All-fiber optical modulator based on no-core fiber and magnetic fluid as cladding

An all-fiber optical modulator, which is composed of a piece of no-core fiber spliced between two sections of singlemode fibers and uses magnetic fluid（MF） as the cladding of the no-core fiber section, is proposed and investigated experimentally. Due to the tunable refractive index and absorption coefficient of MF, the output intensity can be modulated by controlling an applied magnetic field. The dependences of the modulator＇s temporal response on the working wavelength,the magnetic field strength（H）, and the MF＇s concentration are investigated experimentally. The results are explained qualitatively by the dynamic response process of MF under the action of a magnetic field. The findings are helpful for optimizing this kind of modulator.

The Loss of Optical Fiber with Pure Quartz Core and Fluorine—Doped Glass Cladding

The optical fiber with pure quartz core and Fluorine-doped glass cladding was made by POD (plasma outside deposition) technique in some corporations, while we used the creative technique of “overcladding F-doped tube onto quartz rod in high temperature” to make the optical fiber which has the same structure as that from POD, in order to research and compare the influence factors on the loss of the fiber, our research work includes contrast experiments on coating polymers with different refractive index and the concentricity error of the fiber core and cladding. The measurement results show us that there are great differences in the loss spectra between the different fiber samples. We made analysis of it.

Modeling of Few-Mode Multi-Core Optical Fiber Channel Based on Non-Uniform Mode Field Distribution

In this paper, the influencing factors that affect few-mode and multi core optical fiber channel are analyzed in a comprehensive way. The theoretical modeling and computer simulation of the information channel are carried out and then the modeling scheme of few-mode multicore optical fiber channel based on non-uniform mode field distribution is put forward. The proposed modeling scheme can not only exponentially increases the system capacity through fewmode multi-core optical fiber channel, but has better transmission performance compared to the channel of the same type to the uniform channel revealing from the simulation results.

Hollow and filled fiber bragg gratings in nano-bore optical fibers

To combine the technical functions and advantages of solid-core fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs) and hollow-core optical fibers(HCFs), the hollow and filled FBGs in nano-bore optical fibers(NBFs) with nano-bore in the GeO2-doped core are proposed.The fundamental mode field, effective mode index, and confinement loss of NBF with 50 nm–7 μm-diameter hollow and filled nano-bore are numerically investigated by the finite element method.The reflected spectra of FBGs in NBFs are obtained by the transmission matrix method.The hollow FBGs in NBFs can be acheived with ~5% power fraction in the bore and the ~0.9 reflectivity when bore diameter is less than 3 μm.The filled FBGs can be realized with^1% power fraction and 0.98 reflectivity with different fillings including o-xylene, trichloroethylene, and chloroform for 800-nm bore diameter.The feasibility of the index sensing by our proposed NBF FBG is also analyzed and discussed.The experimental fabrication of hollow and filled FBGs are discussed and can be achieved by current techniques.The aim of this work is to establish a principle prototype for investigating the HCFs and solid-core FBGs-based fiber-optic platforms,which are useful for applications such as the simultaneous chemical and physical sensing at the same position.

Development of Glass Optical Fibers 1970-2020,Providing Us the Digitalized Communication World

New types of communication cables were found to be needed already during the 1960-decade,because the copper cables had,and still would have,too high attenuation and especially limited bandwidth,due to extremely high dispersion at communication signals above 2 Mbit/s.Already the first commercially available multimode optical fibers(1979),developed from pure silica glass with a Ge-doped core,had much lower attenuation at signal frequencies of the order of 2-9 Mbit/s and above it.However,fiber core,cladding and coating materials,cable structures and materials,as well as manufacturing-,measurements-and test methods have been needed to be developed much further to get the reliable fiber cable communication networks.The important development stages and solutions to the most significant childhood problems of the optical fibers and cables are described in this paper.Now over 500 million km of optical fibers are manufactured and installed worldwide for the communication networks.The understanding of how to make the fibers with the very good transmission,mechanical and reliability properties exists at the manufacturers of the fibers and cables.

Combined Transmission Interference Spectrum of No Core Fiber and BP Neural Network for Concentration Sensing Research

To investigate wavelength response of the no core fiber（NCF）interference spectrum to concentration,a three-layer back propagation（BP）neural network model was established to optimize the concentration sensing data.In this method,the measured wavelength and the corresponding concentration were trained by a BP neural network,so that the accuracy of the measurement system was optimized.The wavelength was used as the training set and got into the input layer of the three layer BP network model which is used as the input value of the network,and the corresponding actual concentration value was used as the output value of the network,and the optimal network structure was trained.This paper discovers a preferable correlation between the predicted value and the actual value,where the former is approximately equal to the latter.The correlation coefficients of the measured and predicted values for a sucrose concentration were 1.000 89 and 1.003 94;similarly,correlations of0.999 51 and 1.018 8 for a glucose concentration were observed.The results demonstrate that the BP neural network can improve the prediction accuracy of the nonlinear relationship between the interference spectral data and the concentration in NCF sensing systems.

The Study on the Polycrystal Germanium Dioxide Hollow-core Fiber and Its Performances

A method of fabricating pure germanium dioxide hollow-core fibers has been introduced for the first time. The inner diameter of the fiber is φ0.8mm, with the transmission loss of 1.23dB/m at 10.6μm. The mechanism of transmitting CO_2 laser by the fiber is analyzed. The transmitting performances are discussed and its application fields are envisaged.

Anycast Transmission in Routing Modulation Level Spectrum Assignment (RMLSA) Problem on Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) Elastic Optical Networks (EON)

With the rise of cloud computing in recent years, a large number of streaming media has yielded an exponential growth in network traffic. With the now present 5G and future 6G, the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), social networks, video on demand, and mobile multimedia platforms, the backbone network is bound to bear more traffic. The transmission capacity of Single Core Fiber (SCFs) may be limited in the future and Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) leveraging multi-core fibers promises to be one of the solutions for the future. Currently, Elastic optical networks (EONs) with multi-core fibers (MCFs) are a kind of SDM-enabled EONs (SDM-EON) used to enhance the capacity of transmission. The resource assignment in MCFs, however, will be subject to Inter-Core Crosstalk (IC-XT), hence, reducing the effectiveness of transmission. This research highlights the routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment (RMLSA) problems with anycast traffic mode in SDM-EON. A multipath routing scheme is used to reduce the blocking rate of anycast traffic in SDM-EON with the limit of inter-core crosstalk. Hence, an integer linear programming (ILP) problem is formulated and a heuristic algorithm is proposed. Two core-assignment strategies: First-Fit (FF) and Random-Fit (RF) are used and their performance is evaluated through simulations. The simulation results show that the multipath routing method is better than the single-path routing method in terms of blocking ratio and spectrum utilization ratio. Moreover, the FF is better than the RF in low traffic load in terms of blocking ratio (BR), and the opposite in high traffic load. The FF is better than the RF in terms of a spectrum utilization ratio. In an anycast protection problem, the proposed algorithm has a lower BR than previous works.

基于纳米金Core-satellites等离子体耦合增强效应的汞离子光纤传感器的研究

以DNA杂交双链为联接,构建纳米金颗粒Core-satellites结构并激发等离子体耦合增强效应,利用Hg^(2+)可与DNA中胸腺嘧啶T形成T-Hg^(2+)-T特异性结构,研制了用于检测水中Hg^(2+)的局域等离子体共振(LSPR)光纤传感器。待测溶液中的Hg^(2+)能够引起富含T的DNA单链折叠,抑制DNA杂交反应,降低等离子体耦合强度,改变LSPR谐振波长。通过检测谐振波长红移变化,实现对Hg^(2+)浓度的定量检测。本方法检测Hg^(2+)的线性范围为5~150 nmol/L,检出限为3.4 nmol/L(3σ)。Zn^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Pb^(2+)等重金属离子对Hg^(2+)检测无明显干扰作用。实际水样中Hg^(2+)加样回收率为94.2%~105.4%,相对标准偏差<4.8%。

Study on pure silica core optical fibers

An optimal refractive index profile of pure silica core optical fiber (PSCF) was de- signed, in combination with the characters of the modified chemical vapor deposi- tion (MCVD) process. Techniques of preform fabrication by a new furnace round heating MCVD process and fiber drawing process were reviewed. Difficulties in doping fluorine in silica, widening the depressed-index cladding and maintaining the index of fiber core were discussed. Methods used to overcome these difficulties were given at the same time. Additionally, the optimal refractive index profiles of PSCF were presented.

Thermal expanded core ultraviolet fiber for optical cavity mode matching

We have demonstrated a mode matching method between two different fibers by a hybrid thermal expanded core technique, which can be applied to match the modes of fiber-based Fabry–Pérot cavities. Experimentally, this method has achieved an expansion of the ultraviolet fiber core by 3.5 times while keeping fundamental mode propagation. With the experiment parameters, the fundamental mode coupling efficiency between the fiber and micro-cavity can reach 95% for a plano-concave cavity with a length of 400 μm. This method can not only have potential in quantum photonics research but also can be applied in classical optical fields.

Stimulated Raman scattering modes in highly elliptical-core optical fiber

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) transmission modes in highly elliptical-core optical fiber of three different structures are experimentally researched.The measuring setup,SRS spectrum and photographs of Stokes modes are given.The observed phenomena are completely different from those on circular-core graded-index optical fiber.The beam sizes of SRS remain constant and SRS light transmits with the characteristics of higher-order.mode.In addition,the experimental results are theoretically explained with fiber-optical dispersion theory and SRS phase matching conditions.Experimental results and theoretical analyses are in good agreement.

单模-空芯-单模光纤微结构应变传感特性研究

设计了一种单模-空芯-单模光纤微结构应变传感器,利用光束传播法进行仿真分析,建立了波长-应变关系模型,并对其应变特性、温度特性进行实验研究。实验结果表明,在0~340με范围内的拉伸应变灵敏度和-340~0με范围内的压缩应变灵敏度分别高达-4.19和-4.26 pm/με,线性度分别为0.9971和0.9981;在20~70℃范围内的温度灵敏度为9.6 pm/℃,线性度达到0.9909。该传感器制作简单且具有较高的应变灵敏度,可以实现应变测量。

类抛物线形单孔悬挂芯光纤光镊设计与微粒操控

为提高光镊系统中光纤波导耦合度与微通道集成度,实现对微粒的多样操控,提出了一种类抛物线形单孔悬挂芯光纤光镊结构,从双光束聚焦光场机制出发,分析并建立了光镊探针尖端横向和轴向光阱力数学模型,通过出射光场分布仿真模型的计算,探究了类抛物线形悬挂芯光纤中空孔直径、微粒尺寸与纤芯功率等参量对出射光场和光阱力的影响。结合悬挂芯光纤流道的气压控制,利用CO_(2)激光熔融工艺制备了光纤光镊探针,建立了针对直径2、5、10μm的聚苯乙烯微粒操控实验。研究为单孔悬挂芯光纤应用于光纤光镊实现微粒操控乃至输运提供了技术基础,也为光纤光镊提高集成度与灵活性提供了新的思路。

多芯超模光纤放大器增益均衡设计(内封底文章)

多芯超模光纤(MCSMF)的芯间距较小,多个芯子共同形成芯区支持多个超模传输,与普通单芯少模光纤相比,其具有较大的有效模场面积和较小的模式串扰,备受关注。MCSMF用于长距离传输时,与其相匹配的新型增益均衡放大器是实现信号中继并保持信号稳定传输的必要器件。文中提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法的19芯超模光纤增益均衡放大器,该光纤支持10个超模共同传输。通过粒子群算法分别优化各纤芯内掺铒浓度来降低不同超模的交叠积分因子,从而减小模式增益差(DMG)。结果表明,在包层泵浦条件下,最大DMG从1.33 dB (各纤芯均匀掺杂)降低至0.20 dB,在1 550 nm信号波长处10模式的平均增益为27.79 dB,且该放大器在整个C波段的增益平坦度低于1 dB。

多芯光纤荧光定量检测耦合系统设计

为提高多芯光纤荧光检测灵敏度,本文基于多芯光纤的空间传导理论模型,分析了多芯光纤的数量、激发光纤纤芯半径、接收光纤纤芯半径以及它们的数值孔径等对多芯光纤耦合效率的影响。针对提高耦合效率,设计和优化了耦合系统中非球面透镜的曲率半径和各面间距,基于分析设计优化的参数构建多芯光纤荧光定量检测系统,并对不同浓度梯度的罗丹明6G溶液进行定量测试,与多芯直接耦合对比,文章设计的多芯光纤耦合系统其激发光和发射光耦合效率由低于10%,提升了80.171%和95.314%,最低检测浓度低至2.08759551×10^(-9)nM/L,此浓度下荧光光强值较直接耦合提升了4.5倍。进一步验证了多芯光纤耦合系统射的可行性。说明通过增加光学耦合系统能有效提高光纤式荧光定量检测灵敏度及能够满足应用需求。

基于非相干光频域反射的多芯光纤网络链路缺陷智能检测

为了保证通信安全稳定、数据传输完整,提出了一种基于非相干光频域反射的多芯光纤网络链路缺陷智能检测。先构建多芯光纤网络数学模型,约束光纤节点映射和频谱分配,使频谱数量最少的同时占用的频隙数最大。然后利用分簇检测建立数据传输链路模型,得出通信传输函数,根据相关匹配滤波器调整链路,通过波特间隔均衡完成链路数据采集。最后运用非相干光频域反射步进频率调制产生的瑞利散射光波,结合傅里叶逆变换获得网络健康状况空间分布位置,实现多芯光纤网络链路缺陷智能检测。实验结果表明,所提方法能够准确检测出链路缺陷,对链路阻塞缺陷检测、链路平均故障风险检测率、链路频谱利用率缺陷检测误差分别小于0.4%、0.2%和0.5,且检测时长控制在1.5 s以内,可帮助网络及时恢复运行。

弯曲多沟槽辅助六芯光纤的传输特性研究

设计了一种弯曲多沟槽辅助六芯光纤结构,多芯光纤中的每个纤芯由三层相同的低折射率沟槽包围,纤芯与每层沟槽之间存在一层包层。运用了光纤的耦合模式理论分析弯曲六芯光纤间的串扰与模场面积两个传输特性。结果显示,弯曲半径和沟槽分别对光纤的串扰和模场面积都有很大影响,添加沟槽后,纤芯之间的串扰明显下降,在不同弯曲半径下,纤芯间串扰的变化约有10 dB。同时不同层数沟槽下的模场面积变化约有150μm^(2)。

面向通感一体系统的耐弯三芯光纤

为了同时兼顾狭小空间下的光纤数据通信与环境感知,设计并制备了一种面向通感一体系统的耐弯三芯光纤。该光纤采用三角形纤芯排布和深掺氟折射率沟道结构,标准外径为125μm,优化了O波段(1260~1360 nm)的传输特性,具有与G.657.A1光纤相似的布里渊增益谱(BGS)分布。测试结果表明:在1310 nm波长处,芯层的平均损耗为0.58 dB/km,平均芯间串扰低于-50 dB/km;当最小弯曲半径R=10 mm且缠绕50圈时,光纤的弯曲损耗低于0.1 dB。

低损耗LC型多芯光纤连接器的优化设计

空分复用的多芯光纤被广泛应用于光互连中,多芯光纤连接器的性能将直接影响多芯光纤的应用。设计新型八芯LC型光纤连接器,运用仿真分析了纤芯间距、沟槽宽度、波长等参数对八芯光纤传输性能的影响规律,仿真结果验证了所设计的八芯光纤的可行性。通过实验优化制备工艺,使得制备的八芯光纤连接器达到了±0.1°范围内的旋转对准精度,并实现平均插入损耗为0.13 dB,回波损耗为56.08 dB,在经过多次重复性和互换性测试后,附加损耗小于0.2 dB,保持了光纤连接器性能的稳定,且与传统单模光纤连接器相比,具有较低的损耗以及更高的通信容量。