Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Properties of Laser Cladding Layer of H13 Die Steel Strengthened by Ultrasonic Rolling

Laser cladding is a new surface repair method that can improve the wear and corrosion resistance of substrate surfaces.However,the cladding layer typically exhibits a rough surface,high hardness and large residual tensile stress,and thus requires further machining and finishing.Ultrasonic rolling(U-rolling)is a highly efficient finishing and strengthening process that combines ultrasonic technology with traditional rolling(T-rolling).In this study,an ironbased alloy was coated onto the surface of H13 die steel using laser cladding,and the surface of the cladding layer was polished using U-rolling.The effects of U-rolling on the surface quality,corrosion resistance and friction and wear properties of the laser-cladding layer were investigated and compared with those obtained by T-rolling.The surface roughness of the U-rolled sample was only 1/4 that of the T-rolled sample.The hardness and residual compressive stress of the laser cladding layer after U-rolling were higher than those after T-rolling.Similarly,the surface corrosion resistance of the laser cladding layer after U-rolling was higher than that after T-rolling.U-rolling changed the surface roughness,grain size,and residual stress of the material and thus affected the corrosion resistance of the laser cladding layer.The friction coefficient and wear rate of the U-rolled surface of the cladding layer were lower than those of the T-rolled surface.In addition,the tribological properties of the cladding layer were found to be related to the rolling direction.When the friction direction of the sample was the same as the rolling direction,its friction and wear performance were higher than those when the two directions were perpendicular.

The Effects of Different Post-Heat Treatments on Rolling Contact Fatigue Behaviors of Direct Laser Cladding Inconel 625 Coatings

In this paper,the microstructures and rolling contact fatigue behaviors of laser cladding Inconel 625 coatings with or without post-heat treatments were analyzed.The results revealed that the fatigue resistance of the laser cladding coating after any post-heat treatment was worse than that of the as-deposited coating.First,through the finite element analysis,the distribution of stress along the thickness direction of the coating was obtained,and it was concluded that the bonding interface between the coating and the matrix had little effect on the fatigue properties of the coating.Then X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS)were used to analyze the microstructure and failure morphology.The results revealed that the subsurface failure morphology of the coatings showed a consistent correlation with rolling fatigue property after different heat treatments.The TCP phase and carbides have been shown in the laser cladding coating.The coating after stress relieved annealing exhibited chain-shaped granular carbides on the grain boundaries which could accelerate crack propagation.The aging heat treatment made small amounts of Laves phase dissolved in the coating,while the dispersed phase was precipitated which could result in the formation of pores.And the solution treatment made large amounts of Laves phase dissolved,while the rod-shape brittle phases were generated which was easy to fracture and contribute to crack initiation and spalling.

Effect of Reduction on Bonding Interface of Hot-rolled Wear-resistant Steel BTW1/Q345R Cladding Plate

Wear-resistant cladding plates consisting of a substrate（Q345 R） and a clad layer（BTW1） were bonded through hot rolling at the temperature of 1 200 ℃ and a rolling speed of 0.5 m/s. The microhardness of the cladding plate was also tested after being heat treated. The microstructure evolution on the interface of BTW1/Q345 R sheets under various reduction rates was investigated with a scanning electron microscope（SEM） and EBSD. It is found that the micro-cracks and oxide films on the interface disappear when the reduction is 80%, whereas the maximum uniform diffusion distance reaches 10 μm. As a result, a wide range of metallurgical bonding layers forms, which indicates an improved combination between the BTW1 and the Q345 R. Additionally, it is discovered that the unbroken oxide films on the interface are composed of Mn, Si or Cr at the reductions of 50% and 65%. The SEM fractography of tensile specimen demonstrates that the BTW1 has significant dimple characteristics and possesses lower-sized dimples with the increment in reduction, suggesting that the toughness and bonding strength of the cladding plates would be improved by the increase of reduction. The results reveal that a high rolling reduction causes the interfacial oxide film broken and further forms a higher-sized composite metallurgical bonding interface. The peak microhardness is achieved near the interface.

Multi-scale Simulation on Bonding Mechanism of Solid-Liquid Cast-Rolling of Cu/Al Cladding Strip based on FEM and MD

To explore the complex thermal-mechanical-chemical behavior in the solid-liquid cast-roll bonding(SLCRB) of Cu/Al cladding strip, numerical simulations were conducted from both macro and micro scales. In macro-scale, with birth and death element method, a thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model(FEM) was set up to explore the temperature and contact pressure distribution at the Cu/Al bonding interface in the SLCRB process. Taking these macro-scale simulation results as boundary conditions, we simulated the atom diffusion law of the bonding interface by molecular dynamics(MD) in micro-scale. The results indicate that the temperature in Cu/Al bonding interface deceases from 700 to 320 ℃ from the entrance to the exit of caster, and the peak of contact pressure reaches up to 140 MPa. The interfacial diffusion thickness depends on temperature and rolling reduction, higher temperature results in larger thickness, and the rolling reduction below kiss point leads to significant elongation deformation of cladding strip which yields more newborn interface with fresh metal and make the diffusion layer thinner. The surface roughness of Cu strip was found to be benefit to atoms diffusion in the Cu/Al bonding interface. Meanwhile, combined with the SEM-EDS observation on the microstructure and composition in the bonding interface of the experimental samples acquired from the castrolling bite, it is revealed that the rolling reduction and severe elongation deformation in the solid-solid contact zone below kiss point guarantee the satisfactory metallurgical bonding with thin and smooth diffusion layer. The bonding mechanisms of reactive diffusion, mechanical interlocking and crack bonding are proved to coexist in the SLCRB process.

Improvement of material properties and cladded flat product productivity with roll-bonding technology

Taking advantage of the progress of roll-bonding technology, the integrity of the material technology, and the development of the production and examination facilities of all the main carbon steels, stainless steels and specialty alloys in Baosteel, the cladded flat new products, which combined both properties of base material and clad material ,have been developed and produced in large quantities. The product categories includes heavy plates with high alloy content and homogeneous distribution in thickness and carbon steel plates cladded with all kinds of stainless steels ,nickel alloys ,and titanium alloys. The double-sided and single-sided cladding hot roiled strips and cold rolled sheets were also commercially produced. Due to the combined properties of both the cladding material and backing material, all products show obvious improvement in properties when compared with solid material. The comparability with the existing production process and equipment laid a very solid foundation for high productivity.

Cast-rolling force model in solid-liquid cast-rolling bonding(SLCRB) process for fabricating bimetal clad strips

Based on twin-roll casting, a cast-rolling force model was proposed to predict the rolling force in the bimetal solid-liquid cast-rolling bonding(SLCRB) process. The solid-liquid bonding zone was assumed to be below the kiss point(KP). The deformation resistance of the liquid zone was ignored. Then, the calculation model was derived. A 2D thermal-flow coupled simulation was established to provide a basis for the parameters in the model, and then the rolling forces of the Cu/Al clad strip at different rolling speeds were calculated. Meanwhile, through measurement experiments, the accuracy of the model was verified. The influence of the rolling speed, the substrate strip thickness, and the material on the rolling force was obtained. The results indicate that the rolling force decreases with the increase of the rolling speed and increases with the increase of the thickness and thermal conductivity of the substrate strip. The rolling force is closely related to the KP height. Therefore, the formulation of reasonable process parameters to control the KP height is of great significance to the stability of cast-rolling forming.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a high strength and high corrosion resistance roll-bonded clad checkered plate

The checkered plate,also known as the floor/pattern plate ,has a raised pattern that provides excellent skid resistance for a wide range of applications. As one of most commonly used products, the carbon steel checkered plate requires a high-cost coating for corrosion resistance. Although the austenitic stainless steel checkered plate meets corrosion resistance requirements ,it does not necessarily provide high overall performance due to its low yield strength, which means greater thickness and weight. Combining the advantages of stainless and carbon structural steel, Baosteel has developed a new roll-bonded clad checkered plate that exhibits high performance in skid resistance, strength, and corrosion resistance. Metallographic analysis shows the cladding interfaces to be very good, with stainless steel filling the whole pattern and a uniform microstructure in the different cladding layers. The yield strength and tensile strength of the product are 470 MPa and 610 MPa, respectively. In addition,the fracture morphology exhibits excellent interfacial bonding properties. We performed external and internal bend tests at room temperature, 180°, and 0.7a without the development of any cracks, which indicates its excellent formability.

Microstructure evolution,mechanical properties and tailoring of coefficient of thermal expansion for Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets fabricated by hot rolling

The law of microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of hot roll bonded Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets were systematically investigated and the theoretical prediction model of the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was established successfully.The results show that the deformation of Cu and Mo layers was gradually coherent with an increase in rolling reduction and temperature and excellent interface bonding was achieved under the condition of a large rolling reduction.The development of the microstructure and texture through the thickness of Cu and Mo layers was inhomogeneous.This phenomenon can be attributed to the friction between the roller and sheet surface and the uncoordinated deformation between Cu and Mo.The tensile strength of the clad sheets increased with increasing rolling reduction and the elongation was gradually decreased.The CTE of Cu/Mo/Cu clad sheets was related to the volume fraction of Mo.The finite element method can simulate the deformation and stress distribution during the thermal expansion process.The simulation result indicates that the terminal face of the clad sheets was sunken inward.

Interfacial Microstructure of Al-Sn-Pb Alloy/Steel During Liquid-Solid Bonding Rolling

Studies were conducted on the interfacial microstructure of a steel/liquid aluminium and its evolution during the bonding rolling process. The effects of wetting time and deformation on the diffusion layer and on the bonding strength were examined. By means of electron microscopy and electron probe analysis, it was found that the diffusion layer is mainly composed of FeAI3. For a steel temperature of 250℃ and an aluminium temperature of 850 ~C, the diffusion layer was formed within 3 s, and the shear strength of the samples increased after 8 to 14 s. Although the interface was not damaged, it was deformed notably. For an aluminium temperature of 750℃ and a wetting time of 11 to 17 s, the shear strength of the interface remained high, but the interface was obviously broken during rolling, leading to reduced bonding strength.

Effect of Mechanical Surface Treatment on the Bonding Mechanism and Properties of Cold‑Rolled Cu/Al Clad Plate

In the case of valuable cold-rolled Cu/Al clad plates,billet surface treatment before rolling is a significant process that can affect the bonding efficiency and quality.While the current studies primarily focus on the influence of rolling parameters,insufficient attention has been paid to surface treatment.In this study,the effects of mechanical surface treatment on the bonding mechanism and bonding properties of cold-rolled Cu/Al clad plates were investigated.The results showed that different mechanical surface treatments have significant effects on the surface morphology,roughness,and residual stress.In addition,the effect of surface mechanical treatment on bonding quality was also observed to be critical.When the grinding direction was consistent with the rolling direction(RD),the bonding quality of the Cu/Al clad plates was significantly improved.After surface treatment along the RD for 20 s,the Cu/Al clad plates showed the highest shear strength(78 MPa),approximately four times as high as that of the unpolished samples.Simultaneously,the peel strength of this process was also significantly higher than that achieved via the other processes.Finally,on the basis of the surface morphology,roughness,and residual stress,the effect of surface treatment on the bonding mechanism and bonding properties of Cu/Al clad plates was analyzed.This study proposes a deeper understanding of the bonding behavior and bonding mechanism for cold rolled clad plates processed via mechanical surface treatment.

Microstructure and properties of S30403+Q345R roll-bonded clad steel plate for pressure vessels

To meet the demand of the domestic pressure vessel industry for roll-bonded clad steel plates, Baosteel has developed an S30403 ＋ Q345R roll-bonded clad steel plate. Comprehensive inspections of the composition, microstructure, and properties are made to systematically evaluate the steel plate in the normalized and normalized ＋ stress relieved states. The results show the cladding interface of the S30403 ＋ Q345R roll-bonded clad steel plate has high shear strength, the base metal has good properties, and the mechanical properties of the steel plate head and tail are uniform. The performance is fully consistent with the technical requirements of the roll-bonded clad steel plate for pressure vessels.

Development of a roll-bonded UNS N08825 alloy clad pipeline steel in Baosteel

In this study, a roll-bonded UNS N088225 alloy clad pipeline steel was investigated and developed in Baosteel. Based on the requirements of a number of potential projects, we performed a series of strict evaluations including mechanical and corrosion tests. The results show the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of this clad steel to be excellent and to meet the requirements of all the design parameters.

Development of S11306+SA516Gr70 roll-bonded clad steel plate for pressure vessels

To meet the demand of the pressure vessel industry, Baosteel has developed an S11306 ＋ SA516Gr70 roll-bonded clad steel plate. Comprehensive inspections of the composition, microstructure, and properties are performed to systematically evaluate the steel plate in normalized state and normalized ＋ stress relieved state. The results show the cladding interface of the Sl1306 ＋ SA516Gr70 roll-bonded clad steel plate has high shear strength, and the base metal has good mechanical properties. The performance is fully consistent with the technical requirements of the roll-bonded clad steel plate for pressure vessels.

钢轨材料局部激光熔覆自熔性合金涂层的磨损与滚动接触疲劳行为

激光熔覆技术可用于钢轨局部损伤表面的局部修复,但局部修复钢轨材料的磨损与滚动接触疲劳损伤规律尚不清楚。通过在钢轨试样表面切除凹槽来模拟局部损伤,在凹槽处激光熔覆Ni基、Fe基和Co基自熔性合金粉末,分析修复钢轨微观组织与硬度,然后利用双轮对滚试验研究局部修复钢轨试样的磨损与滚动接触疲劳行为。结果表明,激光熔覆涂层形成了共晶与枝晶组织,Ni基涂层组织粗大、硬度较小,Fe基与Co基涂层组织尺寸较小,Fe基涂层硬度最大,Co基涂层硬度居中。相比未熔覆区域,激光熔覆区(涂层)塑性变形层厚度较小,且涂层原始硬度越高,硬化后硬度越大,但硬化率和硬化层厚度更小。未熔覆区滚动接触疲劳裂纹较长,但裂纹角度较小;熔覆区裂纹长度均有所降低,但裂纹扩展角度明显增大;熔覆区与未熔覆区结合处疲劳损伤最为严重,疲劳裂纹角度和深度均比熔覆区和未熔覆区更大。对比分析发现,Stellite21(Co基)熔覆试样摩擦因数较低,熔覆区与未熔覆区磨损深度差较小,抗滚动接触疲劳性能较好,较为适合钢轨局部损伤的激光修复。研究结果可为激光熔覆技术在钢轨局部修复上的应用与优化提供理论与技术指导。

退火工艺对Cu/Al复层材料界面影响的研究

采用纯铜/纯铝和纯铜/铝合金进行400℃温轧和退火热处理,并对得到的Cu/Al复层材料进行界面结合强度测试、界面金相显微组织分析和界面扫描电镜分析。结果表明:Cu/Al复层材料界面处Cu/Al中间相的形成需要一定的孕育期,其形成过程为:形核→核长大→沿界面横向连片生长→沿界面法线方向纵向生长;纯铜/纯铝复层材料最佳退火工艺为300℃×1 h,最大界面结合强度可达2.4 N/mm;而纯铜/铝合金为300℃×3 h,界面结合强度最大值为3.1 N/mm,保证了材料的成型性能,同时防止金属间化合物的生成;经较高温度的长时退火(500℃×5 h),纯铜/铝合金比纯铜/纯铝复层材料界面更容易形成脆性金属间化合物相,导致界面结合强度的降低,造成界面在剥离条件下的脆性断裂。

镁/铝复合板热轧过程轧制力和厚度预测与分析

热轧镁/铝复合板各层厚度直接决定了它能否满足不同环境条件下的使用要求,因此,研究决定各层厚度的轧制力和厚度预测模型对轧制过程控制和产品的性能提升具有重要的意义。本文建立了AZ31B镁合金和5052铝合金在轧制过程中变形抗力的PSO-BP预测模型,高精度地表征其在不同温度、应变和应变速率下的变形特性。结果表明:镁合金对应模型的的R2、RMSE和AARE分别为0.99165、3.4251和0.56%,铝合金对应模型的R2、RMSE和AARE分别为0.99496、2.8092和1.43%,验证了PSO-BP模型用于描述两种金属材料的准确性和可靠性。在镁/铝复合板轧制过程中,轧制力随着压下率和入口总厚度的增加而增大,随着入口厚比的减小,轧制力呈增大的趋势。镁/铝复合板出口厚比随着压下率和入口总厚度的增大而减小,随着入口厚比的减小,出口厚比也呈减小的趋势。

Fe基合金激光熔覆工艺参数优化及其性能研究

采用激光熔覆工艺参数,对轧辊表面裂纹使用Fe基金属粉末涂层修复,再对涂层进行力学性能测试,探索出最优工艺参数。在不同工艺参数下制备涂层,切取所需试验样品。采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析Fe基金属激光熔覆试样的物相组成。用金相显微镜分析了Fe基金属激光熔覆试样的显微组织结构,用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Fe基金属激光熔覆试样的晶体结构。用显微硬度仪测试了Fe基金属激光熔覆试样的维氏显微硬度。用高速摩擦试验机对Fe基金属激光熔覆试样进行耐摩擦测试。结果表明:涂层组织均且致密,所有涂层表面都没有裂纹和气孔,物相基本以(Fe,Ni)为主,硬度在260~428 HV0.2,涂层的摩擦系数在0.6左右,磨损率都在10^(-5)这个数量级。Fe基金属粉末激光熔覆涂层拥有良好力学性能,能很好的修复轧辊的同时还可延长使用寿命。2000 W激光功率和扫描速度10 mm/s是最佳熔覆参数。

热连轧机轧制力成比例负荷分配的CLAD算法

为了实现热连轧精轧机组负荷分配的在线优化设定,提出一种轧制力成比例负荷分配的新算法CLAD算法(change load ratio by adjusting draft).其要点是通过调整压下量的偏差来使当前轧制力与目标轧制力的偏差最小化.根据轧制力成比例原则建立非线性方程组,结合假设条件,将系数矩阵简化为对角阵,经数学推导给出了新算法的迭代公式和收敛条件.提出一种经验插值法确定初始值,使得负荷分配迭代计算能快速收敛.对宝钢典型轧制案例的模拟计算验证了新算法具有计算速度快、收敛性好等优点,可用于在线计算.

真空热轧连接技术及应用

许多异种金属焊接结构,由于材料本征属性差异大,无法直接熔焊连接。利用真空热轧制备异种金属复合结构是工程适应性最佳方案。文中介绍了真空制坯和真空无制坯两种热轧方法的技术原理及其研究现状,并分析了两种方法的技术差异。文中为异种金属结构连接提供了有效的途径。

双金属板材异步轧制复合轧后层厚建模与分析

根据双层金属复合板材同径异速异步轧制复合问题,利用流函数法和上界法建立了异步轧制轧后层厚的数学计算模型。进行异步轧制有限元模拟,将有限元模拟结果与理论结果进行对比,所建立的理论模型误差范围为2.55%~4.17%。该模型不仅可以快速计算轧后复合板的层厚比,在单一工况下,还能快速掌握不同工艺参数(压下量、初始板厚、异速比、层厚比)对轧后层厚比的影响规律,对设置和优化生产工艺提供了重要参考。