CFD-PBM coupled modeling of the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics and structure optimization for Kenics static mixer

Kenics static mixers(KSM)are extensively used in industrial mixing-reaction processes by virtue of high mixing efficiency,low power homogenization and easy continuous production.Resolving liquid droplet size and its distribution and thus revealing the dispersion characteristics are of great significance for structural optimization and process intensification in the KSM.In this work,a computational fluid dynamics-population balance model(CFD-PBM)coupled method is employed to systematically investigate the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters of KSM on droplet size and its distribution,to further reveal the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics.Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers or higher dispersed phase volume fractions increase energy dissipation,reducing Sauter mean diameter(SMD)of dispersed phase droplets and with a shift in droplet size distribution(DSD)towards smaller size.Smaller aspect ratios,greater blade twist and assembly angles amplify shear rate,leading to smaller droplet size and a narrower DSD in the smaller range.The degree of impact exerted by the aspect ratio is notably greater.Notably,mixing elements with different spin enhance shear and stretching efficiency.Compared to the same spin,SMD becomes 3.7-5.8 times smaller in the smaller size range with a significantly narrower distribution.Taking into account the pressure drop and efficiency in a comprehensive manner,optimized structural parameters for the mixing element encompass an aspect ratio of 1-1.5,a blade twist angle of 180°,an assembly angle of 90°,and interlaced assembly of adjacent elements with different spin.This work provides vital theoretical underpinning and future reference for enhancing KSM performance.

Measurement and Correlation of Liquid-liquid Equilibria for 1-Hexene-n-Hexane-3-Methysulfolane

Utilizing solvent extraction to separate alkanes and olefins from catalytic light gasoline is an effective method for maximizing the utility of gasoline fractions.This study presents the determination of liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system of 1-hexene-n-hexane-3-methylsulfolane at 30℃,40℃,and 50℃under atmospheric pressure.The obtained data facilitated the construction of a ternary phase diagram for the system.The results showed that the extraction selectivity of 1-hexene/n-hexane exceeded 1.5 when using 3-methylsulfolane as the extraction solvent.Furthermore,the thermodynamic consistency of the experimental data was examined using Hand’s equation and the Othmer-Tobias method.The correlation coefficient,R^(2)≥0.9578,indicated the acceptable reliability of the phase equilibrium data.Subsequently,the NRTL(non-random two liquid)model was used to correlate the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium data and derive the binary interaction parameter.Notably,the results demonstrated that the root mean square deviation of the NRTL model correlation values from the experimental values did not exceed 2.5%.

Upper-rim-modified thioether thiacalix[4]arene used for liquid-liquid extraction of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)in hydrochloric acid medium

Gold(Au)and palladium(Pd)play an increasing role in the production and human life;Therefore,it is of great significance to study their recovery.A 5,11,17,23-tetra-ethylthio-25,26,27,28-tetra-hydroxyl thiacalix[4]arene(TCAET)was synthesized specifically for the capture of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from HCl medium by liquid-liquid extraction.In a 0.1 mol·L^(-1)HCl medium,the transfer of Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)from the aqueous phase to the organic phase was highly efficient,with a transfer ratio of 100%for Au(Ⅲ)and 98%for Pd(Ⅱ).Furthermore,the extraction equilibrium time for Au(Ⅲ)was just 5 min.Job's method data demonstrated that TCAET formed complexes with Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)in a ratio of 2:3 and 1:1,respectively,during the extraction process.TCAET showed high selectivity toward Pd(Ⅱ)and Au(Ⅲ)over other competing metal ions.Moreover,both Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)could be successfully stripped from the loaded organic phases with a 1.0 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl and 0.5 mol·L^(-1)thiourea in 0.5 mol·L^(-1)HCl,respectively.Results obtained from five consecutive extraction-stripping cycles showed good reusability of TCAET toward Au(Ⅲ)and Pd(Ⅱ)recovery.The conclusion can provide a certain reference for thiacalixarene in the recovery of precious metal species.

The extraction of aromatics using N-methylpyrrolidone: Liquid-liquidequilibrium determination and mechanism exploration

LLE data of cyclooctane/3-methylpentane + benzene/toluene + N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 298.15 Kand 313.15 K under a pressure of 101.3 kPa were measured in this work. The Othmer-Tobias and Handequations were adopted to validate the reliability of LLE data, where the correlation coefficients (R2) wereclose to unity, indicating the high reliability of the experimental data. The experimental data were analyzed using the distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S), and the effect of NMP extracting benzene and toluene from aromatics was explored. Meanwhile, the reason for the different extractionefficiencies of benzene and toluene using NMP was analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. TheNRTL and UNIQUAC thermodynamic models were used to correlate the liquid–liquid equilibrium data,and the relevant binary interaction parameters were obtained. The calculated root mean square deviation(RMSD) were all less than 0.0063, indicating that the obtained binary interaction parameters can be usedto simulate and calculate the extraction of aromatics using NMP.

Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber microstructure on formaldehyde carbonylation performance in membrane contactor

Membrane contactor is regarded as a promising method for reaction and process intensification. The feasibility of formaldehyde carbonylation to synthesize glycolic acid using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane contactor has been proved in our previous study. In this paper, the effect of membrane microstructure on process performance was further investigated. Three porous PTFE hollow fibers with different pore sizes and one polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/PTFE composite membrane with dense layer were fabricated for comparison. The physical and chemical properties of four membranes, including chemical composition, morphology, contact angle, liquid entry pressure, thermodynamic analysis and gas permeability, were systemically characterized. Experiments of formaldehyde carbonylation under different reaction conditions were conducted. The results indicated that the yield of glycolic acid increased with decreasing pore size for porous membranes, which was due to the improvement of wetting behavior. The dense layer of PDMS in composite hollow fiber could effectively prevent the solvent from entering membrane pores, thus the membrane exhibited the best performance. At reaction temperature of 120℃ and operation pressure of 3.0 MPa, the yield of glycolic acid was always higher than 90% as the mass ratio of trioxane and phosphotungstic acid increased from 0.2:1 to 0.8:1. The highest turnover frequency was up to 26.37 mol·g^(-1)·h^(-1). This study provided a reference for the understanding and optimization of membrane contactors for the synthesis of glycolic acid using solvent with low surface tension.

基于Bayes推断的交流接触器剩余电寿命预测

针对交流接触器可靠性开展研究,首先分析交流接触器的电弧侵蚀机理,建立了计及电弧电压及电弧重燃影响的电弧侵蚀模型,根据该模型仿真得到的交流接触器性能退化特征参量变化过程与交流接触器的实际退化规律一致。分析不同工况下性能退化数据特征,提出了不同工况下先验信息的等效折算方法,解决了不同工况下的先验信息利用问题。建立了基于Bayes推断的交流接触器剩余电寿命预测模型,提高了剩余电寿命预测精度,实现了利用不同工况下性能退化数据对交流接触器进行剩余电寿命预测。在AC-4、AC-3两种工况下进行了交流接触器电寿命仿真分析及实验分析,相对误差均小于5.5%,验证了方法的准确性。

电气部件三维建模方法探析——以交流接触器为例

介绍数字化电气设计中电气部件常用的两种三维建模方法,详细描述基于外形尺寸的三维绘制和借助扫描仪进行三维扫描建模的具体操作流程及注意事项。通过比较两种建模方法的优缺点,供设计者在实践中选择合适的建模方法,提高设计效率和准确性。

基于触头燃弧损耗的动车组交流接触器剩余电寿命预测

动车组交流接触器的性能状态与列车运行安全密切相关。针对动车组交流接触器在三相不均匀燃弧损耗工况下,特征参数变化趋势与电寿命趋势的复杂映射关系问题,提出一种基于触头燃弧损耗的电寿命预测方法。首先,基于触点的燃弧机理,分析了导致三相触头之间燃弧损耗差异的原因,并在此基础上进行了随机燃弧损耗和定相燃弧损耗2种模式下的电寿命试验。然后,提取电寿命试验过程中的接触器特征参数,利用Spearman等级相关系数方法计算各特征参数与累积燃弧损耗之间的相关性,以此筛选出相关性强的特征参数构成状态识别的特征参数组。接着通过多元线性回归的方法对特征参数组进行融合,得到表征燃弧损耗状态的指标,对比指标曲线与实际寿命曲线发现试验样本存在初始燃弧损耗量的问题。之后建立基于相似性的接触器剩余燃弧损耗量预测模型,在评估环节引入能将初始燃弧损耗量的不确定性问题转化为时延问题的时延参数,通过交叉验证的方法选定最优时延参数,并建立综合评价指标对模型进行评估。最后,利用试验样本对预测模型进行了验证,并以定相燃弧损耗样本为例通过接触器电寿命映射模型对剩余电寿命进行了计算。结果表明,所提出的方法能够成功地定量评价接触器在三相不均匀燃弧损耗情况下的剩余电寿命,且能够直观表现剩余寿命的变化过程,预测误差仅为0.9%~12.1%。

基于MCGS和PLC的剪板机电气控制系统设计

剪板机是工业中常用的一种对材料进行裁剪的工具,针对剪板机工作的安全性和可靠的操作性、以及剪板机工作流程和控制特点进行了分析,选用人机交互MCGS组态技术和FX3U-48MR型PLC组合作为控制单元,设计了剪板机的人机交互界面进行实时监控和数据采集,剪板机工作的电气控制电路和软件控制系统。经过实践,该设计方案合理,安全可靠性高,实用性强,达到了设计要求。

接触器低速大吸力合闸优化控制策略

为了更好地抑制接触器合闸触头弹跳,提出一种控制策略以优化合闸过程。首先,利用线圈电压与电流作为输入构建参数观测器,实时观测接触器的动态吸力、弹簧反力、动铁心速度及位移。在此基础上,构造双闭环控制结构,外环采用模糊控制逐次调节超程前吸力裕量,内环将吸力裕量与实时弹簧反力叠加用作参考吸力,进行吸力闭环控制,实现外环动铁心合闸速度的逐次迭代优化。将观测位移与触头开距进行实时比较,一旦动铁心运动到超程阶段时,增大吸力参考,使电磁吸力快速增加,实现触头的低速大吸力合闸,以压制动铁心反弹,尽量抑制触头弹跳,并兼顾可靠合闸。通过仿真与实验验证了方案的可行性,该控制策略对依靠电磁力进行操动的电磁及永磁开关的合闸优化具有一定意义。

单稳态永磁接触器集成化磁链闭环控制技术

鉴于单稳态永磁接触器现有的控制方案存在成本高、可靠性低且优化困难等缺陷,该文提出一种集成化磁链闭环控制方案。首先,将电机传动领域的专用集成功率芯片应用到单稳态永磁接触器的智能控制中,设计其集成驱动电路;在此基础上,采用磁链闭环直接控制接触器的总磁链,在合闸过程中仅需设置一较小的恒定磁链参考值,即可实现自动弱磁,防止合闸末期永磁力过大造成严重的触头弹跳;在分闸过程中仅需设置总磁链参考值为0,即可使电磁磁链实时抵消永磁磁链,防止产生剩余吸力,造成分断速度降低,进而提高分闸性能。该文提出的方案既简化了单稳态永磁接触器硬件控制电路的设计,又降低了其优化控制的难度,对高性能永磁接触器的工程推广具有参考价值。

磁链闭环控制下接触器的优化设计方法

该文对接触器的优化设计进行研究,将磁链闭环控制引入接触器本体优化设计中,实现控制策略与本体优化设计的协同。首先,综合考虑接触器的外部漏磁和磁场分布特性,在三维有限元动态仿真的基础上构建改进的磁路模型,以实现磁路模型的参数化计算。然后,提出了一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)与磁路模型相结合进行优化设计,以Pareto前沿个数判断种群进化进程,实现自适应遗传-差分混合进化策略,提高了多目标优化设计算法的全局收敛性和收敛速度。最后,将恒磁链闭环控制策略与多目标优化设计相结合,通过减小接触器的电磁惯性、机械惯性及提高控制磁通密度,来提高机构响应速度和磁性材料利用率,同时减小触头弹跳。仿真及实验验证了改进磁路模型及多目标优化设计方法的有效性。

基于ERF和BO-SVC的交流接触器触头故障识别方法

针对交流接触器各状态样本不均衡导致故障状态识别精度低和特征冗余度高的问题,文中提出一种基于嵌入式随机森林(embedded random forest,ERF)和贝叶斯优化非线性支持向量机(Bayesian optimization-support vector classification,BO-SVC)的复合识别方法。首先,通过交流接触器全寿命试验平台提取接触器状态特征,并针对各状态样本间不均衡导致识别精度低现象,提出一种基于权重法的样本均衡处理策略。然后,使用ERF对均衡后样本进行特征选择和降维,提取最能表征触头状态变化规律的最优特征。最后,将最优特征输入到BO-SVC识别模型,与另外2种代表性模型作为对比,以精确率、召回率和F1-分数3个指标对各模型性能进行评估。在3个指标上,文中方法的结果分别达到95.22%、98.91%和97.01%,均高于对比模型。以F1-分数为指标,在4组样本上对各模型性能进行测试,结果表明文中方法的F1-分数平均高出对比模型0.56%和27.28%,验证文中研究有效解决了交流接触器特征冗余和故障识别精度低的问题。

不同磁场条件下直流接触器电弧开断特性的仿真研究

直流接触器是实现分断、功率切换以及故障保护等功能的关键器件。文中以某直流接触器为例,建立了直流接触器氢气电弧特性仿真的二维磁流体动力学模型,该模型综合考虑了外部负载电路、触头运动以及非均匀外部磁场等因素对接触器电弧特性的影响,仿真研究了不同磁钢厚度下密闭式直流接触器内电弧开断过程中的电流电压变化曲线以及温度场分布。研究结果表明,在不同磁钢厚度的非均匀磁场作用下,450 V/400 A、充气压力为4 atm(1 atm=101 kPa)的直流接触器内部电弧的燃弧时间有所不同,并且随着磁钢厚度增大,磁场强度变强,燃弧时间缩短,磁钢厚度为5.5 mm时的燃弧时间最短。

基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测方法

从接触器失效机理出发,通过有限元和动力学仿真详细分析超程时间退化过程,进而提出一种基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测方法。建立基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测模型,设计并搭建接触器可靠性试验平台,并基于SJD-10048NK电磁接触器试验数据,分析预测接触器的剩余寿命,相对误差约为10%,验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明所提方法能够对接触器寿命进行准确预测,对于接触器的可靠性状态评估及其维护管理具有重要指导意义。

基于多特征增强融合的交流接触器状态表征

准确掌握交流接触器的运行状态是实现交流接触器智能化的基础,为此提出了一种基于多特征增强融合的状态表征方法。首先针对交流接触器特征参数非线性、非平稳、随机变化、趋势性不明显但符合一定统计特性的特点,利用Wasserstein概率距离进行特征变换得到趋势性较强的初态特征;然后以多属性初态特征参数为驱动,考虑参数间强耦合的特点,利用自编码器神经网络进行特征压缩提取,剔除冗余信息,保留有用信息;在此基础上,以压缩提取特征为输入,通过自组织映射神经网络来实现多维特征的竞争性融合输出,得到交流接触器运行状态的综合健康指标,实现交流接触器状态的定量表征。最后,结合实测数据验证了所提方法的有效性,并与其他2种方法相比较,结果表明:所提方法得到的健康指标趋势性、单调性和鲁棒性相比其他2种方法分别至少提高了4%、24%和5%,研究可为下一步研究交流接触器的精准控制和智能化提供参考。

The pathogenic mechanism of TAR DNA-binding protein 43(TDP-43)in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is usually characterized by focal death of both upper and/or lower motor neurons occurring in the motor cortex,basal ganglia,brainstem,and spinal cord,and commonly involves the muscles of the upper and/or lower extremities,and the muscles of the bulbar and/or respiratory regions.However,as the disease progresses,it affects the adjacent body regions,leading to generalized muscle weakness,occasionally along with memory,cognitive,behavioral,and language impairments;respiratory dysfunction occurs at the final stage of the disease.The disease has a complicated pathophysiology and currently,only riluzole,edaravone,and phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol are licensed to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in many industrialized countries.The TAR DNA-binding protein 43 inclusions are observed in 97%of those diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.This review provides a preliminary overview of the potential effects of TAR DNAbinding protein 43 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,including the abnormalities in nucleoplasmic transport,RNA function,post-translational modification,liquid-liquid phase separation,stress granules,mitochondrial dysfunction,oxidative stress,axonal transport,protein quality control system,and non-cellular autonomous functions(e.g.,glial cell functions and prion-like propagation).

并联双线圈式直流接触器电磁机构合闸动作特性

直流接触器是新能源系统以及电动汽车中配置最为广泛的开关电器之一。而直流接触器的动态特性是衡量直流接触器性能的重要指标之一。文中以并联双线圈式直流接触器为研究对象,建立了直流接触器电磁机构的动力学模型,利用基于Adams与Maxwell软件的联合仿真研究方法对直流接触器的电磁机构进行合闸过程的仿真分析,研究结果表明,机构合闸动作的仿真合闸时间与试验合闸时间相吻合,验证了该仿真方法的正确性。同时研究了弹簧参数和线圈参数等因素对机构合闸运动特性的影响,发现在一定范围内弹簧预压力变化对合闸时间影响不大,线圈安匝数增大会导致合闸时间变小,线圈内阻增大会导致合闸时间变大且动触头弹跳更剧烈。文中的仿真方法与结果能为直流接触器电磁机构的改进设计与优化提供一定参考。

金属栅片作用下直流接触器电弧动态特性仿真研究

直流接触器电弧的动态特性对触头分断性能有重要影响。基于磁流体动力学(MHD)理论,建立金属栅片式电弧模型,赋予栅片鞘层假设,模拟实际工况。通过分析电弧温度、电流密度、气流场等因素,解释了电弧重燃现象,并研究了栅片不同倾斜角度对电弧重燃的影响。结果表明:电弧重燃的主要原因是熄弧后残留的高温气体产生的热电离,促进了局部放电和重击穿作用;改变栅片倾斜角度可以改变气流场和洛伦兹力作用方向,角度为20°时,重燃次数最少,燃弧时间最短。

载流滑动摩擦部件表面失效及其修复技术研究进展

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