Mechanical and Experimental Study of Sprinkling Water Cooling System on Roof of Shanghai Expo Theme Pavilion

Based on the similarity theory,a scale effect model of the spraying water cooling system of Shanghai expo Theme Pavilion's roof was set up.According to the typical weather conditions in Shanghai city,different models were analyzed on solar radiation,and different heat transfer amount was obtained.And the following conclusions could be made:At the sunny day of summer in Shanghai,the temperature of inner roof with sprinkling system descended about 3 ℃,and the air conditioning load of the whole Theme Pavilion descend more than 320 kW.

Comparative Revenue, Obstacle Factors and Promoting Strategy of Sprinkling Irrigation in Wheat Field: A Case Study from Yanzhou, Shandong Province in China

This paper takes 30 hm2 wheat sprinkling irrigation land of Yunguo Family Farm in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, China as a sample, and draws a conclusion by comparing it with other households (including individual and large households). The conclusions are as follows: wheat sprinkling irrigation has a remarkable water-saving effect and comparative revenue. Water saving efficiency can reach 61.54% and a comprehensive income-increase rate can reach 38.67%. The main factors of increasing income and incentives of saving irrigation by sprinkling irrigation ranks as the following: saving land consolidation and water monitoring labors (accounts for 62.50%), saving land area of wheat bed to increase production and income (accounts for 23.44%), saving water bills (accounts for 14.06%). The incentive effect of water saving is not obvious mainly because the water price is low. The main obstacles to the promotion of sprinkling irrigation by individual household are the uneconomical scale and the barriers of coordination of proxy irrigation. Other large household’s (family farm) obstacles are mainly the instability of land tenure and mixed management. Suggestions on promoting sprinkling irrigation in wheat field: Accelerate land circulation and promote agricultural scale management to create basic scale conditions for spreading sprinkling irrigation;stabilizing farmland management rights as stabilizing farmland contractual rights, thus giving long-term business interests to all kinds of large household owners;guide the development of “scale + specialization” modern family farms;appropriate water saving subsidies should be given according to the positive externality of household water saving;confirm agricultural water rights to household and allow compensated transfer of “surplus water rights”.

微喷带激光打孔质量评价及对喷孔流量的影响

喷孔参数和流量是研究微喷带水力性能的基础.为探究微喷带喷孔结构与喷洒特性,选取了国内外2种激光打孔的加强压边型微喷带,每组组孔包含12个喷孔,利用图像处理进行了喷孔参数测量与加工质量评价,并进行了喷孔流量试验.结果表明,2种微喷带从喷孔内侧和外侧测得的面积误差均小于10%;进口微喷带和国产微喷带喷孔的平均圆度分别为0.82~0.88和0.82~0.91,进口微喷带不同组孔内相同位置喷孔的圆度偏差系数低于0.040、流量偏差系数小于0.120,而国产微喷带喷孔的圆度偏差系数和流量偏差系数的波动较大,其值分别为0.009~0.069和0.057~0.475.因此以喷孔面积和圆度为指标,可对不同激光打孔的微喷带喷孔进行评价,当喷孔面积的波动范围和圆度偏差系数较小时,微喷带不同组孔内相同位置的喷孔流量差异性较小.

基于无线组网技术的花园智能生态管理系统的研究

传统的花园养护主要是以人工为主,但花园管理相对复杂,涉及温度、湿度、pH值、生长习性、病虫害防护等方面,管理效果与管理人员经验密切相关,总体工作量较大、成本较高、效率偏低,防虫效果差且经常受到自然天气的影响。为此,设计一种基于无线组网技术的花园智能生态管理系统,通过准确地捕捉各种信息,为优化花园管理提供科学依据。实验结果表明:所设计系统运行性能良好,可为植物生长提供优良的成长环境,且具有性能稳定、成本低、效率高等优点,具有良好的实用和推广价值。

不同灌溉模式对小麦冬前幼苗生长及生理特性和产量的影响

为探明不同灌溉模式对淮北地区小麦冬前幼苗生长及生理特性和产量的影响,以‘烟农19’为供试材料,设置不灌溉(W0)、播后灌溉60 mm(W1)、播种后和分蘖期每次微喷30 mm(W2)共3种灌溉模式,研究不同处理对苗期土壤水分含量变化、幼苗农艺性状、叶片生理特性、籽粒产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明,与W0和W1相比,W2维持了小麦三叶期、六叶期和越冬期土壤0~20 cm适宜的水分含量。W1和W2较W0处理促进三叶期和六叶期幼苗的生长;越冬期幼苗的分蘖数、株高、叶龄、初生根和次生根数目均表现为W2显著高于W1,二者显著高于W0。不同时期幼苗的茎+鞘、叶干质量为W2>W1>W0。W2不同生育时期群体叶面积指数显著高于W1,W0最低;六叶期W1与W2的叶片叶绿素含量无显著差异,二者显著高于W0,越冬期为W2>W1>W0。W0不同时期叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于W1,除六叶期W1与W2的过氧化氢酶活性无显著差异外,各时期的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均为W2最低。成熟期小麦籽粒产量和产量构成要素均表现为W2>W1>W0。综上,播后和分蘖期利用微喷灌可以维持苗期适宜的土壤水分含量,促进幼苗生长发育,提高幼苗抗逆能力,进而有利于形成壮苗并增加产量。

首钢长钢窑炉物料溜槽的转运抛洒问题分析与治理

探讨皮带受料部位的漏料治理,不深入研究其运行机理,着重于经验技术的应用,不涉及大的改造工程,结合现场条件进行局部改善。分析物料起拱原理和物料流程,探析各因素的影响机理,通过变口塑形束控落入皮带的物料流形态,以最小代价进行案例实践。实践表明,收口并非越小越好,对中调整并非是越正越好,必要时可用偏心对中。通过多措并举实施抛洒问题治理,使得槽口塑形得到显著改善。

可双向钻土自升降式喷灌装置技术工程示范应用研究

水资源短缺问题日趋严重,开展农田节水灌溉设施研究及应用日益重要。本研究将一种可双向钻土自升降式喷灌装置应用于农业蔬菜种植示范区。通过分析其喷头流量、喷洒半径、喷洒均匀性等性能参数随试验压力的变化规律,得出该装置的最佳运行压力为0.3 MPa;在此压力条件下,该装置实现了研究区域内土壤墒情由轻旱向适墒的转变,灌溉用水定额从3200 m^(3)/hm^(2)下降到2800 m 3/hm^(2),水资源利用率提高了10%以上,具有良好的节水效果;同时通过引进可双向钻土自升降式喷灌装置,对整个研究区域开展节水灌溉,将区域土壤有效控制在适墒范围,使得研究区域内年作物总产量增加了43.4 t,估算经济产值增量高达34.73万元/年,取得了显著的经济效益。

高站杆远射程森林防火灭火喷灌工程应用分析

日照市山海天旅游胜地卧龙山植被区森林防火喷淋工程项目在教科书中无现成设计理论可供参考。针对项目的特殊性,依据管网水力学计算原理,结合该地区实际情况,采用高站杆远射程旋转式喷头,对项目区森林植被防火灭火喷灌工程进行了规划设计,并于2018年完成了工程的施工技术指导。经过多年实践,工程运行情况良好,达到了预期目的。

Sprinkles:一种防治婴幼儿贫血的新型方法

Sprinkles是一种新型的铁剂及其他微量营养素的添加方式 ,可以有效地防治婴幼儿的缺铁性贫血。本文综述了Sprinkles产生的背景和它对贫血婴幼儿的防治效果、婴幼儿及其母亲对这种补铁方式的接受程度 ,另外还对Sprinkles的优点和缺点进行了概述。

Sprinkle formulations——A review of commercially available products

Currently, sixty-five original sprinkle drug products are available in various dosage forms including tablets, powders, granules, immediate-release capsules, extended-release capsules, delayed-release capsules, and multiparticulate drug delivery systems. By sprinkling on soft food vehicles, these products provide dosing flexibility and convenience of administration, which potentially improve the compliance of patients with dysphagia.Due to these advantages, the growth of sprinkle products picked up since the 1990s, and several regulatory issues regarding this dosage form have been raised and documented.In this article, the types of sprinkle formulations were discussed by dividing them into seven categories, and the commercial products were summarized in terms of the drug substance, pharmaceutical excipients, storage conditions and administration methods. In addition, several US Food and Drug Administration guidelines related to the regulatory issues of sprinkle formulations were reviewed, which led to the conclusion that the future development of this promising dosage form demands integrated guidance for industry rather than scattered information in various documents.

Sweat Sprinkled in Rumaila

Anti-corrosion inspection engineers are responsible for 14 degassing stations, which complete anti-corrosion examinations of desalination and dehydration containers under maintenance, detecting potential corrosion, drawing up the diagram illustrations and inspection reports of Rumaila's oil field and gas system, guiding the completion of equipment sandblasting and anti-corrosion inspections, and ensuring the fulfillment of other relevant work reports. Anti-corrosion inspection engineers can be called the "health doctors" of oil and gas systems.

一种谷物均洒装置的设计与试验

为了加快谷物输送到储粮仓内的速度,使谷物在储粮仓内均匀抛洒,通过集料筒来抵消作用于谷物上的外力,从而使谷物呈自由落体状态,并通过出料筒的大小调节使谷物均匀地落入到抛洒盘内,实现均匀抛洒,以大幅度提高作业效果及抛洒均匀,降低劳动强度,提高生产效率。试验结果表明:装置作业性能稳定,抛洒均匀度、破损率、吨料电耗和生产率平均值分别为90.9%、0.14%、22855.7kg/h、0.040kW·h/t,适用于谷物运进粮仓的机械化作业。

北方农田节水灌溉技术探讨

农业灌溉用水方式直接影响我国粮食安全和经济安全。介绍我国农业用水及节水灌溉现状,分析节水灌溉技术研究方向,重点在自走式圆形喷灌及技术集成研究、自走式喷灌机田间规划软件开发、低能耗大田微灌系统系列化产品研发、智能化自走式喷灌机研发等领域发力,提升我国北方节水技术装备水平,实现农业灌溉用水高效利用。

微喷灌施肥对三七土壤氮素运移转化试验研究

为探明微喷灌施肥对三七土壤氮素运移转化影响,2017—2020年在泸西县大栗树村三七种植基地设置3个灌水水平0.4FC(W1),0.6FC(W2),0.8FC(W3),4个施肥水平3.20(F1),4.80(F2),6.20(F3)和120.00 kg/ha(F4),CK为对照,共13个处理.研究微喷灌施肥条件下不同灌水及施肥对三七土壤全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮运移转化影响.结果表明:不同灌水施肥全氮质量比随时间增加先增大后减小,硝态氮质量比随时间增加先减小后增大,铵态氮质量比随时间增加逐渐减小,8月W2F3全氮质量比最大,9月W2F4硝态氮质量比最大,6月W2F4铵态氮质量比最大.全氮和铵态氮质量比随土层深度增加逐渐减小,硝态氮质量比随土层深度增加先减小后增大,全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮聚集在土层0~10 cm, W2F3土壤全氮和硝态氮质量比最大,W2F4铵态氮质量比最大.灌水量与硝态氮和铵态氮相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.01),与全氮呈负相关且相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05),施肥量与硝态氮呈正相关且相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.01),与铵态氮相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05).该研究明确灌溉施肥可调控酸性红壤土三七氮素运移转化特性,改善农田微生态环境,提高水氮利用效率,为有效防治病虫害提供技术支持和理论依据.

不同种植模式和灌溉方式对麦棉产量、品质及经济效益的影响

【目的】揭示种植模式和灌溉方式对冬小麦和夏棉花(以下简称麦棉)产量、品质及综合经济效益的影响,为黄河流域麦棉两熟区的种植模式和灌溉方式的科学制定提供理论依据。【方法】基于裂区设计开展大田试验,将麦棉种植模式设定为主区,主区包含麦棉套种和麦后移栽2个水平,副区为灌溉方式,包含畦灌、微喷带灌溉和地表滴灌3个水平,共6个处理。【结果】相比麦棉套种模式,麦后移栽模式能够提升冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)和产量,提高冬小麦净收入;虽然麦后移栽模式下的棉花籽棉产量降低了5.64%,但麦棉合计净收入比麦棉套种模式提高了8.64%。相比畦灌和微喷带灌溉,地表滴灌能够显著提高麦棉株高、LAI、产量和经济效益,地表滴灌条件下的麦棉合计净收入比畦灌、微喷带灌溉分别提高36.01%和10.10%。麦后移栽和地表滴灌组合下的麦棉合计净收入最高,麦棉合计净收入最高达到15924.9元/hm^(2)。【结论】麦后移栽和地表滴灌分别是适宜于黄河流域麦棉两熟区的最佳种植模式与灌溉方式。

不同灌溉方式对土壤水热及生菜产量的影响

微喷灌、不覆膜滴灌、覆膜滴灌是提高灌溉水利用效率的重要灌溉方式,可改变农田局地小气候,协调农田水热状况,影响作物产量。为探讨生菜生育期内土壤水热及产量对微喷灌、不覆膜滴灌、覆膜滴灌的响应规律,于2020~2021年在云南省灌溉试验中心站开展了生菜灌溉试验。结果表明:与微喷灌相比较,不覆膜滴灌和覆膜滴灌可提高生菜根系层内土壤水储量,2020年分别提高了41.6%和37.5%,2021年分别提高了33.5%和29.5%。与微喷灌和不覆膜滴灌相比较,覆膜滴灌提高了生菜根系层内土壤温度,2020年分别提高了9.6%和12.3%,2021年分别提高了9.5%和10.3%。对于地温梯度,微喷灌最大,其次为不覆膜滴灌,最小为覆膜滴灌,2020年三种灌溉方式下的地温梯度值分别为0.0674,0.0587,0.037℃/cm,2021年分别为0.0669,0.0629,0.0467℃/cm。受土壤水热条件等的影响,覆膜滴灌条件下的生菜产量显著大于不覆膜滴灌和微喷灌,不覆膜滴灌生菜产量大于微喷灌。研究结果可为滇中地区生菜灌溉方式的调整等提供科学依据。

清代洒金纸样品“洒金”材料无损分析

洒金纸是我国传统的加工纸,其使用历史悠久,富于装饰效果,在书写、绘画、装帧等领域应用十分广泛,其经久不衰一直沿用至今。洒金纸也传播到邻近的朝鲜半岛、日本并广为流行。传统洒金纸使用一种或多种加工工艺制作而成,充分展现了中国古代独特的纸面装饰技术及艺术审美。目前存世的洒金纸文物艺术品种类、数量较多,但相关科技分析却鲜有报道。为了探讨传统洒金纸“洒金”材料和工艺,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜-能谱仪、红外光谱仪等手段,对一件清代洒金纸样品进行科技分析:通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜形貌观察,可见样品“洒金”区域呈箔片状并有金属光泽;利用扫描电镜-能谱仪对“洒金”颗粒进行能谱Mapping分析,可知Al、S、K、Cu、Ag、Au元素呈现明显的梯度分布且与“洒金”颗粒形状轮廓完全吻合,进一步分析表明其主呈色色料为Au,结合显微观察可知“洒金”材料的呈色物质为金箔,且制作金箔的Au伴生Ag、Cu等杂质;“洒金”材料中的Mg、Al、Si、S、K、Ca等元素应主要来源于填料,如常见的滑石(Mg_(3)[Si_(4)O_(10)](OH)_(2))、碳酸钙(CaCO_(3))等;红外光谱分析显示“洒金”材料的1 105、662cm^(-1)特征吸收峰与SO_(4)^(2-)的O—S—O键伸缩与弯曲振动峰1 106、662cm^(-1)一致,1 641cm^(-1)与3 277~3 337cm^(-1)特征吸收峰与明胶的特征吸收峰一致,结合扫描电镜-能谱分析“洒金”材料中含有K、Al、S等元素,暗示了“洒金”材料中应含有胶矾水,即胶粘剂由明胶、明矾(KAl(SO_(4))_(2)·12H_(2)O)组成,在“洒金”材料中起连接料的作用。研究表明,该样品的“洒金”主要由金箔呈色,利用胶矾水作胶粘剂并加填滑石、碳酸钙之类的填料。对传统洒金纸“洒金”材料与工艺的研究,为传统洒金纸的传承与发展,以及洒金纸文物艺术品的保护、修复、复制、鉴定等工作奠定了基础。

含疏水结构分子对脲醛树脂胶调制黏度的控制

为减缓改性脲醛树脂与面粉调配后黏度快速升高对胶合板淋胶工艺施胶均匀性的影响,本研究提出利用含疏水结构分子的乙二醇油酸酯、三油酸甘油酯和吐温-80削弱调配胶液组分间缔合作用,控制胶液黏度,并探讨含疏水结构分子对胶液黏度及其变化速率以及胶合强度的影响。结果表明,非离子型表面活性剂类含疏水结构分子的吐温-80添加量为胶液质量的1.6%时,胶液黏度由4039mPa·s降低至3429mPa·s,且在调配后0.5~5.5h内,胶液黏度平均增加速率相比对照组降低74%。非离子型表面活性剂类含疏水结构分子的亲水端保障其在胶液体系中均匀分散,疏水端有效削弱胶液组分间缔合作用;适当添加非离子型表面活性剂类含疏水结构分子,可提高胶合板的胶合强度,但添加过量时,会降低胶合板的胶合强度。

微喷带喷孔水力性能及流量预测模型研究

微喷带喷孔直径小,难以精准测量与加工,其单孔水力性能是微喷带标准化设计的瓶颈问题。为了精确预测微喷带喷孔水力特性,以内径32 mm无缝钢管为载体,采用精密激光技术加工了0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6和0.7mm 5种标准孔径喷孔,分别进行了10个压力水平下的流量测试,通过3次样条插值和多项式拟合构建了孔径-压力-流量模型,并与某进口微喷带0.3、0.35和0.54 mm 3种孔径的流量实测值进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,由实测数据建立的无缝钢管标准孔的压力流量公式拟合精度很高,决定系数均超过0.99;随着孔径的增大,小孔流量随压力变化较为敏感,且在较低压力下变化程度越加剧。由3次样条插值得到的孔径-压力-流量模型的预测精度总体上优于多项式拟合,前者预测的微喷带喷孔流量与实测值的相对误差绝对值是0.46%~4.69%,而后者达到0.91%~5.35%,而且预测小孔径0.3、0.35 mm的精度要优于大孔径0.54 mm。得到的无缝钢管标准孔径下压力流量特性以及孔径-压力-流量插值预测模型为微喷带产品的优化设计提供技术支撑。

Online coal dust suppression system for opencast coal mines

Coal is the major source of power in India and world over.Coal mining is an essential industry which has a major role in the economic development of the country.Most major mining activities contribute directly or indirectly to air pollution.Coal dust is a major air pollutant which affects the personal working in the mines and also people residing in villages near the mines.Air pollution due to coal particulates can affect human health and cause damages to the environment.Hence effective pollution control mechanisms are needed to keep the pollution levels within permissible levels.The easiest and most common method employed for dust suppression worldwide is sprinkling of water.In majority of mines,water sprinklers are operated manually and can lead to wastage of water due to over sprinkling.It can also prove to be ineffective in dust suppression if sprinkling is not done properly.The paper proposes a system which can be deployed to automate the dust suppressions sprinklers.The system will monitor the concentration of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in the air and initiate sprinkling operation when the particulate matter content exceeds preconfigured limits.