Effect of safety valve types on the gas venting behavior and thermal runaway hazard severity of large-format prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries

The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.

An Investigation of Battery Energy Storage Aided Wind-Coal Integrated Energy System

This paper studies the feasibility of a supply-side wind-coal integrated energy system.Based on grid-side data,the load regulation model of coal-fired power and the wind-coal integrated energy system model are established.According to the simulation results,the reasons why the wind-coal combined power supply is difficult to meet the grid-side demand are revealedthrough scenario analysis.Basedon thewind-coal combinedoperation,a wind-coalstorage integrated energy system was proposed by adding lithium-iron phosphate battery energy storage system(LIPBESS)to adjust the load of the system.According to the four load adjustment scenarios of grid-side instructions of the wind-coal system,the difficulty of load adjustment in each scenario is analyzed.Based on the priority degree of LIPBESS charge/discharge in four scenarios at different time periods,the operation mode of two charges and two discharges per day was developed.Based on the independent operation level of coal-fired power,after the addition of LIPBESS(5.5 MWh),the average qualified rate of multi-power operation in March and June reached the level of independent operation of coal-fired power,while the average qualified rate of the remaining months was only 5.4%different from that of independent operation of coal-fired power.Compared with the wind storage mode,the energy storage capacity and investment cost of wind-coal-storage integrated energy system are reduced by 54.2%and 53.7%,respectively.

Process for recycle of spent lithium iron phosphate battery via a selective leaching-precipitation method

Applying spent lithium iron phosphate battery as raw material,valuable metals in spent lithium ion battery were effectively recovered through separation of active material,selective leaching,and stepwise chemical precipitation.Using stoichiometric Na2S2O8 as an oxidant and adding low-concentration H2SO4 as a leaching agent was proposed.This route was totally different from the conventional methods of dissolving all of the elements into solution by using excess mineral acid.When experiments were done under optimal conditions(Na2S2O8-to-Li molar ratio 0.45,0.30 mol/L H2SO4,60℃,1.5 h),leaching efficiencies of 97.53% for Li^+,1.39%for Fe^3+,and 2.58% for PO4^3−were recorded.FePO4 was then recovered by a precipitation method from the leachate while maintaining the pH at 2.0.The mother liquor was concentrated and maintained at a temperature of approximately 100℃,and then a saturated sodium carbonate solution was added to precipitate Li2CO3.The lithium recovery yield was close to 80%.

Non-aqueous lithium bromine battery of high energy density with carbon coated membrane

Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising technology without the limitation of water electrolysis, but they suffer from low electrolyte concentration and unsatisfactory battery performance. Here, a non-aqueous lithium bromine rechargeable battery is proposed, which is based on Br;/Br;and Li;/Li as active redox pairs, with fast redox kinetics and good stability. The Li/Br battery combines the advantages of high output voltage（;.1 V）,electrolyte concentration（3.0 mol/L）, maximum power density（29.1 m W/cm;） and practical energy density（232.6 Wh/kg）. Additionally, the battery displays a columbic efficiency（CE） of 90.0%, a voltage efficiency（VE） of 88.0% and an energy efficiency（EE） of 80.0% at 1.0 m A/cm;after continuously running for more than 1000 cycles, which is by far the longest cycle life reported for non-aqueous flow batteries.

Hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium carbonate and iron phosphate from blended cathode materials of spent lithium-ion battery

The recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion battery has attracted extensive attention,but few research have focused on spent blended cathode materials.In reality,the blended materials of lithium iron phosphate and ternary are widely used in electric vehicles,so it is critical to design an effective recycling technique.In this study,an efficient method for recovering Li and Fe from the blended cathode materials of spent LiFePO_(4)and LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)batteries is proposed.First,87%A1 was removed by alkali leaching.Then,91.65%Li,72.08%Ni,64.6%Co and 71.66%Mn were further separated by selective leaching with H_(2)SO_(4)and H_(2)O_(2).Li,Ni,Co and Mn in solution were recovered in the form of Li_(2)CO_(3)and hydroxide respectively.Subsequently,98.38%Fe was leached from the residue by two stage process,and it is recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O with a purity of 99.5%by precipitation.Fe and P were present in FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O in amounts of 28.34%and 15.98%,respectively.Additionally,the drift and control of various components were discussed,and cost-benefit analysis was used to assess the feasibility of potential application.

Accurate Modeling of Prismatic Type High Current Lithium-Iron-Phosophate (LiFePO4) Battery for Automotive Applications

With accurate battery modeling, circuit designers and automotive control algorithms developers can predict and optimize the battery performance. In this paper, an experimental verification of an accurate model for prismatic high current lithium-iron-phosphate battery is presented. An automotive TSLFP160AHA lithium-iron-phosphate battery bank is tested. The different capacity GBDLFMP60AH battery bank is used to validate the model extracted from the former battery. Effect of current, stacking and SOC upon the battery parameters performance is investigated. Six empirical equations are obtained to extract the prismatic type LiFePO4 model as a function of SOC. Based on comparing the measured and simulated data, a well accuracy of less than 50mV maximum error voltage with 1.7% operating time error referred to the measured data is achieved. The model can be easily modified to simulate different batteries and can be extended for wide ranges of different currents.

Post lithium ion batteries for emerging energy storage technologies

It is obvious that in the next ten years,lithium ion batteries are still the dominating power source for a wide range of products including consumable electronics,vehicles(cars,motorbikes,scooters,buses),drones,and even robots and tanks.However,in the pursuit of cost-effective,safety-reliable,and highly efficient energy storage technologies,researchers are developing

Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review

Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal-air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density, and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Composites of Graphene and LiFePO_4 as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery:A Mini-review

This mini-review highlights selectively the recent research progress in the composites of Li Fe PO4 and graphene. In particularly, the different fabrication protocols, and the electrochemical performance of the composites are summarized in detail. The structural and morphology characters of graphene sheets that may affect the property of the composites are discussed briefly. The possible ongoing researches in area are speculated upon.

SnO_2 nanospheres among GO and SWNTs networks as anode for enhanced lithium storage performances

Conducting supporters of purified single-walled carbon nanotubes（SWNTs） and graphene oxide（GO）were used to confine pomegranate-structured Sn O2 nanospheres for forming SnO-GO-SWNT composites.As anode material for lithium ion batteries（LIBs）, this composite exhibits a stable and large reversible capacity together with an excellent rate capability. In addition, an analysis of the AC impedance spectroscopy has been used to confirm the enhanced mechanism for LIB performance. The improved electrochemical performance should be ascribed greatly to the reinforced synergistic effects between GO and SWNT networks, and their enhanced contribution of the conductivity. These results indicate that this composite has potential for utilization in high-rate and durable LIBs.

Recent Advances on Graphene Quantum Dots for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)which are nanofragments of graphene with an average size between 2 and 50 nm have attracted much attention due to their outstanding properties such as high conductivity,high surface area,and good solubility in various solvents.GQDs combine the quantum confinement and edges effects and the properties of graphene.Therefore,GQDs offers a broad range of applications in various fields(medicine,energy conversion,and energy storage devices).This review will present the recent research based on the introduction of GQDs in batteries,supercapacitors,and microsupercapacitors as electrodes materials or mixed with an active material as an auxiliary agent.Tables,discussed on selected examples,summarize the electrochemical performances and finally,challenges and perspectives are recalled for the subsequent optimization strategy of electrode materials.This review is expected to appeal a broad interest on functional GQDs materials and promote the further development of high-performance energy storage device.

Synthesis and characterization of LiFePO_4/C composite used as lithium storage electrodes

LiFePO4/C composites with good rate capability and high energy density were prepared by adding sugar to the synthetic precursor. A significant improvement in electrode performance was achieved. The resulting carbon contents in the sample 1 and sample 2 are 3.06% and 4.95%（mass fraction）, respectively. It is believed that the synthesis of LiFePO4 with sugar added before heating is a good method because the synthesized particles having uniform small size are covered by carbon. The performance of the cathodes was evaluated using coin cells. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope observation. The addition of carbon limits the particles size growth and enables high electron conductivity. The LiFePO4/C composites show very good electrochemical performance delivering about 142 mAh/g specific capacity when being cycled at the C/10 rate. The capacity fade upon cycling is very small.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Ear-of-wheat-shaped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes for High-capacity Lithium Storage

Manganese oxide(Mn_(3)O_(4))is of great potential for lithium storage based on conversion reactions,but its application in rechargeable lithium batteries is severely hindered by the low electric conductivity and large volume variation during lithiation/delithiation.Herein,a biomimetic ear-of-wheat-like nanocomposite of ultrafine Mn_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles(MONPs)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)is prepared using a facile solvothermal method.The tightly packed MONP"cereal-grains"are directly grown and uniformly interspersed on the outer surface of skeleton MWCNT"central stems."The ultrafine MONPs are favorable to lithium incorporation/extraction while the interconnected MWCNT skeletons provide a highly conducting network for electron transportation.Consequently,a high reversible capacity of 810 m A h g^(-1)is obtained at the current density of 40 m A g^(-1).After 50 cycles at 160 m A g^(-1),the nanocomposite still delivers a capacity up to 796 m A h g^(-1),which is higher than twice of that of pure Mn_(3)O_(4)nanopowders.The unique nanostructure and the facile biomimetic method can be widely extended to design and explore various highperformance energy materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries and fuel cells.

Comparison Study on Anode Materials of Lithium-Ion Battery Applied in Tibet

Lithium-ion battery is facing the capacity fade in cold area. It reports in this paper to improve the temperature-tolerance using the novel materials in the battery design. Mesophase carbon microspheres (MG11) composed of 2H + 3R graphite phase with more uniform size were used as anode material and a new binder (WRA268) was used. The tests results show that at 0°C, MG11 using conventional binder (styrene butadiene rubber, SBR) attains 66% of reversible capacity retention rate, and synthetic graphite (FSN-1) using WRA268 as binder attains 76.9% of reversible capacity retention rate, but it attains 34% for the FSN-1 using SBR as the binder. These results show that MG11-WRA268 is promising materials using for battery in cold areas such as Tibet.

Analysis of Hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems in Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Simulations

In this paper, an extended analysis of the performance of different hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with a series drivetrain topology is analyzed, based on simulations with three different driving cycles. The investigated hybrid energy storage topologies are an energy optimized lithium-ion battery (HE) in combination with an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, in combination with a power optimized lithium-ion battery (HP) system or in combination with a Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) system, that act as a Peak Power System. From the simulation results it was observed that hybridization of the HE lithium-ion based energy storage system resulted from the three topologies in an increased overall energy efficiency of the RESS, in an extended all electric range of the PHEV and in a reduced average current through the HE battery. The lowest consumption during the three driving cycles was obtained for the HE-LiCap topology, where fuel savings of respectively 6.0%, 10.3% and 6.8% compared with the battery stand-alone system were achieved. The largest extension of the range was achieved for the HE-HP configuration (17% based on FTP-75 driving cycle). HP batteries however have a large internal resistance in comparison to EDLC and LiCap systems, which resulted in a reduced overall energy efficiency of the hybrid RESS. Additionally, it was observed that the HP and LiCap systems both offer significant benefits for the integration of a peak power system in the drivetrain of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle due to their low volume and weight in comparison to that of the EDLC system.

锂离子电池储能电站的热失控状态检测与安全防控技术研究进展

锂离子电池具有能量密度大、使用寿命长、工作温度范围宽、自放电小等优点,是中国电化学储能电站的主流电池技术。然而,在加热、过充等恶劣工况下,锂离子电池易发生热失控引发火灾甚至爆炸,因此其安全问题已逐渐成为锂离子电池储能电站建设及大规模应用的首要问题。该文系统分析了锂离子储能电池热失控的诱因、电池内部反应过程及外部特征参量的变化规律,重点总结了当前主要的电池热失控状态检测技术、智能诊断算法及储能电站安全防控技术,最后对储能电站热失控状态检测及安全防控技术进行了总结和展望。

液氮抑制32650型磷酸铁锂电池组热失控传播特性试验研究

文章从磷酸铁锂电池组热失控危险特性出发,通过试验研究32650型磷酸铁锂电池单体热失控特征及其电池组间热失控传播过程。探究利用液氮喷淋阻断电池组间热失控传播,分析液氮对磷酸铁锂电池的防灭火效能。结果表明:单体锂电池热失控可划分为被动加热、安全阀泄压、自反应、喷射火、明火熄灭等5个阶段,单体电池温度变化曲线呈倒“V”形。液氮可有效阻断电池组间的热失控传播,能够大幅降低喷射火阶段的电池峰值温度。且喷淋时间越长,阻止电池组热失控传播越明显。30 s液氮喷淋条件下,除电池A1外,其他电池未进入安全阀泄压阶段。