Deleted in liver cancer 1 suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells through inhibiting Rho-associated protein kinase pathway

Objective:Deleted in liver cancer 1(DLC1)is a GTPase-activating protein that is reported as a suppressor in certain human cancers.However,the detailed biological function of DLC1 is still unclear in human prostate cancer(PCa).In the present study,we aimed to explore the function of DLC1 in PCa cells.Methods:Silencing and overexpression of DLC1 were induced in an androgen-sensitive PCa cell line(LNCaP)using RNA interference and lentiviral vector transduction.The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to determine cell proliferation.The cell cycle was examined by performing a propidium iodide staining assay.Results:Our results indicated that DLC1 overexpression markedly suppressed the proliferation and cell cycle progression of LNCaP cells.Moreover,DLC1 expression was negatively correlated with Rho-associated protein kinase(ROCK)expression in LNCaP cells.Importantly,this study showed that the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 restored the function of DLC1 in LNCaP cells and reduced the tumorigenicity of LNCaP cells in vivo.Conclusion:Our results indicated that DLC1 overexpression markedly suppressed the proliferation and cell cycle progression of PCa cells and negatively correlated with ROCK expression in PCa cells and tissue.

Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

T_3-induced liver AMP-activated protein kinase signaling:Redox dependency and upregulation of downstream targets

AIM: To investigate the redox dependency and promotion of downstream targets in thyroid hormone (T3)-induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling as cellular energy sensor to limit metabolic stresses in the liver.

Yinchenhao decoction attenuates obstructive jaundice-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis by suppressing protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-induced pathway

BACKGROUND Chronic biliary obstruction results in ischemia and hypoxia of hepatocytes,and leads to apoptosis.Apoptosis is very important in regulating the homeostasis of the hepatobiliary system.Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress is one of the signaling pathways that induce apoptosis.Moreover,the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK)-induced apoptotic pathway is the main way;but its role in liver injury remains unclear.Yinchenhao decoction(YCHD)is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that alleviates liver injury and apoptosis,yet its mechanism is unknown.We undertook this study to investigate the effects of YCHD on the expression of ER stress proteins and hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with obstructive jaundice(OJ).AIM To investigate whether YCHD can attenuate OJ-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the PERK-CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein(CHOP)-growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34(GADD34)pathway and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 related X protein(Bax)/B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2(Bcl-2)ratio.METHODS For in vivo experiments,30 rats were divided into three groups:control group,OJ model group,and YCHD-treated group.Blood was collected to detect the indicators of liver function,and liver tissues were used for histological analysis.For in vitro experiments,30 rats were divided into three groups:G1,G2,and G3.The rats in group G1 had their bile duct exposed without ligation,the rats in group G2 underwent total bile duct ligation,and the rats in group G3 were given a gavage of YCHD.According to the serum pharmacology,serum was extracted and centrifuged from the rat blood to cultivate the BRL-3A cells.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end-labelling(TUNEL)assay was used to detect BRL-3A hepatocyte apoptosis.Alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate transaminase(AST)levels in the medium were detected.Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analyses were used to detect protein and gene expression levels of PERK,CHOP,GADD34,Bax,and Bcl-2 in the liver tissues and BRL-3A cells.RESULTS Biochemical assays and haematoxylin and eosin staining suggested severe liver function injury and liver tissue structure damage in the OJ model group.The TUNEL assay showed that massive BRL-3A rat hepatocyte apoptosis was induced by OJ.Elevated ALT and AST levels in the medium also demonstrated that hepatocytes could be destroyed by OJ.Western blot or qRT-PCR analyses showed that the protein and mRNA expression levels of PERK,CHOP,and GADD34 were significantly increased both in the rat liver tissue and BRL-3A rat hepatocytes by OJ.The Bax and Bcl-2 levels were increased,and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was also increased.When YCHD was used,the PERK,CHOP,GADD34,and Bax levels quickly decreased,while the Bcl-2 levels increased,and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased.CONCLUSION OJ-induced liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis are associated with the activation of the PERK-CHOP-GADD34 pathway and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.YCHD can attenuate these changes.

Interleukin-1 beta up-regulates tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA and phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 in hepatic stellate cells

AIM： To study the relationship between interleukin-lbeta （IL-1β） up-regulating tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 （TIMMP-1） mRNA expression and phosphorylation of both c-jun N-terminal kinase （INK） and p38 in rat heffatic stellate cells （HSC）. METHODS： RT-PCR was performed to measure the expression of TIMMP-1 mRNA in rat HSC. Western blot was performed to measure IL-1β-induced JNK and p38 activities in rat HSC. RESULTS： TIMMP-1 mRNA expression （1.191± 0.079） was much higher after treatment with IL-1β （10 ng/mL） for 24 h than in control group （0.545±0.091） （P〈0.01）. IL-1β activated INK and p38 in a time-dependent manner. After stimulation with IL-1β for 0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min, the INK activity was 0.982±0.299, 1.501±0.720, 2.133±0.882, 3.360±0.452, 2.181±0.789, and 1.385 ± 0.368, respectively. There was a significant difference in JNK activity at 15 min （P〈 0.01）, 30 min （P〈 0.01） and 60 min （P〈0.01） in comparison to that at 0 min. The p38 activity was 1.061±0.310, 2.050±0.863, 2.380±0.573, 2.973±0.953, 2.421±0.793, and 1.755 ± 0.433 at the 6 time points （0, 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min） respectively. There was a significant difference in p38 activity at 5 min （P〈0.05）, 15 min （P〈0.01）, 30 min （P〈0.01） and 60 min （P〈0.01） compared to that at 0 min. TIMMP-1 mRNA expression trended to decrease in 3 groups pretreated with different concentrations of SP600125 （10 μmol/L, 1.022±0.113; 20 μmol/L, 0.869±0.070; 40 μmol/L, 0.666±0.123）. Their decreases were all significant （P〈0.05, P〈0.01, P〈0.01） in comparison to control group （without SP600125 treatment, 1.163±0.107）. In the other 3 groups pretreated with different concentrations of SB203580 （10 μmol/L, 1.507±0.099; 20 μmol/L, 1.698±0.107; 40 μmol/L, 1.857±0.054）, the expression of TIMMP-1 mRNA increased. Their levels were higher than those in the control group （without SB203580 treatment, 1.027 ± 0.061） with a significant statistical significance （P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： IL-1β has a direct action on hepatic fibrosis by up-regulating TIMMP-1 mRNA expression in ratessionin in rate HSC.JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） are involved in IL-1β-induced TIMMP-1 gene expression, and play a distinct role in this process, indicating that p38 and .INK pathways cooperatively mediate TIMP-1 mRNA expression in rat HSC.

Resveratrol-downregulated Phosphorylated Liver Kinase B1 Is Involved in Senescence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells

Summary： Senescence is an important obstacle to cancer development. Engaging a senescent response may be an effective way to cure acute myeloid leukemia （AML）. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of resveratrol-downregulated phosphorylated liver kinase B1 （pLKB1） on the senescence of acute myeloid leukemia （AML） stem cells. The protein expressions of pLKB 1 and Sirtuin 1 （SIRT1）, a regulator ofpLKB1, were measured in CD34＋CD38-KGla cells treated with resveratrol （40 μmol/L） or not by Western blotting. Senescence-related factors were examined, including p21 mRNA tested by real-time PCR, cell morphology by senescence-associated β-galactosidase （SA-β-gal） staining, cell pro- liferation by MTT assay and cell cycle by flow cytometry. Besides, apoptosis was flow cytometrically determined. The results showed that pLKB1 was highly expressed in CD34＋CD38- KGla cells, and resveratrol, which could downregulate pLKB1 through activation of SIRT1, induced senescence and apoptosis of CD34＋CD38- KGla cells. It was concluded that resveratrol-downregulated pLKB1 is in- volved in the senescence of AML stem cells.

Sphingosine kinase 1 dependent protein kinase C-δ activation plays an important role in acute liver failure in mice

AIM: To investigate the role of protein kinase C(PKC)-δ activation in the pathogenesis of acute liver failure(ALF) in a well-characterized mouse model of D-galactosamine(D-Gal N)/lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALF.METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five groups, and ALF was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of D-Ga IN(600 mg/kg) and LPS(10 μg/kg). Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) levels at different time points within one week were determined using a multiparameteric analyzer. Serum levels of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 as well as nuclear factor(NF)-κB activity were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatic morphological changes at 36 h after ALF induction were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of PKC-δ in liver tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) was analyzed by Western blot.RESULTS: The expression and activation of PKC-δ were up-regulated in liver tissue and PBMCs of mice with D-Gal N/LPS-induced ALF. Inhibition of PKC-δ activation with rottlerin significantly increased the survival rates and decreased serum ALT/AST levels at 6, 12 and 24 h compared with the control group(P < 0.001). Rottlerin treatment also significantly decreased serum levels of HMGB1 at 6, 12, and 24 h, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 β at 12 h compared with the control group(P < 0.01). The inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in liver tissue were also decreased in the rottlerin treatment group. Furthermore, sphingosine kinase 1(Sph K1) dependent PKC-δ activation played an important role in promoting NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production in ALF.CONCLUSION: Sph K1 dependent PKC-δ activation plays an important role in promoting NF-κB activation and inflammatory response in ALF, and inhibition of PKC-δ activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.

All-trans Retinoic Acid Diminishes Collagen Production in a Hepatic Stellate Cell Line via Suppression of Active Protein-1 and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Signal

Following acute and chronic liver injury,hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) become activated to undergo a phenotypic transformation into myofibroblast-like cells and lose their retinol content,but the mechanisms of retinoid loss and its potential roles in HSCs activation and liver fibrosis are not understood.The influence of retinoids on HSCs and hepatic fibrosis remains controversial.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) on cell proliferation,mRNA expression of collagen genes [procollagen α1 (Ⅰ),procollagen α1 (Ⅲ)],profibrogenic genes (TGF-β 1,CTGF,MMP-2,TIMP-1,TIMP-2,PAI-1),fibrolytic genes (MMP-3,MMP-13) and the upstream element (JNK and AP-1) in the rat hepatic stellate cell line (CFSC-2G).Cell proliferation was evaluated by measuring BrdU incorporation.The mRNA expression levels of collagen genes [procollagen α1 (Ⅰ),procollagen α1 (Ⅲ)],profibrogenic genes (TGF-β 1,CTGF,MMP-2,TIMP-1,TIMP-2,PAI-1),and fibrolytic genes (MMP-3,MMP-13) were quantitatively detected by using real-time PCR.The mRNA expression of JNK and AP-1 was quantified by RT-PCR.The results showed that ATRA inhibited HSCs proliferation and diminished the mRNA expression of collagen genes [procollagen α1 (Ⅰ),procollagen α1 (Ⅲ)] and profibrogenic genes (TGF-β 1,CTGF,MMP-2,TIMP-1,TIMP-2,PAI-1),and significantly stimulated the mRNA expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 in HSCs by suppressing the mRNA expression of JNK and AP-1.These findings suggested that ATRA could inhibit proliferation and collagen production of HSCs via the suppression of active protein-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signal,then decrease the mRNAs expression of profibrogenic genes (TGF-β 1,CTGF,MMP-2,TIMP-1,TIMP-2,PAI-1),and significantly induce the mRNA expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13.

Multiple implications of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in human cancer

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1(PDK1) is a central mediator of cellular signaling between phosphoinositide-3 kinase and various intracellular serine/threonine kinases,including protein kinase B,p70 ribosomal S6 kinase,serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase,and protein kinase C.PDK1 activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop.Here,we review the regulatory mechanisms of PDK1 and its roles in cancer.PDK1 is activated by autophosphorylation in the activation loop and other serine residues,as well as by phosphorylation of Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376.Src appears to recognize PDK1 following tyrosine phosphorylation.The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating PDK1 stability and PDK1-Src complex formation are also discussed.Furthermore,we summarize the subcellular distribution of PDK1.Finally,an important role for PDK1 in cancer chemotherapy is proposed.In conclusion,a better understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms in various signaling pathways will help to explain how PDK1 acts as an oncogenic kinase in various cancers,and will contribute to the development of novel cancer chemotherapies.

细胞角蛋白19片段、蛋白激酶B和糖类抗原19-9水平联合超声内镜检查术对胃肠道间质瘤的鉴别价值

目的分析细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、蛋白激酶B(PKB)和糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)水平联合超声内镜检查术(EUS)对胃肠道间质瘤和非胃肠道间质瘤的鉴别价值。方法前瞻性纳入2020年1月-2023年7月该院收治的69例胃肠道间质瘤患者作为研究组,另择同期78例非胃肠道间质瘤患者(胃肠道平滑肌瘤25例,胃肠道神经鞘瘤53例)作为对照组。比较两组患者一般资料、EUS指标和肿瘤标志物,绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC curve),分析血清CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平单独检测,以及联合EUS,对胃肠道间质瘤的诊断价值。结果与对照组比较,研究组灰度平均值、灰度标准偏差、血清CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平更高(P<0.05)。不同性别和年龄的胃肠道间质瘤患者,灰度平均值、灰度标准偏差、血清CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与肿瘤直径≤5 cm、病理性核分裂象≤5个/50 HPF的胃肠道间质瘤患者比较,肿瘤直径>5 cm、病理性核分裂象>5个/50 HPF的胃肠道间质瘤患者,灰度平均值、灰度标准偏差、血清CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平更高(P<0.05)。将胃肠道间质瘤纳入阳性,非胃肠道间质瘤纳入阴性,ROC curve显示,联合检测胃肠道间质瘤的诊断价值高于EUS、血清CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平单独检测,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.936,敏感度为82.61%,特异度为91.03%。结论在胃肠道间质瘤中,CYFRA21-1、PKB、CA19-9水平、灰度平均值和灰度标准偏差升高,CYFRA21-1、PKB和CA19-9水平联合EUS在胃肠道间质瘤中诊断价值较高。

IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨核因子κb激酶亚基ε的抑制剂(IKBKE)、Yes相关蛋白1(YAP1)和转录增强结构域转录因子2(TEAD2)在结直肠癌(CRC)组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月在蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院手术切除的142例CRC组织及对应癌旁组织,采用免疫组化法检测标本中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的表达情况。分析3种蛋白在CRC组织中表达的相关性,分析蛋白阳性率与患者临床病理参数及预后的关系;绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,比较这些蛋白不同表达情况患者的生存差异。采用Cox回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果CRC组织中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的阳性率均显著高于癌旁组织(65.5%比9.9%,73.9%比14.1%,66.9%比8.5%,均P<0.05)。IKBKE的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤-淋巴结-远处转移(TNM)分期有关,YAP1和TEAD2的表达均与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移及TNM分期有关。Spearman秩相关分析显示CRC组织中IKBKE与YAP1、TEAD2表达均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达组的总生存率降低。Cox回归分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性、肿瘤分化程度高、TNM分期高是CRC患者预后的独立危险因素。结论CRC中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、转移等因素有关,可能成为CRC治疗的潜在靶点;检测这3个蛋白的表达有助于评估预后。

Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in db/db mice by regulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE:To examine the protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1(Rb1),the main component of Renshen(Radix Ginseng),on cardiomyopathy in db/db mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH)and explore the potential underlying mechanism of Rb1 in treating diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM).METHODS:The db/db mice were randomly separated into five groups:normal control group,model group,Rb120 mg/kg group,Rb140 mg/kg group,and glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)group.Mice were exposed to aircondition or CIH for 8 weeks,and Rb1 and GLP-1 were administrated before CIH exposure every day.Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT),intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test(IPITT),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were detected to evaluate glycolipid metabolism.The level of insulin was detected by a mouse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cardiac function was detected by echocardiography,and myocardial pathology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining.The expression of collagenⅠand collagenⅢwas detected by immunohistochemistry.Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathway was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence.RESULTS:Rb1 treatment could improve glucose tolerance and the level of cardiac function indexes,and inhibit the level of oxidative stress indexes and the expression of collagenⅠand collagenⅢ.Moreover,Rb1 treatment enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression.CONCLUSION:Rb1 treatment alleviated CIH-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy and glycolipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

下调HMGB2表达对肝癌LM3细胞上皮-间质转化的抑制作用及其AKT/mTOR信号通路机制

目的:探讨下调肝癌细胞中高迁移率族框蛋白2 (HMGB2)表达对肝癌细胞生物学行为及上皮-间质转化(EMT)进程的影响,并阐明其作用机制。方法:对数生长期的人肝癌LM3细胞分为阴性对照组和HMGB2 RNA干扰组(HMGB2 siRNA组),分别以Lipofectamin 2000为载体转染无关序列的RNA寡核苷酸(RNA oligo)和敲除HMGB2序列的RNA oligo。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法和Western blotting法检测2组细胞中HMGB2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,分别采用细胞划痕实验和Transwell小室实验检测2组细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,采用Western blotting法检测2组细胞中E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、 N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、波形蛋白(Vimentin)和蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果:与阴性对照组比较,HMGB2 siRNA组细胞中HMGB2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05),HMGB2 siRNA组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低(P<0.01),侵袭细胞数明显减少(P<0.01),细胞中E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01),N-cadherin、Vimentin、mTOR、AKT和磷酸化AKT (p-AKT)蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:下调HMGB2的表达可降低肝癌LM3细胞迁移和侵袭能力并抑制EMT,其作用机制可能与参与调节AKT/mTOR通路相关蛋白表达有关。

PI3K/Akt信号通路通过上调HKDC1促进人肝癌HepG2细胞糖酵解、增殖及迁移

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)通过调节含己糖激酶结构域的蛋白1(HKDC1)对人肝癌HepG2细胞糖酵解、增殖和迁移的影响及机制。方法将体外培养的对数期人肝癌HepG2细胞,分为对照组、LY294002组和MK-2206组,RT-qPCR法检测各组细胞HKDC1 mRNA的表达水平,western blotting法分析各组细胞HKDC1蛋白的表达水平。将细胞分为si-NC组(转染si-NC)、si-HKDC1组(转染si-HKDC1),western blotting法分析各组细胞HKDC1蛋白的表达水平,CCK-8、5-乙炔基-2′-脱氧尿苷(EdU)实验检测各组细胞增殖活力和划痕,Transwell实验检测各组细胞迁移率,细胞外酸化率(ECAR)实验检测分析各组细胞的糖酵解和糖酵解能力,葡萄糖及乳酸含量测定实验检测各组细胞内葡萄糖及乳酸含量。将细胞分为对照组、LY294002组、过表达HKDC1+LY294002组、MK-2206组、过表达HKDC1+MK-2206组,葡萄糖及乳酸含量测定实验检测各组细胞内葡萄糖及乳酸含量。结果与对照组比较,LY294002组细胞HKDC1 mRNA表达明显降低(P<0.001),HKDC1蛋白表达降低(P<0.01);MK-2206组细胞HKDC1 mRNA表达降低(P<0.01),HKDC1蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.001)。与si-NC组相比,si-HKDC1组细胞HKDC1蛋白表达降低(P<0.001);与si-NC组相比,si-HKDC1组细胞增殖活力降低(P<0.05),EdU阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01);与si-NC组相比,si-HKDC1组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低(P<0.001),迁移细胞数明显减少(P<0.001);与si-NC组相比,si-HKDC1组细胞糖酵解和糖酵解能力明显减弱(P<0.01);与si-NC组相比,si-HKDC1组细胞内葡萄糖和乳酸含量明显降低(P<0.05)。与LY294002组相比,过表达HKDC1+LY294002组细胞内葡萄糖和乳酸含量明显升高(P<0.01);与MK-2206组相比,过表达HKDC1+MK-2206组细胞内葡萄糖和乳酸含量明显升高(P<0.001,P<0.01)。结论PI3K/Akt信号通路通过HKDC1促进人肝癌HepG2细胞糖酵解、增殖和迁移。

EEF1A1对急性心肌梗死模型大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Notch/AKT转导途径的影响

目的:探讨人类真核翻译延长因子(EEF1A1)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)模型大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及Notch/蛋白激酶B(AKT)转导途径的影响。方法:将30只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、干预组,每组10只,模型组、干预组于冠状动脉左前降支结扎建立AMI大鼠模型,对照组仅手术穿线处理不结扎。建模后24 h干预组于心肌梗死区原位注射EEF1A1腺病毒,模型组、对照组注射等量生理盐水。干预72 h后,心脏彩超测定大鼠心功能,采用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)染色法评估心肌细胞凋亡,2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TCC)染色法评估心肌梗死面积,采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定EEF1A1 mRNA表达量,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测心肌组织EEF1A1蛋白以及Notch/AKT信号通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果:干预前,模型组、干预组左室射血分数(LVEF)明显低于假手术组(P<0.05),而左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)明显高于假手术组(P<0.05);干预后3 d后,干预组LVEDD、LVESD明显降低,而LVEF明显增加,模型组LVEDD、LVESD明显增加,而LVEF明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组心肌组织EEF1A1蛋白及mRNA表达水平高于假手术组、模型组(P<0.05),而模型组心肌组织EEF1A1蛋白及mRNA表达水平高于假手术组(P<0.05)。干预组心肌梗死面积小于模型组(P<0.05)。干预组心肌细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术组(P<0.05),明显低于模型组(P<0.05)。干预组Notch1、Hes1、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)/AKT相关蛋白表达明显高于模型组、假手术组,模型组Notch1、Hes1、p-AKT/AKT相关蛋白表达均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论:EEF1A1可抑制AMI大鼠心肌细胞损伤、凋亡,缩小心肌梗死面积,改善心脏功能,其作用机制可能与上调Notch/AKT转导途径有关。

LncRNA MALAT1通过靶向miR-146a调节PI3K/Akt信号通路影响胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭

目的 探究长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)肺腺癌转移相关转录子1(metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)通过调节miR-146a对胃癌(gastric cancer, GC)细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响及其机制。方法 收集GC组织和配对正常胃上皮组织,将GC细胞MNK-45分为空白对照(blank control, BC)组(未转染)、MALAT1 siRNA-NC组(转染MALAT1 siRNA-NC)、MALAT1 siRNA组(转染MALAT1 siRNA)、miR-146a mimics-NC组(转染miR-146a mimics-NC)、miR-146a mimics组(转染miR-146a mimics)、MALAT1 siRNA+miR-146a inhibitor-NC组(共转染MALAT1 siRNA+miR-146a inhibitor-NC)、MALAT1 siRNA+miR-146a inhibitor组(共转染MALAT1 siRNA+miR-146a inhibitor)。定量荧光PCR(qRT-PCR)检测胃组织或细胞中MALAT1、miR-146a表达量;CCK-8法和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力;Transwell法检测细胞侵袭和迁移能力;RNA pull down实验、双荧光素酶报告实验分析MALAT1和miR-146a的结合情况;Western blot检测磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路蛋白及c-Myc、基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP9)蛋白表达量。结果 转染MALAT1 siRNA可明显降低MNK-45细胞的MALAT1表达量,敲低MALAT1或过表达miR-146a可降低细胞活力、克隆能力、迁移和侵袭,增加miR-146a表达,降低PI3Kp85α、PI3Kp85β、c-Myc、MMP9蛋白表达量及p-Akt/Akt水平;MALAT1可结合并靶向下调miR-146a表达;低表达miR-146a可逆转敲低MALAT1对MNK-45细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的抑制效应。结论 MALAT1可能作为ceRNA吸附并降解miR-146a,敲低MALAT1可上调miR-146a表达,并通过PI3K/Akt通路抑制GC细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭。

胰岛素样生长因子1对人RPE细胞分泌TGF-β2、MMP-2的影响及机制研究

目的研究胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)对人视网膜色素上皮细胞(ARPE-19)表达转化生长因子β2(TGF-β2)、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)的影响,并探索其作用机制。方法ARPE-19细胞分别按不同浓度IGF-1和不同浓度LY294002培养6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,确定IGF-1、LY294002的最佳作用浓度与时间。细胞划痕法检测细胞迁移活性。ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液中TGF-β2浓度。将ARPE-19细胞分为对照组、IGF-1组(80μg·L^(-1) IGF-1)、IGF-1+LY294002组(80μg·L^(-1) IGF-1+30 mmol·L^(-1) LY294002)、LY294002组(30 mmol·L^(-1) LY294002),使用无血清DMEM/F12培养基培养,对照组不做任何处理,分别采用RT-PCR、Western blot检测细胞中TGF-β2、MMP-2、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)的mRNA和蛋白表达量。结果与0μg·L^(-1) IGF-1比较,80μg·L^(-1) IGF-1的细胞活力24 h变化显著(P<0.05),故确定其为IGF-1最佳作用浓度和时间。与0 mmol·L^(-1) LY294002比较,24 h的30 mmol·L^(-1) LY294002接近半数抑制浓度,故确定其为LY294002最佳作用时间和浓度。细胞划痕法检测结果显示,0μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组、40μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组、80μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组细胞迁移率整体比较及两两比较差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。ELISA检测结果显示,0μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组、40μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组、80μg·L^(-1) IGF-1组细胞上清液中TGF-β2浓度整体比较及两两比较差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。RT-PCR、Western blot检测结果显示,IGF-1、LY294002培养24 h,与对照组比较,IGF-1组细胞中TGF-β2、MMP-2、PI3K、AKT的mRNA与蛋白表达水平均升高,而LY294002组细胞中TGF-β2、MMP-2、PI3K、AKT的mRNA与蛋白表达水平均下降(均为P<0.05);与IGF-1组比较,IGF-1+LY294002组细胞中TGF-β2、MMP-2、PI3K、AKT的mRNA与蛋白表达水平均下降(均为P<0.05)。结论IGF-1能促进ARPE-19细胞增殖、迁移;IGF-1可能通过PI3K/AKT信号通路上调ARPE-19细胞中TGF-β2、MMP-2的表达,参与近视的发生与发展。

LB100 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway

BACKGROUND It is well known that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is associated with insulin resistance(IR).LB100,a serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A)inhibitor,is closely related to IR.However,there is little data regarding its direct influence on NAFLD.AIM To elucidate the effect and underlying mechanism of LB100 in NAFLD.METHODS After 10 wk of high fat diet(HFD)feeding,male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or LB100 for an additional 6 wk(three times a week).The L02 cell line was treated with LB100 and free fatty acids(FFAs)for 24 h.Hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining were performed for histological examination.Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of Sirtuin 1(Sirt1),total and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinaseα(AMPKα),and the proteins involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation.The mRNA levels were determined by qPCR.Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK was performed to further examine the exact mechanism of LB100 in NAFLD.RESULTS LB100 significantly ameliorated HFD-induced obesity,hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatic injury in mice.In addition,LB100 significantly downregulated the protein levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase,sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and its lipogenesis target genes,including stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid synthase,and upregulated the levels of proteins involved in fatty acidβ-oxidation,such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α(PGC-1α),carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α,acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and uncoupling protein 2,as well as the upstream mediators Sirt1 and AMPKαin the livers of HFD-fed mice.In vitro,LB100 alleviated FFA-induced lipid accumulation in L02 cells through the AMPK/Sirt1 signaling pathway.Further studies showed that the curative effect of LB100 on lipid accumulation was abolished by inhibiting AMPKαin L02 cells.CONCLUSION PP2A inhibition by LB100 significantly ameliorates hepatic steatosis by regulating hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation via the AMPK/Sirt1 pathway.LB100 may be a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD.

Effect of Yiqihuoxue prescription on myocardial energy metabolism after myocardial infarction via cross talk of liver kinase B1-depen-dent Notch1 and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Yiqihuoxue prescription(YQHX) from Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) on myocardial glucose and lipid metabolism after myocardial infarction via the cross talk between the liver kinase B1(LKB1)-dependent Notch1 and adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK). YQHX was prepared with substances with properties that benefit, to activate blood circulation based on the TCM theory.METHODS: Animal models of myocardial infarction were established by ligating Sprague Dawley rats' left anterior descending coronary arteries. The animals were randomly divided into a myocardial infarction(MI) group, a YQHX group, a perindopril group, a γ-secretase inhibitor, Notch signal inhibitor(DAPT) group, a DAPT+YQHX group and a sham group. The related drugs were administered on the second day after operation, and changes in the relevant indexes were examined on weeks 1 and 4.Changes in cardiac structure and function were examined by echocardiography. The glucose and free fatty acids(FFA) were examined by ELISA. The expression of Notch, LKB1 and AMPK m RNA was examined by a real-time fluorescence quantitative method. The expression of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4), and the expression of total acetyl-Co A carboxylase(ACC) and its phosphorylation were examined by western blotting.RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the expression of Notch, LKB1 and AMPK m RNA in the MI group was lower. Compared with the MI group, the expression of these m RNAs in the YQHX and perindopril groups was higher, and their expression in the DAPT group was lower. At all time points, the protein expression of GLUT4 and p ACC decreased in the MI group. On week 1, the expression of p ACC protein was higher. In the DAPT group, the expression of p ACC protein decreased. Compared with the YQHX group, the expression of p ACC protein in the DAPT + YQHX group was lower. On week 4,compared with the MI group, the expression of GLUT4 protein in the YQHX group and the perindo-pril group was higher. The expression of GLUT4 protein in the DAPT group decreased. Compared with the YQHX group, the expression of GLUT4 protein in the DAPT+YQHX group was lower. There was no significant difference in the expression of ACC protein between the groups.CONCLUSION: YQHX promoted cross talk between the LKB1-dependent Notch1 and AMPK in myocardial tissue after myocardial infarction. Furthermore,it regulated the glucose and lipid metabolism of cardiomyocytes at different time points, thereby ameliorating the cardiac energy metabolism via different mechanisms and protecting the heart.

加味真武汤对慢性肾衰竭大鼠ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB信号通路及肾纤维化的影响

目的:探讨加味真武汤对慢性肾衰竭大鼠细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/核转录因子NF-κB(NF-κB)信号通路及肾纤维化的影响。方法:60只Wistar雄性大鼠分为对照组、模型组、阳性药组(卡托普利,5mg/kg)、加味真武汤低剂量组(0.245g/kg)、加味真武汤高剂量组(0.98g/kg),每组20只。除正常组外,其余各组大鼠建立慢性肾衰竭模型,分组给予相应药物处理后,全自动生化分析仪检测血清中尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)水平;采用ELISA法检测血清转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)水平;苏木精-伊红染色(HE)染色观察大鼠肾组织病理生理变化;Western blot法进行肾组织ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB信号通路蛋白检测。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠生活质量较差,肾组织出现肾小球硬化、其周围组织纤维化、肾间质大量炎性细胞浸润等病变,血清中BUN、SCr、TGF-β1、MCP-1表达水平及肾组织中ASK1、p-MAPK、p-NF-κB蛋白表达水平显著上升(P<0.05);给药治疗后,低剂量组、阳性药组、高剂量组较模型组大鼠生活质量及肾组织病理症状均有所改善,且高剂量组效果最明显,血清中BUN、SCr、TGF-β1、MCP-1表达水平及肾组织中ASK1、p-MAPK、p-NF-κB蛋白表达水平依次下降(P<0.05)。结论:加味真武汤可抑制ASK1活性,降低MAPK、NF-κB蛋白磷酸化水平,减轻肾组织炎症损伤,减缓肾组织纤维化进程,本研究可为加味真武汤的临床应用提供理论参考。