A Case of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Liver Cirrhosis Complicated by Acute Cerebral Infarction and Acute Myelitis

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis combined with acute cerebral infarction is uncommon in clinical work, and then combined with acute myelitis is even rarer and more complex, which poses a greater challenge to clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper reports a case of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis complicated by acute cerebral infarction and acute myelitis, which be hoped to provide a reference for clinical work. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical information of a 68-year-old female admitted to the Digestive Medical Department with acute gastrointestinal bleeding and appeared limb movement disorder on the third day. Results: The patient was eventually diagnosed with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis complicated by acute cerebral infarction and acute myelitis. Conclusions: When patients with liver cirrhosis have abnormal neurological symptoms, in addition to liver cirrhosis-related complications, doctors need to consider cerebrovascular diseases and myelitis.

Fatal risk factors for cirrhosis complicated with the first upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Objective: To explore the fatal risk factors of liver cirrhosis complicated with the first upper gastrointestinal bleeding, so as to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment. Methods: 572 patients with cirrhosis admitted to North China University of Science and Technology and Tangshan Infectious Diseases Hospital from January 2014 to January 2018 were selected. According to whether there is concurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding, it is divided into 163 cases of hemorrhage group and 409 cases of non-bleeding group. The patients in the hemorrhagic group were divided into case group (65 cases died of first upper gastrointestinal bleeding) and control group (98 cases died of non-first upper gastrointestinal bleeding). The general clinical data, laboratory and imaging data of the patients were analyzed. The risk factors of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the independent risk factors of the first upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis were analyzed. Results: (1) Univariate analysis showed that: there were significant differences in Hb, PLT, CHE, ALB, TBIL, PT, left gastric vein diameter, portal vein diameter, course of cirrhosis, family history of cirrhosis, Child classification of liver function, esophagogastric varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and portal vein thrombosis between hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups (P<0.05). The difference was statistically significant;(2) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the diameter of left gastric vein, esophageal varices, ascites, Child C grade of liver function and portal vein thrombosis were risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Left gastric vein diameter, esophagogastric varices and portal vein thrombosis are independent risk factors for first upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis. Conclusion:Wider internal diameter of left gastric vein, severe esophagogastric varices and portal vein thrombosis are independent risk factors for fatal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis.

Effect of adjuvant reduced glutathione therapy on vasoactive molecules and oxidative stress in patients with cirrhosis-induced upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Objective: To study the effect of adjuvant reduced glutathione therapy on vasoactive molecules and oxidative stress in patients with cirrhosis-induced upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Methods: Patients diagnosed with cirrhosis-induced upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry between June 2015 and March 2017 were selected as the research subjects, and random number table was used to divide them into the GSH group who accepted reduced glutathione combined with conventional therapy and the control group who accepted conventional therapy. Serum levels of liver function indexes, vasoactive molecules and oxidative stress reaction molecules in two groups of patients were detected before treatment and 3 d after treatment. Results: 3 d after treatment, serum ALT, AST, γ-GT, TBIL, PRA, AT-Ⅱ, ALD, MDA, ox-LDL, AOPP and 8-OHdG levels of both groups of patients were significantly lower than those before treatment while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT levels were significantly high than those before treatment, and serum ALT, AST, γ-GT, TBIL, PRA, AT-II, ALD, MDA, ox-LDL, AOPP and 8-OHdG levels of GSH group were significantly lower than those of control group while SOD, GSH-Px and CAT levels were significantly higher than those of control group. Conclusion: The adjuvant reduced glutathione therapy for cirrhosis-induced upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage can improve the liver function, regulate the secretion of vasoactive molecules and reduce the oxidative stress response.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure is independently associated with higher mortality for cirrhotic patients with acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage:Retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage(AEVH)is a common complication of cirrhosis and might precipitate multi-organ failure,causing acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF).AIM To analyze if the presence and grading of ACLF as defined by European Society for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure(EASL-CLIF)is able to predict mortality in cirrhotic patients presenting AEVH.METHODS Retrospective cohort study executed in Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul.Data from medical records from 2010 to 2016 were obtained by searching the hospital electronic database for patients who received terlipressin.Medical records were reviewed in order to determine the diagnosis of cirrhosis and AEVH,including 97 patients.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for univariate analysis and a stepwise approach to the Cox regression for multivariate analysis.RESULTS All-cause mortality for AEVH patients was 36%,40.2%and 49.4%for 30-,90-and 365-day,respectively.The prevalence of ACLF was 41.3%.Of these,35%grade 1,50%grade 2 and 15%grade 3.In multivariate analysis,the non-use of non-selective beta-blockers,presence and higher grading of ACLF and higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores were independently associated with higher mortality for 30-day with the addition of higher Child-Pugh scores for 90-day period.CONCLUSION Presence and grading of ACLF according to the EASL-CLIF criteria was independently associated with higher 30-and 90-day mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted due to AEVH.

Epistaxis in end stage liver disease masquerading as severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

AIM:To describe the prevalence,diagnosis,treatment,and outcomes of end stage liver disease(ESLD) patients with severe epistaxis thought to be severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(UGIH).METHODS:This observational single center study included all consecutive patients with ESLD and epistaxis identified from consecutive subjects hospitalized with suspected UGIH and prospectively enrolled in our databases of severe UGIH between 1998 and 2011.RESULTS:A total of 1249 patients were registered for severe UGIH in the data basis,461(36.9%) were cirrhotics. Epistaxis rather than UGIH was the bleeding source in 20 patients. All patients had severe coagulopathy. Epistaxis was initially controlled in all cases. Fifteen(75%) subjects required posterior nasal packing and 2(10%) embolization in addition to correction of coagulopathy. Five(25%) patients died in the hospital,12(60%) received orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT),and 3(15%) were discharged without OLT. The mortality rate was 63% in patients without OLT.CONCLUSION:Severe epistaxis in patients with ESLD is(1) a diagnosis of exclusion that requires upper endoscopy to exclude severe UGIH;and(2) associated with a high mortality rate in patients not receiving OLT.

Study of liver cirrhosis over twenty consecutive years in adults in Southern China

BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis(LC)is a prevalent and severe disease in China.The burden of LC is changing with widespread vaccination of hepatitis B virus(HBV)and antiviral therapy.However,the recent transition in etiologies and clinical features of LC cases requiring hospitalization is unclear.AIM To identify the transition in etiologies and clinical characteristics of hospitalized LC patients in Southern China.METHODS In this retrospective,cross-sectional study we included LC inpatients admitted between January 2001 and December 2020.Medical data indicating etiological diagnosis and LC complications,and demographic,laboratory,and imaging data were collected from our hospital-based dataset.The etiologies of LC were mainly determined according to the discharge diagnosis,and upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ascites,hepatic encephalopathy,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),portal vein thrombosis,hepatorenal syndrome,and acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF)were considered LC-related complications in our study.Changing trends in the etiologies and clinical characteristics were investigated using logistic regression,and temporal trends in proportions of separated years were investigated using the Cochran-Armitage test.In-hospital prognosis and risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality were also invest igated.RESULTS A total of 33143 patients were included in the study[mean(SD)age,51.7(11.9)years],and 82.2%were males.The mean age of the study population increased from 51.0 years in 2001-2010 to 52.0 years in 2011-2020(P<0.001),and the proportion of female patients increased from 16.7%in 2001-2010 to 18.2%in 2011-2020(P=0.003).LC patients in the decompensated stage at diagnosis decreased from 68.1%in 2001-2010 to 64.6%in 2011-2020(P<0.001),and the median score of model for end-stage liver disease also decreased from 14.0 to 11.0(P<0.001).HBV remained the major etiology of LC(75.0%)and the dominant cause of viral hepatitis-LC(94.5%)during the study period.However,the proportion of HBV-LC decreased from 82.4%in 2001-2005 to 74.2%in 2016-2020,and the proportion of viral hepatitis-LC decreased from 85.2%in 2001-2005 to 78.1%in 2016-2020(both P for trend<0.001).Meanwhile,the proportions of LC caused by alcoholic liver disease,autoimmune hepatitis and mixed etiology increased by 2.5%,0.8%and 4.5%,respectively(all P for trend<0.001).In-hospital mortality was stable at 1.0%in 2011-2020,whereas HCC and ACLF manifested the highest increases in prevalence among all LC complications(35.8%to 41.0%and 5.7%to 12.4%,respectively)and were associated with 6-fold and 4-fold increased risks of mortality(odds ratios:6.03 and 4.22,respectively).CONCLUSION LC inpatients have experienced changes in age distribution and etiologies of cirrhosis over the last 20 years in Southern China.HCC and ACLF are associated with the highest risk of in-hospital mortality among LC complications.

Endoscopic management and outcome of non-variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal bleeding accounts for approximately 20%of all-cause bleeding episodes in patients with liver cirrhosis.It is associated with high morbidity and mortality therefore prompt diagnosis and endoscopic management are crucial.AIM To evaluate available data on the efficacy of endoscopic treatment modalities used to control acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)in cirrhotic patients as well as to assess treatment outcomes.METHODS Employing PRISMA methodology,the MEDLINE was searched through PubMed using appropriate MeSH terms.Data are reported in a summative manner and separately for each major non-variceal cause of bleeding.RESULTS Overall,23 studies were identified with a total of 1288 cirrhotic patients of whom 958/1288 underwent endoscopic therapy for acute non-variceal GIB.Peptic ulcer bleeding was the most common cause of acute non-variceal bleeding,followed by portal hypertensive gastropathy,gastric antral vascular ectasia,Mallory-Weiss syndrome,Dieaulafoy lesions,portal hypertensive colopathy,and hemorrhoids.Failure to control bleeding from all-causes of non-variceal GIB accounted for less than 3.5%of cirrhotic patients.Rebleeding(range 2%-25%)and mortality(range 3%-40%)rates varied,presumably due to study heterogeneity.Rebleeding was usually managed endoscopically and salvage therapy using arterial embolisation or surgery was undertaken in very few cases.Mortality was usually associated with liver function deterioration and other organ failure or infections rather than uncontrolled bleeding.Endoscopic treatment-related complications were extremely rare.Lower acute non-variceal bleeding was examined in two studies(197/1288 patients)achieving initial hemostasis in all patients using argon plasma coagulation for portal hypertensive colopathy and endoscopic band ligation or sclerotherapy for bleeding hemorrhoids(rebleeding range 10%-13%).Data on the efficacy of endoscopic therapy of cirrhotic patients vs non-cirrhotic controls with acute GIB are very scarce.CONCLUSION Endotherapy seems to be efficient as a means to control non-variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis,although published data are very limited,particularly those comparing cirrhotics with noncirrhotics and those regarding acute bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract.Rebleeding and mortality rates appear to be relatively high,although firm conclusions may not be drawn due to study heterogeneity.Hopefully this review may stimulate further research on this subject and help clinicians administer optimal endoscopic therapy for cirrhotic patients.

PPIs are not associated with a lower incidence of portal-hypertension-related bleeding in cirrhosis

AIM:To determine if proton pump inhibitor use in cirrhotic patients with endoscopic findings of portal hypertension is associated with a lower frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding.METHODS:Patients with cirrhosis and endoscopic findings related to portal hypertension,receiving or not receiving proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy,were included retrospectively.We assigned patients to two groups:group 1 patients underwent PPI therapy and group 2 patients did not undergo PPI therapy.RESULTS:One hundred and five patients with a median age of 58 (26-87) years were included,57 (54.3%) of which were women.Esophageal varices were found in 82 (78%) patients,portal hypertensive gastropathy in 72 (68.6%) patients,and gastric varices in 15 (14.3%) patients.PPI therapy was used in 45.5% of patients (n=48).Seventeen (16.1%) patients presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding;in 14/17 (82.3%) patients,bleeding was secondary to esophageal varices,and in 3/17 patients bleeding was attributed to portal hypertensive gastropathy.Bleeding related to portal hypertension according to PPI therapy occurred in 18.7% (n=9) of group 1 and in 14% (n=8) of group 2 (odds ratio:0.83,95% confidence interval:0.5-1.3,P=0.51).CONCLUSION:Portal hypertension bleeding is not associated with PPI use.These findings do not support the prescription of PPIs in patients with chronic liver disease with no currently accepted indication.

Non-invasive model for predicting high-risk esophageal varices based on liver and spleen stiffness

BACKGROUND Acute bleeding due to esophageal varices(EVs)is a life-threatening complication in patients with cirrhosis.The diagnosis of EVs is mainly through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,but the discomfort,contraindications and complications of gastrointestinal endoscopic screening reduce patient compliance.According to the bleeding risk of EVs,the Baveno VI consensus divides varices into high bleeding risk EVs(HEVs)and low bleeding risk EVs(LEVs).We sought to identify a non-invasive prediction model based on spleen stiffness measurement(SSM)and liver stiffness measurement(LSM)as an alternative to EVs screening.AIM To develop a safe,simple and non-invasive model to predict HEVs in patients with viral cirrhosis and identify patients who can be exempted from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.METHODS Data from 200 patients with viral cirrhosis were included in this study,with 140 patients as the modelling group and 60 patients as the external validation group,and the EVs types of patients were determined by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and the Baveno Ⅵ consensus.Those patients were divided into the HEVs group(66 patients)and the LEVs group(74 patients).The effect of each parameter on HEVs was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses,and a noninvasive prediction model was established.Finally,the discrimination ability,calibration ability and clinical efficacy of the new model were verified in the modelling group and the external validation group.RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that SSM and LSM were associated with the occurrence of HEVs in patients with viral cirrhosis.On this basis,logistic regression analysis was used to construct a prediction model:Ln[P/(1-P)]=-8.184-0.228×SSM+0.642×LSM.The area under the curve of the new model was 0.965.When the cut-off value was 0.27,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the model for predicting HEVs were 100.00%,82.43%,83.52%,and 100%,respectively.Compared with the four prediction models of liver stiffness-spleen diameter to platelet ratio score,variceal risk index,aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio,and Baveno VI,the established model can better predict HEVs in patients with viral cirrhosis.CONCLUSION Based on the SSM and LSM measured by transient elastography,we established a non-invasive prediction model for HEVs.The new model is reliable in predicting HEVs and can be used as an alternative to routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy screening,which is helpful for clinical decision making.

Effects of postoperative use of proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic variceal treatment during hospitalization

BACKGROUND Endoscopic variceal treatment(EVT)is recommended as the mainstay choice for the management of high-risk gastroesophageal varices and acute variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis.Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)are widely used for various gastric acid-related diseases.However,the effects of PPIs on the development of post-EVT complications,especially gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB),remain controversial.AIM To evaluate the effects of postoperative use of PPIs on post-EVT complications in patients with liver cirrhosis during hospitalization.METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis who were admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command,treated by an attending physician between January 2016 and June 2020 and underwent EVT during their hospitalization were included.Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the effects of postoperative use of PPIs on the development of post-EVT complications during hospitalization.Odds ratios(ORs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were calculated.RESULTS A total of 143 patients were included.The incidence of post-EVT GIB and other post-EVT complications was 4.90%and 46.85%,respectively.In the overall analyses,postoperative use of PPIs did not significantly reduce the risk of post-EVT GIB(OR=0.525,95%CI=0.113-2.438,P=0.411)or other post-EVT complications(OR=0.804,95%CI=0.413-1.565,P=0.522).In the subgroup analyses according to the enrollment period,type and route of PPIs after the index EVT,use of PPIs before the index EVT,use of vasoactive drugs after the index EVT,indication of EVT(prophylactic and therapeutic),and presence of portal venous system thrombosis,ascites,and hepatocellular carcinoma,the effects of postoperative use of PPIs on the risk of post-EVT GIB or other post-EVT complications remain not statistically significant.CONCLUSION Routine use of PPIs after EVT should not be recommended in patients with liver cirrhosis for the prevention of post-EVT complications during hospitalization.

Letter to editor‘Non-invasive model for predicting high-risk esophageal varices based on liver and spleen stiffness’

predicting high-risk esophageal varices based on liver and spleen stiffness".Acute bleeding caused by esophageal varices is a life-threatening complication in patients with liver cirrhosis.Due to the discomfort,contraindications,and associated complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy screening,it is crucial to identify an imaging-based non-invasive model for predicting high-risk esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.

不同方式联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并上消化道出血的临床疗效

目的比较经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt TIPS)、内镜治疗及药物治疗3种不同方式联合经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transhepatic arterial chemoembolization TACE)对原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压、上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法纳入2014年1月至2020年6月联勤保障部队第九八〇医院原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压、上消化道出血患者105例,根据治疗方式分为TIPS联合TACE组25例,内镜联合TACE组30例,药物联合TACE组50例。比较3种不同治疗方式联合TACE治疗肝癌合并上消化道出血的临床疗效、出血复发率、肝性脑病发生率及生存率。结果3组患者治疗后6、12和24个月出血复发率差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。TIPS组患者治疗前门静脉压力为(38.47±9.35)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),治疗后为(25.24±5.68)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后3组患者血红蛋白均不同程度升高,TIPS组及内镜组优于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TIPS组术后6、12和24个月出血复发率低于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);12个月和24个月出血复发率低于内镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内镜组12个月及24个月出血复发率低于药物组(P<0.05),两组6个月内出血复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TIPS组6个月和12个月肝性脑病发生率高于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),内镜组与药物组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者24个月肝性脑病发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TIPS组与内镜组6个月病死率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组均低于药物组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);TIPS组12个月及24个月病死率低于内镜组及药物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);内镜组与药物组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论TIPS联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并上消化道出血可降低上消化道出血复发率,有效控制肿瘤进展,延长生存期。

急性上消化道出血继发急性肾损伤和病情进展危险因素分析

目的:探讨急性上消化道出血(AUGIB)患者继发急性肾损伤(AKI)和病情进展的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析厦门大学附属东南医院2021年1月至2023年6月收治的233例上消化道出血患者临床资料,根据入院后是否发生AKI分为AKI组(n=67)和非AKI组(n=166),AKI患者根据病情是否进展分为进展组(n=21)和无进展组(n=46)。采用单因素和多因素分析上消化道出血继发急性肾损伤和病情进展的危险因素。结果:233例AUGIB患者中消化道溃疡患者157例、食管胃底静脉曲张42例、急性胃黏膜损伤18例、食管贲门撕裂综合征10例、异物6例。AKI患者67例,发生率为28.76%,其中,21例发生AKI进展,进展率为31.34%。单因素分析发现,冠心病、肝硬化、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L、血红蛋白计数<60 g/L、血清白蛋白<35 g/L、上消化道出血分级高危及以上AUGIB患者AKI发生率较高(P<0.05)。多因素分析发现,冠心病(OR=2.706,95%CI 1.127~6.494)、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L(OR=3.570,95%CI 1.249~10.203)、上消化道出血分级高危及以上(OR=3.078,95%CI 1.145~8.227)是AKI发生的独立危险因素。单因素分析发现,67例AUGIB继发AKI患者中,男性、糖尿病、乙型肝炎、肝硬化、既往上消化道出血病史、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L、血红蛋白计数<60 g/L、血清白蛋白<35 g/L、上消化道出血分级高危及以上患者AKI进展发生率较高(P<0.05)。多因素分析发现,肝硬化(OR=7.975,95%CI 1.400~45.441)、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L(OR=19.612,95%CI 2.640~145.703)、上消化道出血分级高危及以上(OR=6.814,95%CI 1.183~27.985)是AKI进展的独立危险因素。结论:AUGIB患者要警惕AKI的发生,冠心病、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L、上消化道出血分级高危及以上是AKI发生的独立危险因素,而肝硬化、血小板计数<50×10^(9)/L、上消化道出血分级高危及以上是AKI进展的独立危险因素。

生长抑素联合雷贝拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的效果分析

目的:分析生长抑素联合雷贝拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的效果。方法:选取2020年8月—2022年10月滨州市中心医院收治的肝硬化上消化道出血患者76例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各38例。对照组给予雷贝拉唑治疗,观察组在对照组基础上予以生长抑素治疗。比较两组治疗效果。结果:观察组止血总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.042)。治疗后,两组血流动力学指标、凝血功能指标优于治疗前,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:生长抑素联合雷贝拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的效果显著,可增强止血效果,改善血流动力学及凝血功能,且安全性高。

不同剂量奥曲肽联合内镜下套扎术治疗肝硬化并发上消化道出血的临床效果及对血清学指标的影响

目的探讨肝硬化并发上消化道出血实施不同剂量奥曲肽联合内镜下套扎术治疗的效果。方法选取广西壮族自治区江滨医院于2023年1—12月收治的110例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者作为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为研究组(n=55)和对照组(n=55)。全部患者均进行内镜下套扎术治疗,对照组予以常规剂量奥曲肽联合治疗,研究组予以高剂量奥曲肽联合治疗,比较两组患者的围术期相关指标以及治疗前后的血清学指标以及不良反应发生率。结果研究组的72 h再出血发生率(5.45%)低于对照组(18.18%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.274,P<0.05)。研究组住院时间、止血时间及输血量均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的过氧化氢(Lipid Hydroperoxide,LHP)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MAD)、晚期氧化蛋白产物(Advanced Oxidation Protein Products,AOPP)水平均有所下降,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione Peroxidase,GSH-Px)水平均有所上升,而研究组的LHP、MAD以及AOPPs水平均低于对照组,GSH-Px水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论肝硬化并发上消化道出血实施高剂量奥曲肽联合内镜下套扎术治疗的止血效果更好,加速术后恢复,同时可降低机体氧化应激反应,且不会显著增加不良反应。

基于APRI和PALBI构建的列线图对肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的预测价值

目的 评估天冬氨酸转氨酶与血小板比值指数(APRI)和血小板-白蛋白-胆红素评分(PALBI)对肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血风险的预测价值。方法 选取苏州大学附属第一医院于2021年5月—2022年6月收治的肝硬化患者119例,收集患者的临床资料、血常规、血清生化及血凝等检查结果。根据是否合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,将患者分为未出血组(n=59)和出血组(n=60),比较组间差异。正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ^(2)检验或Fisher精确概率法。使用多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的独立危险因素,并构建列线图预测模型。结果 出血组男性患者占75.00%,未出血组男性患者占40.68%,两组在性别构成方面,差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=14.384,P<0.001)。出血组和未出血组患者病因均以慢性乙型肝炎为主(53.33%vs 38.98%),两者构成比差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.464,P=0.116)。出血组患者抗凝血酶原Ⅲ活性(AT-IIIA)水平高于未出血组(t=3.329,P=0.001),PLT、TBil、Ca、TC、TT水平则低于未出血组(P值均<0.05)。APRI和PALBI在出血组和未出血组之间比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为6.175、19.532,P值均<0.05)。进一步二元Logistic回归分析发现,APRI(OR=0.309,95%CI:0.109~0.881,P=0.028)、PALBI(OR=7.667,95%CI:2.005~29.327,P=0.003)、Ca(OR=0.001,95%CI:0.000~0.141,P=0.007)、TC(OR=0.469,95%CI:0.226~0.973,P=0.042)和TT(OR=0.599,95%CI:0.433~0.830,P=0.002)是影响肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的独立影响因素。基于以上因素建立列线图模型,一致性指数(C-index)为0.899,校准曲线拟合良好。结论 APRI及PALBI对肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血具有良好的预测价值,基于本研究构建的列线图模型可以个体化预测肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血发生率。

肝硬化上消化道出血患者异体输血治疗后APTT、PT、FIB水平变化及其与预后的关系

目的分析肝硬化上消化道出血患者异体输血治疗后活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平变化及其与预后的关系。方法选取2018年2月至2023年1月期间于郑州市第七人民医院接受输血治疗的122例肝硬化上消化道出血患者的病例资料,根据患者预后情况分为生存组(n=102)与死亡组(n=20)。收集患者一般资料以及输血治疗前及治疗1 d后血浆APTT、PT、FIB水平,分析APTT、PT、FIB水平变化与患者预后的关系。结果生存组血制品总输注量、输注比例(血浆、冷沉淀)、Child-pugh分级C级比例、休克比例、腹水比例、肝性脑病比例、C反应蛋白水平均低于死亡组,消化道首次出血比例、平均动脉压、白蛋白水平均高于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组APTT、PT水平均较治疗前高,FIB水平均较治疗前低,但生存组APTT、PT水平较死亡组低,FIB水平较死亡组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Logistic回归分析显示,Child-pugh分级为C级、消化道非首次出血、休克、腹水、肝性脑病以及APTT、PT异常升高为肝硬化上消化道出血异体输血治疗患者不良预后的危险因素,平均动脉压、FIB异常升高为患者不良预后的保护因素(P<0.05);经Pearson相关性分析显示,患者消化道非首次出血以及输血治疗后APTT、PT水平与其不良预后成正相关,平均动脉压、FIB水平与其不良预后成负相关(P<0.05)。结论肝硬化上消化道出血患者异体输血治疗预后受其消化道出血次数及治疗后APTT、PT、FIB水平影响,上述指标变化可为患者的预后评估提供重要参考价值。

肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生上消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生上消化道出血的危险因素。方法 收集2018年3月至2023年3月北京丰台医院收治的80例肝硬化门静脉高压患者的临床资料,按照入院时是否存在上消化道出血将其分为出血组(n=41)和对照组(n=39)。收集所有患者的年龄、性别、体重指数、吸烟史、饮酒史、基础病史、肝硬化相关病史等,分析肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生上消化道出血的危险因素。结果 出血组患者年龄、饮酒史、收缩压、凝血酶原时间延长比例、服用抗血小板药物比例、未服用降低门静脉压力药物比例均高于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、有饮酒史、凝血酶原时间延长、未服用降低门静脉压力药物、服用抗血小板药物均为肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生上消化道出血的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 年龄≥60岁、饮酒史、凝血酶原时间延长、未服用降低门静脉压力药物、服用抗血小板药物均为肝硬化门静脉高压患者发生上消化道出血的独立危险因素,临床上可根据上述指标筛查高危患者,给予针对性的预防措施和监测。

基于无创诊断指标构建乙型肝炎肝硬化上消化道出血的预测模型研究

目的探讨乙型肝炎(以下简称乙肝)肝硬化患者发生上消化道出血的危险因素,并建立无创预测模型。方法回顾性分析2019年1月—2022年12月山西医科大学第一医院收治的142例乙肝肝硬化患者的临床资料,利用Lasso回归筛选出有效预测因子,基于Logistic回归算法建立列线图预测模型,通过Bootstrap重抽样法对模型进行内部验证,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、校准曲线(CA)和决策曲线分析(DCA)评价模型,并将结果可视化。结果142例乙肝肝硬化患者发生上消化道出血100例。经Lasso回归筛选的最佳建模指标为:性别、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞百分比、血糖、脾脏长径、门静脉内径。ROC曲线显示,列线图模型的敏感性为96.0%,特异性为83.0%,ROC曲线下面积为0.969(95%CI:0.946,0.993),高于终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分的0.592(95%CI:0.487,0.698)和肝功能Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分的0.623(95%CI:0.509,0.738);CA曲线提示模型的预测概率与实际概率具有较高的吻合度;DCA曲线提示使用列线图模型能够使患者净获益增加。结论本研究基于性别、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞百分比、血糖、脾脏长径、门静脉内径构建的列线图模型预测效能较好,具有良好的临床应用价值。

生长抑素联合奥曲肽对肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者止血效果及血清学指标的影响

目的探讨生长抑素联合奥曲肽对肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者止血效果及血清学指标的影响。方法选取2018年2月至2023年2月新乡市传染病医院收治的肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者48例,将其分为联合生长抑素组与奥曲肽组(方法为随机数字表法),两组各24例。奥曲肽组在常规治疗基础上给予奥曲肽治疗,联合生长抑素组奥曲肽组基础上联合生长抑素治疗,两组均持续治疗5 d,观察并比较两组临床疗效、血清学指标、肝功能指标及不良反应发生率。结果联合生长抑素组止血时间、住院时间短于奥曲肽组,输血量少于奥曲肽组,72 h再出血发生率低于奥曲肽组;与治疗前相比,治疗72 h后两组血清LHP、MAD、AOPP及血氨水平均下降,联合生长抑素组低于奥曲肽组;治疗72 h后两组血清GSH-Px及胆碱酯酶水平均上升,联合生长抑素组高于奥曲肽组;治疗72 h后奥曲肽组TBIL水平升高;P<0.05表示差异有显著意义。结论肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者应用生长抑素联合奥曲肽可优化止血效果,改善血清学指标,降低机体氧化应激反应,降低肝功能损伤,具备较高安全性。