes of solid particles immersed in metal baths has been develOPed, which includes the cases with the melting point of solid particles greater than, equal to, and lower than freezing point of the bath. Experiments are performed on the melting of ice spheres in water at different temperature. The model is validated by experimental data for melting of ice spheres submerged in water and aluminum spheres immersed in aluminum melt. Finally, the parometers affecting particles melting time such as particle size, bath temperature, and slip velocity are analyzed.

A Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer in Problems of Pipeline Plugging Agent Freezing Induced by Liquid Nitrogen

A mathematical model for one-dimensional heat transfer in pipelines undergoing freezing induced by liquid nitrogen is elaborated.The basic premise of this technology is that the content within a pipeline is frozen to form a plug or two plugs at a position upstream and downstream from a location where work a modification or a repair must be executed.Based on the variable separation method,the present model aims to solve the related coupled heat conduction and moving-boundary phase change problem.An experiment with a 219 mm long pipe,where water was taken as the plugging agent,is presented to demonstrate the relevance and reliability of the proposed model(results show that the error is within 18%).Thereafter,the model is applied to predict the cooling and freezing process of pipelines with different inner diameters at different liquid nitrogen refrigeration temperatures when water is used as the plugging agent.

固–液相变含水率区间松散土石体中细粒组分抗剪特性试验

松散土石体在泥水作用下易引发地质灾害,其中细粒组分在高含水率下的抗剪性能骤然劣化是触发相变失稳的重要因素之一。基于环剪试验,对三峡库区某滑坡松散土石体试样设计试验方案,研究细组构由软塑~流塑发展的固-液相变全过程抗剪特性演化规律。结果表明:松散土石体试样为粗细组分二元特征较强的级配不良土体介质,其中,细粒组分在原状干密度条件下的饱和含水率为23.6%,液塑限分别为27.2和18.1,据此选定含水率23.6%~29.0%范围中的5个取值制定试验方案,可完整覆盖细粒组分的软塑~流塑相变;含水率为25.0%、26.0%和27.0%时,试样处软塑状态,在低法向压力下均可顺利开展环剪试验;其中,含水率25.0%试样恰进入软塑态,较含水率23.6%试样的峰值和残余内摩擦角分别降低23.5%和18.6%,峰值和残余黏聚力均降低超过80%。含水率为28.0%和29.0%时,试样已处于流塑状态,仅在无法向压力时可顺利开展环剪试验,且抗剪强度极低,其物理意义贴近于高黏稠泥浆的黏滞性;根据试样的黏聚力c在进入软塑状态时基本丧失,而内摩擦角φ表现为在软塑区间随含水率增加而逐步降低,进而触及液限骤然丧失的特性分析,c和φ劣化过程异步;经单元体受力模式和概化分析认为,相变前软塑状态试样静止侧压力系数K0的激增缓解了φ值的大幅骤降。

Numerical study on solid–liquid phase change in paraffin as phase change material for battery thermal management

With the large latent heat and low cost, the paraffin has been widely used in battery thermal management(BTM) system to improve the efficiency and cycling life of power battery. The numerical model of paraffin melting in a cavity has been established, and the effects on the solid–liquid phase change process have been investigated for the purpose of enhancing the heat transfer performance of paraffin-based BTM system. The results showed that the location of the heating wall had great effects on the melting process. The paraffin in the cavity melted most quickly when the heating wall located at the bottom. Furthermore, the effects of thermal conductivity and the velocity of the slip wall have been considered. The gradient of liquid fraction increased with the increase in thermal conductivity, and the melting process could be accelerated or delayed by the slip wall with different velocity.

Entransy dissipation minimization for liquid-solid phase change processes

The liquid-solid phase change process of a simple one-dimensional slab is studied in this paper.By taking entransy dissipation minimization as optimization objective,the optimal external reservoir temperature profiles are derived by using optimal control theory under the condition of a fixed freezing or melting time.The entransy dissipation corresponding to the optimal heat exchange strategies of minimum entransy dissipation is 8/9 of that corresponding to constant reservoir temperature operations,which is independent of all system parameters.The obtained results for entransy dissipation minimization are also compared with those obtained for the optimal heat exchange strategies of minimum entropy generation and constant reservoir temperature operations by numerical examples.The obtained results can provide some theoretical guidelines for the choice of optimal cooling or heating strategy in practical liquid-solid phase change processes.

面向短时/断续工作制的电机系统固–液相变热管理技术及应用发展

固–液相变现象表现出的潜热特性可有效平抑瞬时温升,将其应用于航天航空、奔越式机器人、新能源汽车、数控机床等电机热管理系统,可有效提高短时工作制或断续周期性工作制(S2—S8)下运行的伺服电驱动系统的瞬态性能。为了总结归纳固–液相变材料的电机系统热管理技术及其应用现状,该文针对固–液相变材料特性、系统数值计算与仿真模拟、样机实验测试方法、相变热管理系统结构等4个方面开展调研,并提出亟待解决的关键技术问题。研究发现:目前阶段石蜡和低温熔盐是适合电机系统的最佳相变介质,但仍存在导热系数较低的问题,需通过改性强化解决;通过机壳灌注相变材料,可有效实现温升平抑,但尚缺乏有针对性的热路拓扑设计;采用焓–多孔方法是模拟相变过程的理想手段,但糊状区参数的取值缺乏理论指导;最后,固–液相变过程的测试中侵入式传感器易对电磁、热、流场的自然演变过程产生干扰。

欧拉-欧拉双流体模型中颗粒黏性对液固散式流态化的影响

采用无黏性双流体模型、基于颗粒动理学的双流体模型以及Brandani和Zhang简化双流体模型探究了颗粒黏性对液固散式流化特性的影响规律。经与文献中实验数据和Gibilaro公式计算值对比后发现:3种双流体模型均能较好地预测整体固含率,与实验值相对偏差在3%以内,其中无黏性双流体模型和简化双流体模型对固含率预测更符合散式流态化特点;3种双流体模型对时均颗粒轴向速度预测均呈现整体环核结构的固有属性,其中简化双流体模型在较低和较高两组液速工况下预测的相对偏差平均值分别为0.277和1.028;当入口液速突然变化后,收缩过程中简化双流体模型对响应时间预测准确度略高,而膨胀过程中因低浓度区界面不稳定以及膨胀过程中床内颗粒形成的由浓到稀过渡段延长了稳定时间,3种模型预测均与理想过程存在一定偏差,其中液速较低时三者差异不明显,但液速较高时简化双流体模型准确性略高。基于颗粒动理学的双流体模型对动态过程模拟的计算耗时最长。

固液相变材料的封装制备及在建筑领域的研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展,人们对建筑环境的舒适度要求越来越高,但建筑能耗已逐渐成为绿色建造节能的突出性问题。相变储能技术是指通过相变材料的储热特性来储存或释放热量的热储能方式,最终实现调控温度的目标。近年来,相变材料凭借其储热密度高、等温相变等特性,常以潜热形式放出或吸收热量,从而在建筑领域中发挥不可替代的作用,使相变储能技术在建筑领域中具有良好的应用前景。随着相变材料的制备、复合、封装技术的不断发展,越来越多的相变材料与建筑材料、构件结合使用,为建筑领域的保温储能材料提供了新的发展模式。鉴于此,本文从建筑领域中常见的相变材料出发,以固液相变材料为例,对相变材料的传热理论、封装方法、传热储能、工程应用等几个方面的研究和应用情况进行了简要的介绍与综述,提出了相变材料未来在建筑领域的推广应用中可能存在的关键科学问题、面临的风险挑战,并展望了其未来的发展方向。

过滤双流体模型的水平管道内稠油输送数值模拟

针对介观尺度下蜡晶颗粒聚团在管壁形成宏观尺度下石蜡层的现象,采用过滤双流体模型研究水平管道输送伴有固态沥青质的稠油的液固两相流流动和传热特性.对比均匀结构曳力模型和亚格子曳力模型的模拟结果,获得了颗粒相时均体积分数、颗粒相压力和过滤传热系数的修正系数等参数分布规律.同时分析了壁面温度对稠油温度分布和传热的影响.结果表明:与均匀模型Gidaspow model相比,过滤模型能够揭示蜡晶颗粒非均匀流动结构对液固两相流的变化规律.Filtered modelⅡ的结果更加接近于试验结果,Filtered modelⅡ的结果随着蜡晶颗粒体积分数的增加而减小.当蜡晶颗粒相体积分数增加到12%时,加入壁面修正的亚格子模型的误差仅为4.1%.而ZAMBRANO等人模拟结果与试验压降的误差为12.9%.亚格子尺度模型能够详细地再现沥青质颗粒聚团的介观尺度流动行为,为稠油输送过程中的蜡晶聚集以及流动过程的预测提供了新的方法.

磨损模型对固液两相流泥沙磨损计算影响

黄河沿岸水流含有大量悬移质泥沙颗粒,极易对水轮机过流部件造成泥沙磨损。选择合适的磨损模型计算磨损深度具有重要意义。本研究采用四种磨损模型,在两种颗粒直径和两种流速条件下,对直角弯管固液两相流场进行数值模拟。通过对比计算所得的磨损深度与实验值,筛选出适用于黄河沿岸悬移质颗粒的磨损模型。结果表明:磨损区域主要位于上下游管道连接位置及下游圆周向90°、270°位置,大颗粒直径90°~270°磨损更加明显;综合来看,Tusla和Oka模型计算精度更高。大颗粒直径推荐使用Oka模型进行计算,其在兼顾计算精度的前提下,又因其模型中考虑了颗粒直径;小颗粒直径条件,推荐使用计算精度最高的Tusla模型来计算小颗粒磨损问题。本研究可为黄河沿岸水电站的固相两相流泥沙磨损计算提供模型选择参考。

基于翅片管的固-液相变储热型换热器的模拟研究

针对现有的余热回收技术在低温余热回收方面较为落后的问题,以90℃水为输入热流体、60号石蜡为相变材料对低温蓄热换热器进行设计。采用Fluent进行仿真模拟,针对翅片管的翅片大小和数目进行储热放热仿真,并针对换热管数量进行了研究。结果表明,大翅片储热500 s时相变材料平均液态分数比小翅片和无翅片分别提升45.5%和81.3%,更能促进相变材料的储热放热效率;放热500 s时大翅片、小翅片、无翅片出口水温分别升高0.5℃、0.4℃和0.2℃,其中大翅片温度最高、最稳定;增加翅片层数的模拟结果可见,随着翅片层数增加,储热1000 s时,采用1、2、3个翅片平均液态分数分别为0.36、0.47和0.58,储热放热效果增强,相变材料熔化、冷凝平均速率增快;放热600 s时,采用1、2、3个翅片出口水温分别升高0.21℃、0.26℃和0.36℃,稳定性增强,可为余热回收中的低温余热回收提供技术指导。

池态沸腾孤立气泡生长数值模拟

为研究池态沸腾孤立气泡生长过程,该文提出了一种新的相变模型。该相变模型优化了气液界面面积计算方法、提高了相变传质精度并能捕捉池态沸腾中清晰气液界面。采用新相变模型研究了池态沸腾内气泡生长的速度、温度、压强变化。结果表明,池态沸腾中气泡在生长时,气泡内部的速度始终大于气泡外部的速度,而界面温度从过热降至饱和。然而气泡内部的压强呈现先增加后减小,最后出现负压的情况。

凝相粒子相变及微观传热对喷管内两相流动换热的影响规律研究

固体火箭发动机喷管燃气中氧化铝凝相粒子与环境间的传热及凝固过程影响了喷管两相流动换热过程。构建了凝相粒子的微观传热模型—粒子与环境间的对流换热、辐射换热及液-固相变模型,并将粒子微观传热模型与喷管内一维两相非平衡流动模型进行耦合计算,获得了考虑凝相粒子相变及微观传热对喷管内非平衡两相流动传热的影响规律。结果表明:基于Drake模型计算喷管内粒子与环境间对流换热的精度最高,对于粒子而言辐射传热远小于对流传热,占比仅为0.041%。考虑粒子液-固相变时,计算得到的气相和凝相粒子出口温度显著高于不考虑相变的,而出口速度则略为升高。当喷管入口温度为3000 K时,与无相变的结果相比较,气相和凝固粒子的出口温度分别高出25.5%和26.7%,而出口速度则分别高出1.2%和0.5%。

温控液-固相变堵漏体系的研制及原位自生堵漏技术

裂缝性漏失是钻井过程中面临的技术难题,目前技术瓶颈是传统桥接堵漏材料与漏失通道匹配度低,易重复性漏失。基于热固性树脂乳化及高温交联聚并原理,研制了温控液-固相变堵漏体系,可自适应进入不同开度裂缝,受漏层高温响应作用,在裂缝中原位生成宽粒径分布的高强度堵漏颗粒。开展了原位自生堵漏颗粒的结构表征、力学性能、裂缝封堵性能测试等。结果表明,温控液-固相变堵漏体系中高分子树脂含量为37%,乳化剂含量为5.2%、分散剂含量为0.07%、交联剂含量为25.9%、蒸馏水含量为31.83%,该体系可在50~90℃漏层温度条件下原位生成0.1~5 mm宽粒径分布的堵漏颗粒。120℃老化后的堵漏颗粒60 MPa压力下D90降级率仅为0.4%,抗压强度高。仅用一套温控液-固相变堵漏体系能同时封堵1~5 mm开度裂缝,承压能力达到10 MPa,实现自适应封堵,有望解决未知裂缝开度的钻井液漏失技术难题。

航空发动机气固液三相分离器的数值模拟分析

为研究气固液三相分离器结构尺寸对油液净化效果的影响,基于流体动力学的数值模拟,通过DPM模型和磁场模型研究了油液分离器结构尺寸对于滑油中铁屑的捕捉能力和油气的分离能力的影响,并对其结构尺寸进行优化。结果表明:当分离器主体直径为65mm、锥度角为20°时,分离器的综合分离效果最好。

脱硫吸收塔深度除尘机理研究

本文研究了石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫塔内气液固三相介质流场中亚微米级和微米级颗粒物的深度除尘机理。采用欧拉-离散相模型模拟单液滴对颗粒物的捕集过程,分析不同粒径颗粒在脱硫塔内的分布和捕集情况。针对亚微米级颗粒,研究结果显示,脱硫塔内的主导捕集机制为热泳捕集,而惯性捕集、拦截捕集作用相对较弱;增加气液两相温差有助于提高脱硫塔对亚微米级颗粒的脱除效率。对于微米级颗粒,惯性捕集成为最主要的机制,其捕集效率受到气液相对速度和液滴体积分数的影响。增大气液相对速度和液滴体积分数可以提高脱硫塔对微米级颗粒物的脱除效率。

Experimental and numerical investigation of liquid-solid binary fluidized beds： Radioactive particle tracking technique and dense discrete phase model simulations

Liquid-solid binary fluidized beds are widely used in many industries. However, the flow behavior of such beds is not well understood due to the lack of accurate experimental and numerical data. In the current study, the behavior of monodisperse and binary liquid-solid fluidized beds of the same density but dif- ferent sizes is investigated using radioactive particle tracking （RPT） technique and a dense discrete phase model （DDPM）. Experiments and simulations are performed in monodisperse fluidized beds containing two different sizes of glass beads （0.6 and I mm） and a binary fluidized bed of the same particles for vari- ous bed compositions. The results show that both RPT and DDPM can predict the mixing and segregation pattern in liquid-solid binary fluidized beds. The mean velocity predictions of DDPM are in good agree- ment with the experimental findings for both monodisperse and binary fluidized beds. However, the axial root mean square velocity predictions are only reasonable for bigger particles. Particle-particle interac- tions are found to be critical for predicting the flow behavior of solids in liquid-solid binary fluidized beds.