改良Load-sharing评分对胸腰段脊柱骨折手术的指导价值

目的探讨改良Load-sharing评分对胸腰段脊柱骨折手术治疗方法选择的指导价值。方法选取2012年9月至2014年9月我院收治的69例胸腰段脊柱骨折患者为研究对象,根据改良Load-sharing评分选择不同的手术方式,对于评分为4~6分的患者应用后路手术;对于评分≥7分且保留完整骨折椎后方结构、不伴有脱位的患者,应用前路手术＋骨折椎体次切＋前路植骨术;对于评分≥7分且骨折椎后方结构破坏或伴有脱位的患者,应用前后路联合手术＋骨折椎体次切＋前路植骨术。观察记录临床治疗效果。结果所有患者的后凸角、椎管占位及椎体压缩于手术后均得到恢复,与手术前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。40例不完全性神经功能损害患者中,3级神经功能恢复者2例,2级神经功能恢复者14例,1级神经功能恢复者24例。根据Denis分级对术后腰痛评价分级,P1 49例,P2 14例,P3 6例。术后31例恢复原来从事工作或体力劳动,32例更换较轻松工作或轻体力劳动,6例生活能自理但不能参加正常工作及劳动。结论改良Load-sharing评分对胸腰段脊柱骨折手术治疗方法的选择具有重要指导价值。

Dynamic load sharing characteristics and sun gear radial orbits of double-row planetary gear train

A new non-linear bending-torsional coupled model for double-row planetary gear set was proposed, and planet's eccentricity error, static transmission error, and time-varying meshing stiffness were taken into consideration. The solution of differential governing equation of motion is determined by applying the Fourier series method. The behaviors of dynamic load sharing characteristics affected by the system parameters including gear eccentricities error, ring gear's supporting stiffness, planet's bearing stiffness, torsional stiffness of first stage carrier and input rotation rate were investigated qualitatively and systematically, and sun gear radial orbits at first and second stage were explored as well. Some theoretical results are summarized as guidelines for further research and design of double-row planetary gear train at last.

Load Dependent Series-Parallel Systems with Common Bus Performance Sharing Mechanism

A series-parallel system was proposed with common bus performance sharing in which the performance and failure rate of the element depended on the load it was carrying. In such a system,the surplus performance of a sub-system can be transmitted to other deficient sub-systems. The transmission capacity of the common bus performance sharing mechanism is a random variable. Effects of load on element performance and failure rate were considered in this paper. A reliability evaluation algorithm based on the universal generating function technique was suggested. Numerical experiments were conducted to illustrate the algorithm.

Dynamic load sharing behavior of transverse-torsional coupled planetary gear train with multiple clearances

A new nonlinear transverse-torsional coupled model with backlash and bearing clearance was proposed for planetary gear set. Meanwhile, sun gear and planet's eccentricity errors, static transmission error, and time-varying meshing stiffness were taken into consideration. The differential governing equations of motion were solved by employing variable step-size Rung-Kutta numerical integration method. The behavior of dynamic load sharing characteristics affected by the system parameters including input rate, sun gear's supporting stiffness and eccentricity error, planet's eccentricity error, sun gear's bearing clearance, backlashes of sun-planet and planet-ring meshes were investigated qualitatively and systematically. Some theoretical results are summarized at last which extend the current understanding of the dynamic load sharing behavior of planet gear train, enrich the related literature and provide references for the design of planetary gear train.

New model for load-sharing k-out-of-n:G system with different components

On the basis of capacity flow model, a new model is developed for a load-sharing k-out-of-n： G system consisting of different components, to describe the increase of the same component＇s failure rates under different loads. All components have exponential life distributions and are nonrepairable in the system. Reliability of load- sharing 2-out- of-3： G system is calculated and some special cases for the system are discussed. The calculation and discussions show that the model is right and practical.

Load-sharing Characteristic of Multiple Pinions Driving in Tunneling Boring Machine

The failure of the key parts, such as gears, in cutter head driving system of tunneling boring machine has not been properly solved under the interaction of driving motors asynchronously and wave tunneling torque load. A dynamic model of multi-gear driving system is established considering the inertia effects of driving mechanism and cutter head as well as the bending-torsional coupling. By taking into account the nonlinear coupling factors between ring gear and multiple pinions, the influence for meshing angle by bending-torsional coupling and the dynamic load-sharing characteristic of multiple pinions driving are analyzed. Load-sharing coefficients at different rotating cutter head speeds and input torques are presented. Numerical results indicate that the load-sharing coefficients can reach up to 1.2-1.3. A simulated experimental platform of the multiple pinions driving is carried out and the torque distributions under the step load in driving shaft of pinions are measured. The imbalance of torque distribution of pinions is verified and the load-sharing coefficients in each pinion can reach 1.262. The results of simulation and test are similar, which shows the correctness of theoretical model. A loop coupling control method is put forward based on current torque master slave control method. The imbalance of the multiple pinions driving in cutter head driving system of tunneling boring machine can be greatly decreased and the load-sharing coefficients can be reduced to 1.051 by using the loop coupling control method. The proposed research provides an effective solution to the imbalance of torque distribution and synchronous control method for multiple pinions driving of TBM.

Shared-nothing并行数据库系统查询优化技术

查询优化是并行数据库系统的核心技术 .该文介绍作者自行研制的一个 Shared- nothing并行数据库系统PBA SE/ 2中独特的两阶段优化策略 .为了缩减并行查询优化庞大的搜索空间 ,PBASE/ 2将并行查询优化划分为顺序优化和并行化两个阶段 .在顺序优化阶段对并行化后的通信代价进行预先估算 ,将通信开销加入顺序优化的代价模型 ,同时对动态规划搜索算法进行了修正和扩展 ,保证了顺序优化阶段得到的最小代价计划在并行化后代价仍然最小 .并行化阶段的优化目标是实现查询工作量在系统内多种资源上的负载平衡 ,提出了资源负载平衡因子的概念 ,并且通过启发式规则、任务调度等机制保证了并行查询执行计划的优化性 .

早老素-1基因启动子区-48C/T位点多态性与LOAD的遗传相关性

目的 研究早老素 - 1基因启动子区 - 4 8C/T位点的多态性与迟发性AD(LOAD)的相关性。方法 用常规方法从人外周血白细胞中抽提基因组DNA ,PCR扩增出包含 - 4 8C/T多态性位点的基因片段 ,利用PCR -RFLP技术对 -4 8C/T多态性位点进行基因分型 ,χ2 检验分析 - 4 8C/T多态性位点基因型分布和等位基因频率。结果 以 33例AD病例和32例对照样品的外周血白细胞基因组DNA为模板 ,PCR扩增出了长度为 344bp的包含 - 4 8C/T多态性位点的基因片段。基因分型结果表明 ,33例散发型AD的C和T等位基因频率分别为 4 7%和 5 3% ,C/T和T/T基因型频率分别为 94 %和 6 %。而 32例正常对照的C和T等位基因频率分别为 4 8%和 5 2 % ,C/T和T/T基因型频率分别为 97%和 3%。χ2 检验结果显示 ,病例 -对照样品间C和T等位基因频率及C/C、C/T和T/T基因型的分布均无显著性差异 (χ2 值分别为 0 4 4 3和 0 318,P>0 .0 5 )。结论 在我们研究的群体中 ,早老素 - 1基因启动子区 - 4 8C/T位点的多态性与LOAD无显著的遗传相关性。

Planetary Gear Profile Modification Design Based on Load Sharing Modelling

In order to satisfy the increasing demand on high performance planetary transmissions, an important line of research is focused on the understanding of some of the underlying phenomena involved in this mechanical system. Through the development of models capable of reproduce the system behavior, research in this area contributes to improve gear transmission insight, helping developing better maintenance practices and more efficient design processes. A planetary gear model used for the design of profile modifications ratio based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio is presented. The gear profile geometry definition, following a vectorial approach that mimics the real cutting process of gears, is thoroughly described. Teeth undercutting and hypotrochoid definition are implicitly considered, and a procedure for the incorporation of a rounding arc at the tooth tip in order to deal with corner contacts is described. A procedure for the modeling of profile deviations is presented, which can be used for the introduction of both manufacturing errors and designed profile modifications. An easy and flexible implementation of the profile deviation within the planetary model is accomplished based on the geometric overlapping. The contact force calculation and dynamic implementation used in the model are also introduced, and parameters from a real transmission for agricultural applications are presented for the application example. A set of reliefs is designed based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio for the example transmission, and finally some other important dynamic factors of the transmission are analyzed to assess the changes in the dynamic behavior with respect to the non-modified case. Thus, the main innovative aspect of the proposed planetary transmission model is the capacity of providing a simulated load sharing ratio which serves as design variable for the calculation of the tooth profile modifications.

Load Sharing Behavior of Star Gearing Reducer for Geared Turbofan Engine

Load sharing behavior is very important for power-split gearing system, star gearing reducer as a new type and special transmission system can be used in many industry fields. However, there is few literature regarding the key multiple-split load sharing issue in main gearbox used in new type geared turbofan engine. Further mechanism anal- ysis are made on load sharing behavior among star gears of star gearing reducer for geared turbofan engine. Compre- hensive meshing error analysis are conducted on eccentricity error, gear thickness error, base pitch error, assembly error, and bearing error of star gearing reducer respectively. Floating meshing error resulting from meshing clearance variation caused by the simultaneous floating of sun gear and annular gear are taken into account. A refined mathematical model for load sharing coefficient calculation is established in consideration of different meshing stiffness and support- ing stiffness for components. The regular curves of load sharing coefficient under the influence of interactions, single action and single variation of various component errors are obtained. The accurate sensitivity of load sharing coefficienttoward different errors is mastered. The load sharing coef- ficient of star gearing reducer is 1.033 and the maximum meshing force in gear tooth is about 3010 N. This paper provides scientific theory evidences for optimal parameter design and proper tolerance distribution in advanced devel- opment and manufacturing process, so as to achieve optimal effects in economy and technology.

虚拟电厂两阶段准线型需求响应优化及收益共享-风险共担决策方法

末端分散式资源的需求响应(demand response,DR)是支撑电力系统灵活调节的重要形式,但末端资源通常规模大且单体容量小,迫切需要虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)等市场主体进行聚合代理,从而间接参与电网公司的调节服务。聚焦于准线型需求响应这一新兴的响应模式,重点研究VPP内部分散式资源的利益-风险互动协调策略,提出面向准线型DR的VPP两阶段优化及收益共享-风险共担决策方法,构建VPP与电网、内部用户互动协调新模式。首先,在准线型激励下VPP以整体收益最大化为目标,考虑柔性负荷响应积极度与新能源准确度因子,进行日前-日内两阶段DR优化;其次,在收益共享-风险共担决策方法下,VPP与柔性负荷共享准线型激励、与新能源共担不确定性风险,并以改进的Shapley法对内部柔性负荷进行利益分配。仿真结果表明,相较于传统DR,准线型DR给出全时段响应目标,更具有优越性;共享-共担决策吸引柔性负荷参与VPP调节,促使VPP与用户双赢。

Topology optimization of 3D structures with design-dependent loads

Topology optimization of continuum structures with design-dependent loads has long been a challenge. In this paper, the topology optimization of 3D structures subjected to design-dependent loads is investigated. A boundary search scheme is proposed for 3D problems, by means of which the load surface can be identified effectively and efficiently, and the difficulties arising in other approaches can be overcome. The load surfaces are made up of the boundaries of finite elements and the loads can be directly applied to corresponding element nodes, which leads to great convenience in the application of this method. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is validated by several numerical examples.

Numerical study on wave loads and motions of two ships advancing in waves by using three-dimensional translating-pulsating source

A frequency domain analysis method based on the three-dimensional translating-pulsating （3DTP） source Green function is developed to investigate wave loads and free motions of two ships advancing on parallel course in waves. Two experiments are carried out respectively to mea- sure the wave loads and the free motions for a pair of side-by- side arranged ship models advancing with an identical speed in head regular waves. For comparison, each model is also tested alone. Predictions obtained by the present solution are found in favorable agreement with the model tests and are more accurate than the traditional method based on the three dimensional pulsating （3DP） source Green function. Numer- ical resonances and peak shift can be found in the 3DP pre- dictions, which result from the wave energy trapped in the gap between two ships and the extremely inhomogeneous wave load distribution on each hull. However, they can be eliminated by 3DTP, in which the speed affects the free sur- face and most of the wave energy can be escaped from the gap. Both the experiment and the present prediction show that hydrodynamic interaction effects on wave loads and free motions are significant. The present solver may serve as a validated tool to predict wave loads and motions of two ves- sels under replenishment at sea, and may help to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction effects on the ships safety in replenishment operation.

Load Sharing Performance of the Main Drive System in the Shield Machine and Improvement of Control Method

Shield machine is the major technical equipment badly in need in national infrastructure construction. The service conditions of shield machine are extremely complex. The driving interface load fluctuation caused by geological environment changes and multi field coupling of stress field may lead into imbalance of redundant drive motors output torque in main driving system. Therefore, the shield machine driving synchronous control is one of the key technologies of shield machine. This paper is in view of the shield machine main driving synchronous control, achieving the system＇s adaptive load sharing. From the point of view of cutterhead load changes, nonlinear factors of mechanical transmission mechanism and the control system synchronization performance, the authors analyze the load sharing performance of shield machine main drive system in the event of load mutation. The paper proposes a data-driven synchronized control method applicable to the main drive system. The effectiveness of the method is verified through simulation and experimental methods. The new method can make the system synchronization error greatly reduced, thus it can effectively adapt to load mutation, and reduce shaft broken accident.

SHARE-Asia自动气象站网络:喜马拉雅山—喀喇昆仑山地区气候研究的一个必要组成部分(英文)

Ev-K2-CNRSHARE-Asia计划的目标就是建立一个沿喜马拉雅山—喀喇昆仑山脉的监测网络,为气象学和气候研究提供参数,特别是为季风变化、大气化学、冰川学、高海拔湖沼学和古湖沼学等研究,同时也为准确地确定地球表面坐标。SHARE-Asia计划的一个特殊的目的是发展一套完整的测量系统,以满足不断进步的环境与地球科学;促进当地的技术升级和建设的能力。就像WMO-CEOP和UNEP-ABC一样,SHARE-Asia气象—气候及大气化学观测站已经成为重要的国际科学计划的一部分。

Large deflections of non-prismatic nonlinearly elastic cantilever beams subjected to non-uniform continuous load and a concentrated load at the free end

This work studies large deflections of slen- der, non-prismatic cantilever beams subjected to a combined loading which consists of a non-uniformly distributed con- tinuous load and a concentrated load at the free end of the beam. The material of the cantilever is assumed to be non- linearly elastic. Different nonlinear relations between stress and strain in tensile and compressive domain are considered. The accuracy of numerical solutions is evaluated by com- paring them with results from previous studies and with a laboratory experiment.

A Temperature-Based Hysteresis Buck Converter for Dynamic Current Sharing

In this study, a temperature-based current sharing strategy rather than equal sharing for loads was applied to promote the reliability of uninterruptible power systems (UPS). According to the temperature of each power supply module in a UPS, it would be better to reduce the output current ratio for a hotter supply module in the UPS. In this design, we implemented our regulation circuits by the UMC 0.25-μm CMOS technology with an input range from 3 V to 4.2 V and the regulated output at 1.1 V. The rated output current was 100 mA for each phase. We also employed a current-mode error-correction circuit to improve the current sharing performance based on the averaged current of each phase at the same temperature. According to our simulation results, the current sharing error can be restricted within ± 5% for the supply modules at the same temperature in our system.

偏心误差对分扭-并车齿轮传动系统均载性能的影响

为研究分扭-并车齿轮传动系统中不同级齿轮偏心误差对各支路均载性能的影响,对其不均载成因进行了分析。采用集中质量法建立含偏心误差的弯扭耦合动力学模型,利用Newmark-β法求解动力学方程,计算了各分支均载系数,对比了有无偏心误差时动态均载系数的变化;通过两组数值仿真,探究了不同级齿轮偏心误差对各支路均载系数的影响情况。结果表明,齿轮偏心误差加剧了系统各支路均载系数的幅值波动,且闭环布置的分扭-并车齿轮传动系统右支路均载系数小于左支路;各级齿轮偏心误差单独作用时,偏心误差对含误差的齿轮级所在支路均载性能影响更大;各级偏心误差共同作用时,传动系统并车级均载性能的稳定性劣于分扭级,表明动力传递过程中误差具有累积效应。研究结果为选择性减小不同级齿轮偏心误差、有效改善传动系统各支路的均载性能提供了依据。

Effect of Mild-calcined Coal Gangue Additionon Hot Strength and Refractoriness Under Loadof Ultra Low Cement Castablesin Al_2O_3-SiO_2 System

This work explored the way to improve hot modulus q/＇ rupture （HMOR） and refractoriness under load （RUL） by adding mild-calcined coal gangue （MCG） in Al2O3 -SiO2 ultra low cement （ULC） castables, making use of the in-situ effect of the MCG during heating-up. The influence of respective additions of 5%, 10% and 1.5% of the MCG powders calcined at 700℃ was investigated on HMOR at 1400 ℃ and RUL of the castables. With increased addition of the MCG, HMOR and RUL become significantly enhanced. At 10% of the MCG addition, HMOR reaches 3 MPa, as compared to 0. 3 MPa in the case of no MCG addition. RUL of the specimens dried at 110 ℃for 24 h can be increased by some 270 ℃ with 10% of the MCG addition. RUL 0.11 the specimens preheated at 1 500℃ for 3 h maintains the growth trend with the MCG addition increasing. The microstructure of the heated castable samples was investigated by means of SEM. The in-situ formed needle-like and interlaced mullite in the matrix is contributive to the tmprovement.

Non-stationary Buffeting Response Analysis of Long Span Suspension Bridge Under Strong Wind Loading

The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for non-stationary strong wind fields is first presented. Non-stationary wind forces induced by strong winds on bridge deck and tower are then given a brief introduction. Finally,Non-stationary buffeting response of Pulite Bridge in China,a long span suspension bridge,is computed by using ANSYS software under four working conditions with different combination of time-varying mean wind and time-varying variance. The case study further confirms that it is necessity of considering non-stationary buffeting response for long span suspension bridge under strong wind loading,rather than only stationary buffeting response.