Effects of thinning on the understory light environment of different stands and the photosynthetic performance and growth of the reforestation species Phoebe bournei

Light levels determine regeneration in stands and a key concern is how to regulate the light environment of different stand types to the requirements of the understory.In this study,we selected three stands typical in south China(a Cryptomeria japonica plantation,a Quercus acutissima plantation,and a mixed stand of both)and three thinning intensities to determine the best understory light environ-ment for 3-year-old Phoebe bournei seedlings.The canopy structure,understory light environment,and photosynthe-sis and growth indicators were assessed following thin-ning.Thinning improved canopy structure and understory light availability of each stand;species composition was the reason for differences in the understory light environ-ment.Under the same thinning intensity,the mixed stand had the greatest light radiation and most balanced spectral composition.P.bournei photosynthesis and growth were closely related to the light environment;all three stands required heavy thinning to create an effective and sustained understory light environment.In a suitable understory light environment,the efficiency of light interception,absorption,and use by seedlings was enhanced,resulting in a higher carbon assimilation the main limiting factor was stomatal conductance.As a shade-avoidance signal,red/far-red radia-tion is a critical factor driving changes in photosynthesis and growth of P.bournei seedlings,and a reduction increased light absorption and use capacity and height:diameter ratios.The growth advantage transformed from diameter to height,enabling seedlings to access more light.Our findings suggest that the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as P.bournei could be enhanced if a targeted approach to thinning based on stand type was adopted.

Heterogeneous population distribution enhances resistance to wheat lodging by optimizing the light environment

Lodging is still the key factor that limits continuous increases in wheat yields today,because the mechanical strength of culms is reduced due to low-light stress in populations under high-yield cultivation.The mechanical properties of the culm are mainly determined by lignin,which is affected by the light environment.However,little is known about whether the light environment can be sufficiently improved by changing the population distribution to inhibit culm lodging.Therefore,in this study,we used the wheat cultivar“Xinong 979”to establish a low-density homogeneous distribution treatment(LD),high-density homogeneous distribution treatment(HD),and high-density heterogeneous distribution treatment(HD-h)to study the regulatory effects and mechanism responsible for differences in the lodging resistance of wheat culms under different population distributions.Compared with LD,HD significantly reduced the light transmittance in the middle and basal layers of the canopy,the net photosynthetic rate in the middle and lower leaves of plants,the accumulation of lignin in the culm,and the breaking resistance of the culm,and thus the lodging index values increased significantly,with lodging rates of 67.5%in 2020–2021 and 59.3%in 2021–2022.Under HD-h,the light transmittance and other indicators in the middle and basal canopy layers were significantly higher than those under HD,and the lodging index decreased to the point that no lodging occurred.Compared with LD,the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-Lyase(PAL),4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase(4CL),catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT),and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD)in the lignin synthesis pathway were significantly reduced in the culms under HD during the critical period for culm formation,and the relative expression levels of TaPAL,Ta4CL,TaCOMT,and TaCAD were significantly downregulated.However,the activities of lignin synthesis-related enzymes and their gene expression levels were significantly increased under HD-h compared with HD.A partial least squares path modeling analysis found significant positive effects between the canopy light environment,the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants,lignin synthesis and accumulation,and lodging resistance in the culms.Thus,under conventional high-density planting,the risk of wheat lodging was significantly higher.Accordingly,the canopy light environment can be optimized by changing the heterogeneity of the population distribution to improve the photosynthetic capacity of the middle and lower leaves of plants,promote lignin accumulation in the culm,and enhance lodging resistance in wheat.These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanism responsible for the lower mechanical strength of the culm under high-yield wheat cultivation,and a theoretical basis and for developing technical measures to enhance lodging resistance.

Research on color image matching method based on feature point compensation in dark light environment

Image matching refers to the process of matching two or more images obtained at different time,different sensors or different conditions through a large number of feature points in the image.At present,image matching is widely used in target recognition and tracking,indoor positioning and navigation.Local features missing,however,often occurs in color images taken in dark light,making the extracted feature points greatly reduced in number,so as to affect image matching and even fail the target recognition.An unsharp masking(USM)based denoising model is established and a local adaptive enhancement algorithm is proposed to achieve feature point compensation by strengthening local features of the dark image in order to increase amount of image information effectively.Fast library for approximate nearest neighbors(FLANN)and random sample consensus(RANSAC)are image matching algorithms.Experimental results show that the number of effective feature points obtained by the proposed algorithm from images in dark light environment is increased,and the accuracy of image matching can be improved obviously.

Changes in human settlement environments and their drivers in valley cities located in arid and semi-arid regions:A case study of Lanzhou in Western China

Development of urban human settlement environments(HSEs)is an integral part of promoting high-quality and sustainable regional development and constructing a beautiful China.The city of Lanzhou,located at the geometric center of China,is the only provincial capital traversed by the Yellow River.Given the constraints posed by the valley topography and the need for economic development,the development of this HSE,which is located within an arid region,poses considerable challenges.Evidently,an understanding of the evolution of HSEs and drivers of changes in them contributes to high-quality,sustainable urban development in arid and semi-arid regions.An analytical model was developed using the parameters of relief degree of land surface,human comfort days,the land cover index,nighttime light index,and precipitation.This model was used in combination with population density and the gross domestic product to analyze the spatial distribution of Lanzhou's HSE and its drivers.The results showed that landscapes in Lanzhou underwent significant changes between 2000 and 2022,with an increase in building-up land(+0.946%),cultivated land(+0.134%),and forest land(+0.018%)and a decrease in grassland(-1.10%).There was significant outward expansion of the main urban zone of Lanzhou and of various county towns,with the increase in building-up land being most prominent.During this period,there were significant changes in the periphery of the core urban area and county towns in Lanzhou,with decreases moving from the urban center(the highest value)to the surrounding areas(Yongdeng County had the lowest value).The correlation between the HSE and population density grew stronger in Anning and Chengguan Districts but became weaker in Xigu and Qilihe Districts.Spatiotemporal variations in the HSE were primarily caused by climate change,followed by human activities,and were also influenced by the valley topography.Overall,the spatial distribution of population density and the HSE in Lanzhou demonstrated good consistency under the in-fluence of economic development and urbanization.

Tempo-Spatial Variations in Stomatal Conductance, Aperture and Density of Ligustrum sinense Acclimated to Different Light Environments

There was heterogeneous distribution in stomatal conductance (g-s) and stomatal aperture for both high- and low-light leaves of Ligustrum sinense Lour. in four designated positions within a leaf. Linear or exponential or polynomial relationships between g-s and stomatal aperture were found when regression of g-s and stomatal aperture was established. Statistical analysis revealed that the relationship between g-s and stomatal aperture for high-light leaves was more significant than that of low-light leaves. A linear relationship between g-s and stomatal aperture existed in both positions 1 and 3 for both high- and low-light leaves. The stomatal density of the low-light leaves was much lower than that of the high-light leaves. The sensitivity of stomata to changing environment for high-light leaves was higher than that for low-light leaves, which may also relate to the higher stomatal density for the high-light leaves.

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Leaflet Movement of Robinia pseudoacacia in Relation to Changing Light Environments

On the sunny days, there were little diurnal changes in both azimuth and directional angle for either sun_ or shade_leaflet. However, there existed a significant diurnal change in midrib angle that reflected movements regarding evasion of light stress around noon hours. On the cloudy day, a very little diurnal difference was found in azimuth, directional and midrib angle. It is suggested that changing light environment is the main factor for inducing leaflet movement of Robinia pseudoacacia , and the rhythmical movement does not attribute to the leaflet movement. Leaf orientation control test showed that the photosynthetic rate ( Pn ), stomatal conductance ( g s ) and transpiration ( Tr ) of the artificial fixed_leaflets were significantly lower than that of control_leaflets. And the leaf temperature ( Tl ) of the fixed leaflets significantly exceeded that of control_leaflets, which may attribute to the significant difference of light interception between the fixed and control_leaflets. The light_dependent leaflet movement is the morphological adjustment of maintaining optimal physiological status.

Control of light environment: A key technique for high-yield and high-quality vegetable production in protected farmland

Vegetable crops such as cucumber and tomato are grown widely through the world using not only field but also protected farmland. Sensitive responses of many vegetables have been widely reported to environmental conditions such as light, air temperature, relative humility, and CO2 concentration in the past years. Among these environmental factors, light is considered to be the most important one for vegetable growth and development, especially in protected farmland. Therefore, lots of researches on effects of light environment, including light intensity, light quality, photoperiod, and light direction, on vegetable growth and development have been done in order to optimize the environmental conditions for high-yield and high-quality vegetable production in protected farmland. In this review, recent advances in light environment control for vegetable production in protected farmland have been reviewed and the prospective for the future research has been proposed as well.

Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in maize plants at graining stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment

To cope with a highly heterogeneous light environment,photosynthesis in plants can be regulated systemically.Currently,the majority of studies are carried out with various plants during the vegetative growth period.As the reproductive sink improves photosynthesis,we wondered how photosynthesis is systemically regulated at the reproductive stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment in the field.Therefore,changes of light intensity within canopy,chlorophyll content,gas exchange,and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient were carefully investigated at the graining stage of maize under various planting densities.In this study,a high planting density of maize drastically reduced the light intensities in the lower canopy,and increased the difference in vertical light distribution within the canopy.With the increase of vertical heterogeneity,chlorophyll content,light-saturated photosynthetic rate and the quantum yield of electron transport in the ear leaf(EL) and the fourth leaf below the ear(FLBE) were decreased gradually,and the ranges of declines in these parameters were larger at FLBE than those at EL.Leaves in the lower canopy were shaded artificially to further test these results.Partial shading(PS) resulted in a vertically heterogeneous light environment and enhanced the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between EL and FLBE.Removing the tassel and top leaves(RTL) not only improved the vertical light distribution within the canopy,but also reduced the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between the two leaves.Taken together,these results demonstrated that maize plants could enhance the vertical heterogeneity of their photosynthetic function to adapt to their light environment;slight changes of the photosynthetic function in EL at the graining stage under a vertically heterogeneous light environment indicated that the systemic regulation of photosynthesis is weak at the graining stage.

Responses of fractal dimensions of Picea koraiensis seedlings to different light environments

The changes of fractal dimension ofPicea koraiensis seedlings under different light intensities in natural secondary forests was studied. The results showed that with the change of light environment, crown characters ofPicea koraiensis seedlings exhibited a greater plastic in lateral number, lateral increment, lateral dry weight, and specific leaf area. The range of calculated fractal dimensions of seedling crowns was confined between 2.5728 and 2.1036, but maximum of fractal dimension achieved in term moderate shading and in extreme low light conditions fractal dimension was least.

Measuring Light and Geometry Data of Roadway Environments with a Camera

Evaluation of the conspicuity of roadway environments for their environmental impact on driving performance is vital for roadway safety. Existing meters and tools for roadway measurements cannot record light and geometry data simultaneously in a high resolution. This study introduced a new method that adopted recently developed high dynamic range (HDR) photogrammetry to measure the luminance and XYZ coordinates of millions of points across a road scene with the same device—a camera, and a MatLab code for data treatment and visualization. To validate this method, the roadway environments of a straight and flat section of Jayhawk Boulevard (482.8 m long) at Lawrence, KS and a roundabout (15.3 m in diameter) at its end were measured under clear and cloudy sky in the daytime and at nighttime with dry and wet pavements. Eight HDR images of the roadway environments under different viewing conditions were generated using the HDR photogrammetric techniques and calibrated. From each HDR image, synchronous light and geometry data were extracted in Radiance and further analyzed to identify potential roadway environmental hazards using the MatLab code (http://people.ku.edu/~h717c996/research.html). The HDR photogrammetric measurement with current equipment had a margin of errors for geometry measurement that varied with the measuring distance, averagely 23.1% - 27.5% for the Jayhawk Boulevard and 9.3% - 16.2% for the roundabout. The accuracy of luminance measurement was proven in the literature as averagely 1.5% - 10.1%. The camera-aided measurement is fast, non-contact, non-destructive, and off the road, thus, it is deemed more efficient and safer than conventional ways using meters and tools. The HDR photogrammetric techniques with current equipment still need improvements on accuracy and speed of the data treatment.

Prediction of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation Rate of Individual Rice Leaves under Changes in Light Environment Using BLSTM-Augmented LSTM

A model to predict photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate(A)with high accuracy is important for forecasting crop yield and productivity.Long short-term memory(LSTM),a neural network suitable for time-series data,enables prediction with high accuracy but requires mesophyll variables.In addition,for practical use,it is desirable to have a technique that can predict A from easily available information.In this study,we propose a BLSTM augmented LSTM(BALSTM)model,which utilizes bi-directional LSTM(BLSTM)to indirectly reproduce the mesophyll variables required for LSTM.The most significant feature of the proposed model is that its hybrid architecture uses only three relatively easy-to-collect external environmental variables—photosynthetic photon flux density(Q_(in)),ambient CO_(2) concentration(C_(a)),and temperature(T_(air))—to generate mesophyll CO_(2) concentration(C_(i))and stomatal conductance to water vapor(g_(sw))as intermediate outputs.Then,A is predicted by applying the obtained intermediate outputs to the learning model.Accordingly,in this study,1)BALSTM(Q_(in),C_(a),T_(air))had a significantly higher A prediction accuracy than LSTM(Q_(in),C_(a),T_(air))in case of using only Q_(in),C_(a),and T_(air);2)BALSTMC_(i),g_(sw),which had C_(i) and g_(sw) as intermediate products,had the highest A prediction accuracy compared with other candidates;and 3)for samples where LSTM(Q_(in),C_(a),T_(air))had poor prediction accuracy,BALSTMC_(i),g_(sw)(Q_(in),C_(a),T_(air))clearly improved the results.However,it was found that incorrect predictions may be formed when certain factors are not reflected in the data(e.g.,timing,cultivar,and growth stage)or when the training data distribution that accounts for these factors differs from the predicted data distribution.Therefore,a robust model should be constructed in the future to improve the prediction accuracy of A by conducting gasexchange measurements(including a wide range of external environmental values)and by increasing the number of training data samples.

Approach to the Zoning and Management for the Function of Light Environment

Light pollution becomes more and more serious, but the study on this field is far from enough. In this paper, light environment is defined as light-free area, dark area, intermediate sight area, and bright area. In addition, it is marked with index value by index system, which includes average brightness, brightness evenness, glare index, and background brightness.

Visible Light Communication for Vehicular Applications: A Novel Architecture with Proof-of-Concept Prototype

When there is an increasing interest in visible light communication(VLC), outdoor vehicle VLC has emerged as a promising candidate technology for future intelligent transportation systems. However, in VLC based vehicular applications, several challenges impede successful commercial application of VLC based products. This article first provides a thorough overview of the existing challenges. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel architecture with tracking and environment sensing ability for practical vehicular applications. Moreover, a proof-ofconcept prototype is implemented to validate the feasibility of the proposed system. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed VLC system can provide reliable communications with a bit-error rate less than 10-4for vehicles under strong interference lights. Finally, based on the evaluations, we propose some key design issues for future studies in this research area.

新伊高速毗邻隧道遮阳棚光环境及降碳分析

为减少由光照强度差异引发的交通事故,以新伊高速公路工程为依托,在宋家凹—水沟河毗邻隧道连接段设置钢筋混凝土与钢结构组合形式的遮阳棚,计算限行速度下遮阳棚的长度,运用DIALux仿真软件对不同时间点下的2种工况进行研究,并采用碳排放因子法分析不同工况下的碳排放量。结果表明:该毗邻隧道连接段遮阳棚长度为100 m。设置遮阳棚后,路面照度降低率达到57.97%,照度总均匀度大于0.4,现场实测值与模拟值误差在10%范围内,均满足相关标准的要求。此外,设置遮阳棚后,每年减少碳排放量82.56 t CO_(2)e,运营2.8 a后可弥补建造时产生的碳排放,建设成本将在3.7 a后收回。在使用寿命期内,可减少碳排放量3 795.74 t CO_(2)e,节约成本577.31万元,实现了减排和节约成本的双重效果。

艺术照明在适老光环境设计中的应用研究

随着我国进入老龄化社会,提升适老居住与生活环境品质成为一项重要社会课题。本文针对二十一世纪以来照明技术和前沿视觉科学的进展,探讨了光环境对老年人生物节律的影响,特别是心理、生理健康方面的变化。同时,本文还探讨了艺术照明与传统照明设计的差异,强调利用光艺术改善空间的视觉表现和光环境氛围的同时,还可对老年人的感知和情绪调节等方面产生积极影响。本文聚焦艺术照明在实现适老光环境中的作用,探讨其设计方法、媒介形式及指标参数等对老年人心理、生理健康的影响,提出具有实践及社会意义的设计方法和建议。

基于人体健康的3种城市森林夏季林内紫外线辐射环境特征比较研究

以中波紫外线为主的紫外辐射对人体健康具有多种生物学影响,城市森林能够为居民提供温和的紫外辐射环境。为了解林下紫外线辐射环境特征是否存在树种间差异,对北京市3种常见遮荫树种的夏季林下紫外辐射(UV)强度、林内与林外UV辐射的比值(SR)、UV-B在总UV辐射中占比(UV-B/UV),以及VD合成和红斑效应两种人体作用有效辐射强度(UV_(VD)、UV_(er))进行了测算。结果表明:(1)三种林分林内紫外辐射总量是林外的3%-10%,不同林分的林内UV强度具有显著差异,元宝枫林对UV屏蔽能力最强,其次是栾树林和国槐林;(2)三种林分林冠对不同波长上紫外辐射能量的屏蔽能力具有明显的一致性,林冠对UV-B的屏蔽能力没有在UVA波段强和稳定,林内UV-B/UV普遍高于林外,其中元宝枫林最高,其次为栾树林,国槐林最低;(3)林冠明显改变了日光UV_(VD)和UV_(er)两种人体作用光谱曲线的形态,三种林分内的人体作用光谱曲线形态相似,强度上,林内外UV_(VD)/UV_(er)值均接近1,不同林分间没有显著差异;(4)胸径、无截取散射、平均叶倾角、叶面积指数和叶片透光性等树种特性或林冠结构特征会影响林内UV的强度,但不同林分内的紫外辐射光谱曲线变化趋势和波峰、波谷的位置基本一致,说明林内UV光质特征的树种间差异不明显。

基于双曲嵌入的露天矿区暗光环境下道路多目标检测模型

露天矿环境特殊,道路场景复杂多变,在光照不足时会导致矿区道路多目标识别不清、定位不准,进而影响检测效果,给矿区无人矿用卡车的安全行驶带来严重安全隐患。目前的道路障碍物检测模型不能有效解决矿区暗光环境对模型检测效果的影响,同时对矿区小目标障碍物的识别也有较大误差,不适用于矿区特殊环境下障碍物的检测与识别。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于双曲嵌入的露天矿区暗光环境下多目标检测模型。首先,在模型的图像预处理阶段引入卷积神经网路Retinex-Net对暗图像进行增强,提高图像清晰度;然后,针对数据集中特征过多而无重点偏好的问题,在加强特征提取部分添加全局注意力机制,聚集3个维度上更关键的特征信息;最后,在检测模型预测阶段引入双曲全连接层,以减少特征丢失,并防止过拟合现象。实验结果表明:(1)基于双曲嵌入的露天矿区暗光环境下道路多目标检测模型不仅对露天矿区暗光环境下的大尺度目标具有较高的分类与定位精度,对矿用卡车及较远距离的小尺度目标即行人也可准确检测与定位,能够满足无人矿用卡车在矿区特殊环境下驾驶的安全需求。(2)模型的检测准确率达98.6%,检测速度为51.52帧/s,较SSD、YOLOv4、YOLOv5、YOLOx、YOLOv7分别提高20.31%,18.51%,10.53%,8.39%,13.24%,对于矿区道路上的行人、矿用卡车及挖机的检测精度达97%以上。

基于绘画观赏视角的展陈光环境研究

为研究基于绘画观赏视角的展陈光环境参数,本文从参观者视觉体验和需求出发,在主观感受层面讨论绘画视觉外观的影响规律并提出分析工具。通过对山水、人物、花鸟类国画的研究发现,3000~5600 K色温展陈光环境更受偏爱,观赏效果与色温高低显著相关;照度50~300 lx时,国画观赏效果与照度显著相关,最佳色温照度组合为5600 K-300 lx。3000 K-50 lx光环境下较低反射率的背景和5600 K-50 lx光环境下较高反射率的背景都能提高观赏效果;3000 K-50 lx光环境下,国画展品的“可见性”和“质感”与展陈背景颜色深浅度相关;5600 K-50 lx光环境下,仅国画展品的“质感”与展陈背景颜色深度相关较强。

紫外光对不同埋藏环境丝织品的劣化影响研究

利用扫描电镜、傅立叶红外、热重分析、氨基酸分析等现代分析技术对紫外光照下模拟不同埋藏环境丝织品的劣化差异进行探究,结果表明:紫外光照射使丝织品表面产生脆性断口、黄度值增加、断裂强力下降、无规卷曲/β-折叠含量比值上升、热最大分解速率温度下降,酪氨酸、大侧基氨基酸的含量减少。紫外光对不同埋藏环境丝织品的劣化影响各不一样,其中对有氧埋藏环境和碱埋藏环境丝织品的破坏更严重。因此博物馆馆藏丝织品保存条件的选择应当根据埋藏环境差异进行细化,对有氧环境和碱环境出土丝织品要格外注意紫外光防护。此外,丝织品的热最大分解速率温度的下降与紫外光照射时间呈线性关系,可以用于量化评估丝织品的劣化程度。

稀土转光膜对日光温室小环境、甜瓜生长、果实品质的影响

为稀土转光膜在设施蔬菜生产上的应用提供参考依据,以甜瓜嘉帅红星为试材,以普通高保温PO流滴膜为对照,研究在PO流滴膜基础上添加稀土转光材料母粒的稀土转光膜对日光温室内环境、甜瓜生长、果实品质的影响。采用OHSP-350UVCOHS光谱仪对棚膜透射光谱进行测定,使用SPAD-502型叶绿素计等仪器、HOBO无线蓝牙温光度记录仪、PAL-BXIAACID3系列ATAGO艾拓糖度计等测定棚膜的光学性能及其覆盖日光温室内小环境、甜瓜生长、果实产量和主要品质等指标。结果表明,与普通PO流滴膜相比,添加稀土转光剂的稀土转光膜增加了棚内蓝紫光的比例,降低了绿光、红橙光的比例,降低了稀土转光膜温室内平均光照度和日最高光照度,提升了棚室内平均空气湿度、日最低空气湿度,甜瓜开花、授粉期提前2 d,甜瓜产量提高14.4%,商品瓜率提升2.7%,裂瓜率降低23.5%。综上,与高保温PO流滴膜相比,稀土转光膜在日光温室甜瓜栽培上具有增强植物光合作用、促进植株生长发育的作用。