Prediction of Settlements of Soft Clay Subjected to Long-Term Dynamic Load

Presented is the numerical analysis of settlements of soft soil by a 2-D dynamic effective stress FEM method. The model based on the results of cyclic triaxial tests on the reconstituted soft Ariake clay is used to predict the wave induced excess pore water pressure and residual strain of soft clay. The settlements of two types of breakwaters on the soft clay under ocean wave load, a low embankment subjected to traffic load and the tunnel surrounded by soft clay in Shanghai subjected to locomotive load are calculated as examples.

Analysis of nonlinear settlement for an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading

A new approach was proposed to describe settlement behavior of an unsaturated soil with subgrade filling for high-speed railway. Firstly, based on Terzaghi consolidation theory, equations considering the variation coefficient of consolidation with void ratio and saturation for consolidation of an unsaturated soil under stage continuous loading were derived, and according to analytical solutions of equations, a formula for settlement computation under stage continuous loading was obtained. Then, combined with the width-to-height ratio of subgrade to compute ground reaction, and by means of in-situ plate loading curves, a correctional approach was presented for the analysis of nonlinear settlement of foundation. Also, the comparison between calculated and measured loadsettlement behavior for an unsaturated soil in Qingdao-Ji'nan high-speed railway was given to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. It can be noted that the presented solution can be used to predict the settlement of an unsaturated soil foundation under stage continuous loading in engineering design.

Study on temperature field and settlement of thawing soil under static and dynamic loading

A series of tests were conducted to analyze temperature field distribution and thawing settlement of a thawing soil under static and dynamic loading at various cooling and thawing temperatures. The results demonstrate： （1） the temperature field distribution of the thawing soil was not significantly influenced by the loading form under the tested loading conditions; similar results were obtained for samples at different dynamic loading frequencies and different dynamic loading ampli- tudes, which verified the independence of loading form and temperature field; （2） changed temperature field distributions were found in thawing soil with different cooling and thawing temperatures, and the cooling and thawing temperature of the samples were the main factors affecting their temperature distributions; （3） under the tested conditions, thawing set- tlements were little influenced by the thawing temperature and the dynamic loading frequency; and （4） a linear relation- ship existed between the thawing settlement and the cooling temperature, and a logarithmic function could be used to describe the relationship between the thawing settlement and the loading amplitude.

真空预压-PVD排水板加固吹填土地基试验及数值模拟研究

对虎门港地区某施工现场典型吹填土开展了室内土工试验、真空预压-PVD排水板加固吹填土的室内单井模型试验,通过试验测量模型筒内的孔隙水压力、土体沉降量、排水板不同位置的真空度大小和试验排水量,并在模型试验结束后取模型筒内不同位置的土样进行直剪试验和含水率测定,对真空预压-PVD排水板加固土体效果和排水板淤堵问题进行了分析,并用Abaqus软件建立了相应的二维有限元模型,分析改变膜下真空度和改变排水板插入深度等因素对地基固结效果的影响。研究发现,土体的抗剪强度随着深度的增加而逐渐降低,土样的顶部沉降量最大,逐渐减少至中部以下土样的沉降仅有轻微差异,受淤堵层的影响,排水表现出在排水开始时排水量迅速增加,达最大值后逐渐减小,最后趋于稳定的现象;而随着膜下真空度的增大和排水板打设深度的增加,地基固结效果越好。

Analysis of pile load-transfer under pile-side softening

A set of analytical equations for the variation of the axial force along depth and the pile-top load-settle-ment curve were established, using tri-linear softening model to pile-side soil and bilinear hardening model to pile-end soil . Influences of the pile-side and pile-end soil behavior on the load-settlement curve were discussed, indica-ting that the lowering reason for the variation step degree of the axial force along depth is the softening of the pile-side soil to result in the side friction lowering when the pile-top load is increased. To verify the reliability of thismethod, the parameters used in calculation are obtained from the test in Zhuzhou area. The obtained results are thencompared with the tested results. Contrast shows that the calculated results and the tested values are very close,which illustrates that the proposed method is reliable.

Accumulative deformation in railway track induced by high-speed traffic loading of the trains

Prediction and control of the permanent settlement of a track caused by traffic loading from trains is crucial to high-speed railway design and maintenance. In this study, a unified prediction model of accumulative deformation of geomaterials used in railway construction subjected to cyclic loadings is introduced and calibrated using physical model testing. Based on this versatile model, a calculation approach to determine the track structure settlement under repeated loadings caused by the movement of the wheel axle of the train is proposed. Regression analysis on the physical model testing is adopted to determine the parameters involved in the computational approach. Comparison of model test data and computed results shows that the parameters obtained from the back-analysis are consistent throughout the various testing conditions, and the proposed calculation approach is capable of satisfactorily predicting the accumulative settlement of the railway roadbed and subgrade soil for various axle loads and loading cycles. A case study of a high-speed railway is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach in realistic engineering applications. The computation results from the settlement development of a roadbed and subgrade soil are presented and discussed.

Frequency and Surface Slope’s Effects on the Surface Displacement by Drilling Shallow and Deep Tunnels under Dynamic Loads

Development and expansion of cities in one hand and increasing transport needs on the other hand have been causing underground constructions. So understanding the behavior of these structures is essential. Ground displacement around the tunneling area is one of the most important issues which have been studied by many researchers, while the effects of the slope behavior of the ground on the tunnel is paid less attention. This study will have analyzed the effects of frequency and surface slope on the surface subsidence caused by tunneling under dynamic loads (without structure). The results show that the frequency and surface slope have significant effects on the land displacements and the area surrounded by a tunnel.

Nonlinear calculating method of pile settlement

To study calculating method of settlement on top of extra-long large-diameter pile, the relevant research results were summarized. The hyperbola model, a nonlinear load transfer function, was introduced to establish the basic differential equation with load transfer method. Assumed that the displacement of pile shaft was the high order power series of buried depth, through merging the same orthometric items and arranging the relevant coefficients, the solution which could take the nonlinear pile-soil interaction and stratum properties of soil into account was solved by power series. On the basis of the solution, by determining the load transfer depth with criterion of settlement on pile tip, the method by making boundary conditions compatible was advised to solve the load-settlement curve of pile. The relevant flow chart and mathematic expressions of boundary conditions were also listed. Lastly, the load transfer methods based on both two-broken-line model and hyperbola model were applied to analyzing a real project. The related coefficients of fitting curves by hyperbola were not less than 0.96, which shows that the hyperbola model is truthfulness, and is propitious to avoid personal error. The calculating value of load-settlement curve agrees well with the measured one, which indicates that it can be applied in engineering practice and making the theory that limits the design bearing capacity by settlement on pile top comes true.

Behavior of Pile Group with Elevated Cap Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loads

The pile group with elevated cap is widely used as foundation of offshore structures such as turbines, power transmission towers and bridge piers, and understanding its behavior under cyclic lateral loads induced by waves, tide water and winds, is of great importance to designing. A large-scale model test on 3×3 pile group with elevated cap subjected to cyclic lateral loads was performed in saturated silts. The preparation and implementation of the test is presented. Steel pipes with the outer diameter of 114 mm, thickness of 4.5 mm, and length of 6 m were employed as model piles. The pile group was cyclic loaded in a multi-stage sequence with the lateral displacement controlled. In addition, a single pile test was also conducted at the same site for comparison. The displacement of the pile cap, the internal forces of individual piles, and the horizontal stiffness of the pile group are presented and discussed in detail. The results indicate that the lateral cyclic loads have a greater impact on pile group than that on a single pile, and give rise to the significant plastic strain in the soil around piles. The lateral loads carried by each row of piles within the group would be redistributed with loading cycles. The lateral stiffness of the pile group decreases gradually with cycles and broadly presents three different degradation patterns in the test. Significant axial forces were measured out in some piles within the group, owing to the strong restraint provided by the cap, and finally lead to a large settlement of the pile group. These findings can be referred for foundation designing of offshore structures.

The Effect of Traffic on Ballast Settlement

The main factor that contributes to the deterioration of track components is traffic load. Explanations on how the speed, load and repetition of traffic influence the long-term settlement of ballast in a ballasted track are very scarce. Having in mind that tracks subjected to the same load show different settlement behaviors, explanations of track settlements in accordance with the speed, load and repetition are needed. This study is motivated to show how traffic affects the long-term settlement of ballast and how the traffic parameters (speed, load and repetition) contribute to the process. Using finite element modeling software, the three-dimensional track is modeled and analyzed for different values of speed, load and number of repetitions. Drucker Prager plastic model is applied for the ballast and sub-ballast materials of the track. To get the parameters for the Drucker Prager plastic model of granular materials, triaxial test simulation is performed using discrete element software. Hertz’s contact theory is used to model the contact between the wheel and rail. The long-term settlement behavior of ballast material is analyzed by applying 8000 cycles of moving axel load. According to the analyses, a change in the speed and the number of repetitions of train movement changes the permanent settlement of ballast more than the variation in load. Increase in the speed of train movement by 20 km/hr. will increase the stress transferred to the subgrade by up to about 1000 kPa. Speed of train movement is the most contributing parameter in the degradation of ballast material more than the load and number of repetitions. In a conventional ballasted track after about 6000 repetitions of train movement ballast material will start to decrease its performance. The comparison of the effects of the variation of individual traffic parameters speed, load and number of repetitions on the settlement of ballast which is not touched by former researches is well addressed by this study which is very helpful for designing a new railway track and monitoring existing railway tracks. Based on the analysis of the model with the parameters from Ethio-Djibouti standard gauge railway track, the possible maintenance period of ballast material is predicted.

地基承载力特征值确定土变形模量的探讨

目前我国地基沉降计算主要采用土压缩模量来计算,再用经验系数对计算结果进行修正。这种方法对于一些结构性较强的硬土地基误差较大,主要原因是取样扰动影响。为此,探讨了变形模量与地基承载力特征值的理论联系,在笔者提出的确定变形模量经验方法基础上,总结出依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量的方法,该方法具有理论依据,可便捷地通过岩土工程勘察报告中常提供的地基承载力特征值确定土的变形模量,能够更为准确计算地基沉降值。采用不同方法(压板试验法、压缩模量推求法、标贯击数法、承载力经验法、依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量法)计算了若干试验案例,通过对不同方法结果的对比,初步验证了依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量法是可行的。

岩溶区PST管桩复合地基的工程应用

经对某场地高层建筑地基素填土厚度大、下伏基岩岩溶发育、以多层串珠状溶洞为主的地层条件研究,提出一种PST管桩刚性复合地基。采用试验和监测等方法来指导复合地基处理设计与施工,根据场地试桩数据来验证设计的合理性。施工完成后,采用静载荷试验对复合地基进行质量验收检测,并连续进行沉降监测。结果表明:岩溶区PST管桩复合地基是一种处理高层建筑地基很可行的方法,处理后可以满足高层建筑物对地基强度、变形及稳定性的要求。

基于界面本构模型的砂土中单桩荷载−沉降响应预测方法

基于界面本构模型提出了一种新的砂土中单桩荷载沉降响应的预测方法。首先,从土−结构界面本构模型出发推导了严格的桩−土界面非线性荷载传递模型,该模型承继了界面本构模型特征,能够模拟桩−土界面上发生的应变硬化/软化、剪胀与应力路径依赖性等行为。此外,采用双曲线荷载传递模型模拟桩端−土相互作用的非线性应力−位移关系。上述荷载传递模型所需参数可以通过室内界面剪切试验和土工试验进行校准。继而,基于荷载传递法,提出了单桩荷载沉降响应分析的一维计算模型,并采用迭代算法进行数值求解。最后,将理论解答与已报道的模型试验、自主开展的模型桩试验以及数值模拟结果进行比较,以验证所提出的理论方法的正确性。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值吻合较好,且该方法能够很好地预测非位移桩与位移桩的荷载沉降响应。提出了一个基于界面本构模型的单桩荷载沉降响应分析框架,为竖向荷载下砂土中单桩优化设计提供了理论参考。

基于状态演化模型的高铁路基动力累积沉降变形预测研究

长期循环荷载作用下高铁路基会出现累积沉降变形,对轨道平顺性、列车运行的舒适性与安全性等产生不利影响。为预测高铁路基累积沉降变形,基于考虑颗粒材料系统流动性及历史应变的状态演化模型,采用有限差分法进行求解,得到预测长期循环荷载作用下路基累积变形的计算方法。开展分级荷载及长期循环荷载作用下的路基累积沉降变形缩比尺模型试验,对试验结果进行分析,并验证状态演化模型预测路基累积变形的合理性;提出三阶段拟合法,通过0~10000 s循环荷载作用下的路基累积变形试验数据拟合得到模型的关键参数,并对10000~25000 s的路基累积变形进行预测;最后深入分析初始状态模量、特征应变和特征参数对计算结果的影响。研究结果表明:路基累积沉降变形达到稳定值所需的时间随着荷载幅值的增加而增加;状态变量与荷载大小密切相关,随着荷载增大而增大;初始状态变量、特征应变及特征参数越大,路基的流动性及累积应变速率越大。所提方法可以很好地反映分级荷载及循环荷载下路基的累积变形,实现通过现有数据对路基未来累积沉降变形进行有效预测,为长期循环荷载作用引起的高铁路基累积沉降变形提供了实用的预测方法。研究结果可为高铁路基设计及变形控制提供参考,具有较高的实用价值和工程意义。

废弃橡胶轮胎在路桥过渡段沉降影响因素研究

为了研究废弃橡胶轮胎作为路基的加筋材料改善道路桥梁过渡段差异沉降的影响因素,建立了ABAQUS有限元数值模型。通过施加单一与交通荷载,对不同加筋层数、筋材特性、交通荷载的幅值、频率、循环次数等因素对土体沉降量的影响进行分析。结果表明,3层加筋效果优于2层,远优于1层。加筋后的桥头路基抵抗沉降的能力有显著提高,且随着模量的提高,效果更明显。在交通荷载作用下,随深度的增加,轮胎的影响深度逐渐减小;随荷载频率的增大,交通荷载作用在土层的次数增加,荷载的影响深度随之增大;随循环次数的增加,土体塑性位移递增。轮胎通过将软土层分层,提高了土体的整体性和连续性,减小了差异性沉降,使路桥的过渡段平稳过渡。

运营期浅埋公路隧道拱顶覆土层力学分析模型及沉降规律研究

浅埋盾构隧道下穿既有公路时,车辆荷载作用下隧道拱顶不同深度覆土层会发生沉降,针对这一问题,提出一种盾构过程中拱顶覆土两阶段沉降分析模型,采用ABAQUS数值模拟(FEM)验证本文所建立沉降模型的正确性。研究结果表明:对Peck公式中土体体积损失参量进行修正并基于非线性荷载作用下的Boussinesq解所建立的等效地表两阶段沉降分析模型能有效预测车辆循环荷载和隧道盾构耦合作用下盾尾拱顶覆土沉降发展规律。在盾构过程中,盾尾拱顶覆土沉降扰动增加区段位于接近区至下穿区前2/5处,下穿区出现沉降峰值后进入沉降扰动平缓区段,远离区为沉降扰动减小区段,沉降发展规律符合Protodyakonov压力拱理论,沉降增加主要发生在压力拱破坏期间;盾构完成后,车辆循环荷载影响5 m左右深度的覆土层沉降,深度大于5 m时车辆荷载发生应力扩散,沉降主要影响因素为隧道开挖造成的土体体积损失。

大型直升机荷载下黄土场地模型箱试验研究

大型直升机着陆过程中会对着陆场地施加较大的冲击荷载,两者之间的动力相互作用与着陆场地的类型密切相关。基于大型直升机的设计着陆工况,设计双锤冲击试验装置,对大型直升机双轮式起落架的双轮同时冲击黄土场地的工况进行小比尺的模型试验,分析双锤冲击下黄土场地不同深度的沉降特性和动应力分布规律,并在此基础上探讨落锤间距对场地变形及动力响应的影响。在双锤冲击荷载作用下,黄土场地浅层区域的沉降曲线呈典型的W型,不同位置处的竖向动应力时程发展曲线相似,呈单峰脉冲特征。沿落锤中心线下的沉降量和动应力幅值随深度增加而递减,但递减速率与深度有关,浅层区域的递减速率最大。不同落锤间距下黄土场地的沉降特性和动应力时程变化规律类似,落锤间距主要影响场地沉降和动应力量值的大小。

交通荷载下的软土复合地基道路工程性状研究

针对软土复合地基上道路工程在交通荷载作用下的沉降问题,以武夷新区快速通道道路工程软土复合地基处理段为研究对象,运用动态弹塑性有限元软件,模拟软土复合地基在交通荷载作用下的变形情况,分析软土的累积塑性应变和软土复合地基的累积沉降变化特征。研究结果表明:随着交通荷载循环加载次数的增加,不同压缩模量工况的软土累积塑性应变均呈现非线性增加,并呈现不断收敛的趋势;在相同的交通荷载循环加载次数条件下,随着软土压缩模量的不断增加,软土的累积塑性应变不断减小;随着交通荷载循环加载次数的不断增加,软土复合地基的累积沉降曲线呈现反“S”形变化规律,当加载次数大于1000次后,软土复合地基的累积沉降趋于收敛。研究成果可以为降低软土复合地基工后沉降提供理论支持和实践指导。

填芯对管桩竖向承载性能影响研究分析

通过模型试验和数值模拟进行了动、静荷载下填芯管桩竖向承载特性研究。首先,设计了半桩模型试验装置,利用多功能振动混合试验系统进行填芯管桩载荷试验,利用静载试验取得不同填芯位置和填芯率下填芯管桩的极限承载力,运用有限元软件ANSYS Workbench对模型试验进行建模分析;然后,当计算结果与模型试验基本吻合之后,在此基础上研究静载下填芯管桩承载规律,并探索循环荷载下填芯管桩的承载规律。通过试验和模拟数据分析得到了静载下填芯率、填芯位置和长径比对填芯管桩承载能力的影响。通过对循环荷载下不同的填芯率、填芯位置进行的数值模拟研究,得到了填芯管桩的承载特性规律,为填芯管桩的工程实践应用提供支撑。

粮食筒仓群桩基础竖向承载变形特性数值模拟分析

粮食筒仓建设场地为原有海域经人工回填整平而成,极易引起沉降,为保证筒仓的安全性和稳定性,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立三维有限元计算模型,分析不同阶段荷载和邻仓对筒仓群桩基础竖向承载变形特性的影响。分析结果表明:群桩基础竖向承载变形不均匀分布受上部荷载影响较大。施工完成阶段,结构自重荷载主要作用于外边缘,边桩竖向承载变形较大,最小和最大沉降量分别为0.551 mm和0.959 mm;服役阶段,满仓荷载分布较为均匀,中心桩竖向承载变形较大,最小和最大沉降量分别为1.271 mm和2.335 mm。群桩基础竖向承载变形受邻仓影响较大。对群桩竖向承载变形的影响随距离的增加而减小,沉降量随邻仓数量的增加而增大;邻仓位置分布的不对称,导致沉降差异增大。