The Leisure Style of Men of Letters in the Late Ming Dynasty and Its Social Influence

This paper explored the background of the leisure boom among the literati in the late Ming Dynasty from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and social environment, and elaborated the leisure styles of the literati in terms of enjoying a sightseeing tour, sampling wine and tea, appreciating and collecting calligraphy and painting works, favoring theatergoing, indulging in dallying with prostitutes, practicing meditation, and building gardens, and analyzed the influence of their leisure styles on the painting and calligraphy art, drama, literary creation, garden construction and other aspects of the society at that time. It is hoped that this paper can provide a deep understanding of social politics, economy, ideology and culture in the late Ming Dynasty and a reference for the development of the current leisure tourism.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Study on the medication rule of herbs for uterine bleeding in ancient Chinese medicine

To explore the rule of medication in metrorrhagia treatment in ancient China.Based on the electronic publication“Chinese Medical Dictionary”,collect relevant literature on the treatment of metrorrhagia metrostaxis by various physicians in the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1368 C.E.–1644 C.E.),extract the effective prescriptions for the treatment of metrorrhagia metrostaxis,and evaluate the frequency of cluster statistical analysis including its effect,flavor and meridian tropism.A total of 199 prescriptions about metrorrhagia and 196 traditional Chinese medicines were included.The results shed light on how ancient Chinese doctors used herbs.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,people recognized the pathogenesis of uterine bleeding and classified it using traditional Chinese medicine theories.Different herbs are given to different patients according to their clinical characteristics.This paper explains the classification of medicines in ancient China in English.A corresponding botanical name was used for each herb.

晚清新教来华传教士语境中的literature概念——以米怜为中心

作为最早一批新教来华传教士群体的代表人物之一,米怜的大部分传教士生涯是在远离中国内地的东南亚地区度过的。而米怜的传教士生涯,并不仅仅以其实际传教引人注目,其在新教区的开拓及教务管理、位于马六甲的英华书院的开办、《圣经》中译等方面的贡献同样突出。此外,米怜还是一位勤奋而多产的著述家,其中尤以他先后主持过的《印中搜闻》《察世俗每月统计传》等英、中文期刊,以及他所撰写的《张远两友相论》等中文文本影响久远。米怜在其著述中,亦多次提及literature一词来描述西方语境和中文语境中的某些对象。米怜使用literature一词的经验,无疑是考察此一时期新教来华传教士使用literature实际使用境况的重要个案之一。

关系恶化与形象逆转:明中后期佛郎机负面形象的多重建构

佛郎机是新航路开辟后明代中国对葡萄牙和西班牙的称谓,因为关系恶化,明代中国人心目中的佛郎机形象极具负面色彩。这一负面形象的建构成型大体经历四个阶段。葡萄牙人在广东沿海的蛮横举动和不法行为是促成其负面形象初步生成的根本原因;葡萄牙人北上闽浙,以及他们与倭寇、海盗的合流,使得佛郎机之负面形象得以延续;葡萄牙人在中国澳门的无序扩张及其对中国国家安全的冲击挑战,让澳夷佛郎机的负面形象日益固化;西班牙人对旅菲华人的奴役、迫害与大规模屠杀,为闽南士民丑诋佛郎机的形塑运动再添动力,吕宋佛郎机形象与葡萄牙人形象相互叠加,最终整合成明代负面佛郎机形象。佛郎机负面形象的生成与延续,是明代中葡、中西关系负向互动的产物,并对双边关系的发展演变造成负面影响。

重审晚明:从文人士夫的知识世界谈起

“晚明文学”的图景是五四新文化运动的产物,在古今中西的参照系中,被赋予与现代性接榫的近世性特征。这幅图景为反思五四以来的学术模式提供了样例,也成为重审晚明文学文化的契机。重审的目标在于将该时期出现的种种变化,还原至当时文化与社会的前后关系中,聚焦于古典人文学术,探求晚明文人士夫的知识世界及其背后的思想范型。这一知识世界承续自明中期,因复古的价值导向与私人刻书业等物质性条件,而有系统之变,令相关生产与传播产生诸多新特点。将晚明与前后时段联结起来作长时段考察,还促发我们重新思考复古运动与性灵思潮的关系、从文章博学到考据学风的变易路径等一系列问题。

论公安派之“真”的四个层面

在公安派的诗文理论中,“真”是一个非常重要的概念。前人对于“真”这一概念虽颇有研究,但对于“真”的意义层面划分仍不够细致。通过对相关文献的梳理,将公安派之“真”区分为人格、情感、文体、表达四个层面,并由此探讨“性灵”与“真”之间的关系问题,认为“性灵”和“真”其实是“体”和“用”的关系。以“真”为核心来建立公安派的文学体系,一方面颠倒了二者之间的因果位置,另一方面在某种程度上淡化了其他审美风格在公安派文学中的地位和价值。公安派对于“真”的追求,树立了独立自主的人格类型,实现了个人情感的自由书写,促进了晚明非正式文体的勃兴,也代表了晚明“重一己而轻外物”的时代文化精神。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论概述

中晚明文学工夫论或承于传统的文学艺术工夫论,或根于朱熹格物致知之工夫论,或鉴于王学致良知的工夫论,或源于禅宗明心见性的工夫论,或合孟子的“知言”“养气”工夫为一体。如李东阳、王世贞、胡应麟、许学夷等人的文体工夫论重视学养、强调对文体规范、篇章字句之法的掌握;唐顺之、李贽、袁宏道等人的文学创作主体工夫论指向心性的修炼、知识的效用,主体精神的大解脱;王阳明倡导在心性本体上下工夫,至刘宗周、黄宗羲等则主张以工夫作为“存养”身心锻炼的本体。这亦势必影响其文学创作观念。充分认识中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论的价值,对重新建构与阐释明代文学批评体系具有重要的理论意义。

红夷大炮传入与晚明战法更新

明朝启祯时期,随着西洋火器被广泛运用于军事实践,中国军队已逐渐摸索出围绕红夷大炮的水陆新战法。在攻城方面,基于传统城墙高大坚厚的特点,明军将红夷炮击战与旧有穴城战结合起来,创造出“上推垛,下穴城”的攻城新战术。在守城方面,明军初步形成以敌台、角台之西式红夷大炮为点,城墙之上中式轻型锻铁炮为面,点面结合、远近兼备的新型城防火力体系。在野战方面,明军的车营战术也显露出类似城防作战的新思路,红夷大炮不仅用于镇守车营“阵门”,也被用来压制敌人炮兵火力。在水战方面,明军将以红夷大炮为核心的炮击战术和以火箭、火砖等为核心的纵火战术有机融合,不断完善,推动了侧舷炮舰与炮击战术的协同发展。晚明时代围绕红夷大炮展开的水陆新战法,是西洋军事技术与中国军事传统相结合的产物,体现了中西合璧的战术特征,彰显了中国军事的创新能力和整体活力。

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

明代山左底层文人的日常书写与晚年心态解析——以王克笃的散曲集《适暮稿》为考察对象

通过对王克笃散曲集《适暮稿》中日常生活书写的细读与研究,分析了他自足、自适、清高、自遣、淑世、喟世、哀穷的复杂心态,认为这些心态的产生与其生活环境、身份地位、年龄时段、个体性情、治生观念有着疏密不同的关系。

书院讲学与晚明理学传播——以“东林书院网络”为中心的考察

晚明是理学传播较活跃的时期,书院是理学传播的重要场域之一。晚明书院学人秉承修正儒脉的立说宗旨,思考理学传播中淑世精神的传递,通过讲会、结社等方式在书院或书院之外弘扬己说,构建传播网络,形成了以东林书院为代表的多个波及全国、影响社会深层结构的学派群体,对晚明清初学统构建和学术传承起到了重要作用。

地方诗歌总集中诗歌批评文献挖掘研究——以明清福建地方诗歌总集为例

明清福建地方诗歌总集中富含诗歌批评文献:一是诗歌总集编纂者自撰的诗话文献,如清代郑杰《注韩居诗话》、梁章钜《退庵诗话》、郭柏苍《柳湄诗传》、郑王臣《兰陔诗话》、涂庆澜《荔隐居纪遗》《续梅花百咏斋附记》等。二是人物小传辑评中富含诗歌批评文献。诗歌总集编纂者在人物小传后自撰评语对人物进行评价,或引用各种文献资料,包括正史、方志、笔记小说、各家诗话等资料对人物进行集中评注。三是诗歌评注中富含诗歌批评观点。诗歌总集编纂者在诗题之下,或诗中某句之后,或整首诗歌之后以双行小注的形式说明诗中相关内容。

晚清“书院”“藏书楼”“图书馆”译介嬗变考论

文章通过考察“晚清民国期刊全文数据库”和“爱如生·近代报刊库”中1840至1912年间的汉译相关文献,基于报刊视野梳理了近代图书馆学意义上的“书院”“藏书楼”“图书馆”等专有名词的译介嬗变过程。文章认为晚清图书馆学翻译分为三个阶段:以“书院”为题名的归化译介输入阶段,以“藏书楼”为题名的启蒙译介展示阶段,以“图书馆”为题名的主动正名译介研究阶段。文章最后结合社会文化背景分析了晚清图书馆学翻译的特点与演变轨迹,揭示了翻译对近代新图书馆学的兴起和传统图书馆转型的促进作用。

呔商历史文化基础:明末清初冀东商品经济样态

呔商以冀东永平府为起源地,为近代东北民族资本主义经济中不可忽视的力量。呔商的兴起源于明末清初以来冀东地区传统商品经济的发展。独特的地理环境塑造出冀东“耕织鱼盐”经济模式,滦河、渤海的传统水运培育冀东地区的商品经济观念,而农牧交界的地理位置形成冀东地区包容开放的商业氛围。在以上因素作用下,冀东商品经济传统逐渐形成。冀东商品经济的主要特点为,以粮布鱼盐为主要商品,以具有地域特色的码头市集贸易为特色,贸易范围涵盖环渤海与口外地区,与此同时服务于商业的牙行、典当业已经出现。在明末清初边禁趋缓的背景下,冀东商人觉察到关内关外的潜藏商机,毅然投身于闯关东大潮,开启百年呔商辉煌历史。

晚明戏曲家佘翘交游与创作探赜

晚明皖南曲家佘翘有传奇《量江记》存世。在《量江记》中,佘翘倾注其“屡上春官不第”的文人心境,透露出对晚明时代新兴的人文思潮的接纳与思考。通过考证其交游、细读其作品,能够窥探当时文人的思想变迁,发掘他们相似的话语空间与潜层逻辑,对廓清这一时期皖南文人之面貌亦有所裨益。

明代宁夏巡抚王邦瑞所作墓志铭浅析

墓志铭在当今文学研究界逐渐受到更多关注,它所涉及的丧葬文化观念、古人生平事迹、叙事文学发展等都具有相当的文学价值与史学价值。明朝时期,政治与社会经济发展到了新阶段,墓志铭这种与社会密切联系的文体也在继承前代的基础上进一步发展。明代巡抚王邦瑞著有《王襄毅公集》二十卷(附录一卷),其中收录墓志铭14篇,在艺术表现上,这些墓志铭展现出求真务实、灵活多变的特点,体现了王邦瑞的文学功底与特色,具有不可忽视的文学价值。该文从创作动机和墓主身份两个角度做王邦瑞墓志铭创作考略,并在此基础上分析王邦瑞墓志铭作品的特点,旨在为相关研究提供参考。