PRINCIPLE TO CLOSED LOOP CONTROL DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER WITH DOUBLE SPEED VARIABLE PUMPS AND SINGLE LOOP CONTROL SIGNAL

To control the position of differential cylinder closed loop without usingany throttle elements, a flew idea that two speed variable pumps are used to compensate thenon-symmetric flow of differential cylinder is carried out. According to the leaking property of thesystem, a speed offset principle is also proposed to eliminate the cavitation and tension caused bythe leakage and condensation of oil, which makes the system be in the same state as a valvecontrolled circuit. This principle is explained theoretically and experimentally. Further therelationship that the pressures in cylinder chambers change with load and leakage, and therelationship between biasing speed and pre-load pressures in cylinder chambers are established. Theresearch has proved that the new system has similar technique features as those of controlled withservo valves, but due to the elimination of all the throttle lose the efficiency of system can beimproved greatly.

Variation characteristics of aquifer parameters induced by groundwater source heat pump operation under variable flow

The variation characteristics of aquifer parameters,induced by groundwater source heat pump(GWSHP) operation under variable flow,were theoretically analyzed through a case study,in which the characteristics of building air conditioning load were considered.The results,compared with the constant flow operation,indicate that the influence on the variations of porosity,hydraulic conductivity and confined water head is decreased by 48%,51% and 71%,respectively,under variable flow operation.The security of variable flow operation is superior to that of constant flow.It is also concluded that the climate region and function of the buildings are primary factors which affect the suitability of variable flow operation in GWSHP.

Cavitation Detection in Variable Speed Pump by Analyzing the Acoustic and Vibration Spectrums

Cavitation in pumps must be detected and prevented. The present work is an attempt to use the simultaneous measurements of vibration and sound for variable speed pump to detect cavitation. It is an attempt to declare the relationship between the vibration and sound for the same discharge of 780 L/h and NPSHA of 0.754 at variable speeds of 1476 rpm, 1644 rpm, 1932 rpm, 2190 rpm, 2466 rpm, and 2682 rpm. Results showed that: the occurrence of cavitation depends on the rotational speed, and the sound signals in both no cavitation and cavitation conditions appear in random manner. While, surveying the vibration and sound spectrums at the second, third, and fourth blade passing frequencies reveals no indications or phenomenon associated with the cavitation at variable speeds. It is recommended to survey the vibration spectra at the rotational and blade passing frequencies simultaneously as a detection unique method of cavitation.

Principle and Experimental Verification of Caudal-fin-type Piezoelectric-stack Pump with Variable-cross-section Oscillating Vibrator

In the traditional flow-resistance-differential (FRD) type valve-less piezoelectric pump, the generated outflow and pressure are discontinuous because of the inherent periodicity and fluctuation of the pump. To overcome these drawbacks, utilizing the bending vibration of piezoelectric bimorph to drive fluid was conducted. However, our investigation on the current status of this piezoelectric bimorph pump shows that larger driving force and vibration amplitude are required for fluid pumping; the pumping can be realized through the centrifugal force; and the mechanism of fluid pumping is no longer further studied. Based on these cases, the paper designed a piezoelectric-stack pump with variable-cross-section oscillating (VCSO) vibrator by imitating the swing of the caudal-fin of tuna, and the pump is neither the rotating type nor the volumetric type according to the taxonomy. The interaction between the oscillating vibrator and the fluid parcel is firstly analyzed from the viewpoint of momentum conservation, and the analytical expression of pump flow rate is obtained. Then the modal and harmonic response analyses on the vibrator immerged in water are carried out. From the analyses the first two orders resonance frequencies are 832 Hz and 1 939 Hz, respectively, and the peak value of the tip amplitude is 0.6 mm. Laser Doppler vibrometer is used to measure both the frequency and vibration amplitude, and the determined first two orders resonance frequencies are 617 Hz and 1 356 Hz, respectively. The measured tip amplitude reaches to the peak value of 0.3 mm. At last, experimental measurement for the flow rates with different driving frequencies is conducted. The results show that the flow rate can reach 560 mL/min at 1 370 Hz when the pump runs under the backpressure of 30 mm water column. And the flow rate is as much as 560% of that of experiment results carried out by researchers from Brazil. The proposed pump innovates in both theory and taxonomy; in addition, the pump overcomes the drawbacks such as large flow fluctuation and low flow rate in the traditional FRD type pumps, which will help to broaden the application of the valve-less piezoelectric pump.

Health status assessment of axial piston pump under variable speed

The axial piston pump usually works under variable speed conditions.It is important to evaluate the health status of the axial piston pump under the variable speed condition.Aiming at the characteristic signals obtained under different wear levels of the port plate,a feature signal extraction method under variable speed conditions is proposed.Firstly,the combination of complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN)energy spectrum and fast spectral kurtosis principle is used to accurately extract the intrinsic mode function(IMF)component containing the sensitive information of the degraded feature.Then,the aspect ratio analysis method of the angle domain variational mode decomposition(VMD)is used to process the feature index containing the sensitive information of the degraded feature.In order to evaluate the health status of the axial piston pump under variable speed,the vibration reliability analysis method for axial piston pump based on Weibull proportional failure rate model is proposed.The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately evaluate the health status of the axial piston pump.

Small and Mid-Size Pump-Turbines with Variable Speed

The stability of the grid is jeopardized with the large percentage of non-dispatchable renewables like wind power and also with increasing solar power. This creates various problems because these forms of energy are very volatile and difficult to predict. In most countries the in-feed of these sources must not be curtailed. In addition most of the renewables do not provide short circuit capacity and inertia in the same way as classical units and so further worsen the stability of the grid. The growing exploitation of wind and solar might be limited due to grid stability problems. In order to compensate those problems a large amount of reserve capacity is needed and therefore new technologies for electricity storage are required. Hydraulic pumped storage—the classical storage technology—has some disadvantages. These plants are in mountain regions often far away from wind farms. The distance to the wind farms mean additional loading for the already stressed grid and additional transmission losses. To compensate the very volatile wind energy, the pump input power should be varied continuously. This is so far only possible with variable speed units. Up to now double-fed asynchronous motor-generators are used which are rather expensive. In order to provide a solution for the described situation, ANDRITZ HYDRO has developed a new innovative concept of decentralized pump storage plants. Small standardized pump turbines are combined with a synchronous motor-generator and a full size converter which allows speed variation in pump and turbine mode over a wide range. These plants can be built locally close to wind farms and other sources to be balanced, allowing the increase of renewable energy without increasing the transmission line capacity. For the future smart grids this will be a key storage technology. This concept is reliable, innovative and more economic than other storage technologies.

A novel technology for control of variable speed pumped storage power plant

Variable speed pumped storage machines are used extensively in wind power plant and pumped storage power plant. This paper presents direct torque and flux control(DTFC) of a variable speed pumped storage power plant(VSPSP). By this method both torque and flux have been applied to control the VSPSP. The comparison between VSPSP's control strategies is studied. At the first, a wind turbine with the capacity 2.2 k W and DTFC control strategies simulated then a 250 MW VSPSP is simulated with all of its parts(including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and its control system) by MATLAB software. In all of simulations, both converters including two-level voltage source converter(2LVSC) and three-level voltage source converter(3LVSC) are applied. The results of applying 2LVSC and 3LVSC are the rapid dynamic responses with better efficiency, reducing the total harmonic distortion(THD) and ripple of rotor torque and flux.

Design and research on a variable ballast system for deep-sea manned submersibles

Variable ballast systems are necessary for manned submersibles to adjust their buoyancy.In this paper,the design of a variable ballast system for a manned submersible is described.The variable ballast system uses a super high pressure hydraulic seawater system.A super high pressure seawater pump and a deep-sea brushless DC motor are used to pump seawater into or from the variable ballast tank,increasing or decreasing the weight of the manned submersible.A magnetostrictive linear displacement transducer can detect the seawater level in the variable ballast tank.Some seawater valves are used to control pumping direction and control on-off states.The design and testing procedure for the valves is described.Finally,the future development of variable ballast systems and seawater hydraulic systems is projected.

Discrete Optimization on Unsteady Pressure Fluctuation of a Centrifugal Pump Using ANN and Modified GA

Pressure fluctuation due to rotor-stator interaction in turbomachinery is unavoidable,inducing strong vibration in the equipment and shortening its lifecycle.The investigation of optimization methods for an industrial centrifugal pump was carried out to reduce the intensity of pressure fluctuation to extend the lifecycle of these devices.Considering the time-consuming transient simulation of unsteady pressure,a novel optimization strategy was proposed by discretizing design variables and genetic algorithm.Four highly related design parameters were chosen,and 40 transient sample cases were generated and simulated using an automatic program.70%of them were used for training the surrogate model,and the others were for verifying the accuracy of the surrogate model.Furthermore,a modified discrete genetic algorithm(MDGA)was proposed to reduce the optimization cost owing to transient numerical simulation.For the benchmark test,the proposed MDGA showed a great advantage over the original genetic algorithm regarding searching speed and effectively dealt with the discrete variables by dramatically increasing the convergence rate.After optimization,the performance and stability of the inline pump were improved.The efficiency increased by more than 2.2%,and the pressure fluctuation intensity decreased by more than 20%under design condition.This research proposed an optimization method for reducing discrete transient characteristics in centrifugal pumps.

Research on Energy Saving Technology of Load Sensitive Variable Steering System for Vehicles

In view of the large energy loss problem in the traditional full hydraulic steering system,a scheme of replacing the ordinary pump with the priority valve with the load sensitive variable pump is proposed to make the variable pump provide the corresponding flow rate according to the needs of the steering system to achieve the purpose of energy saving.Through the establishment of the system AMESim simulation model,the data comparison shows that the energy loss of the load sensitive variable steering system is significantly reduced relative to the traditional full hydraulic steering system.

SVM Algorithm for Vibration Fault Diagnosis in Centrifugal Pump

Vibration failure in the pumping system is a significant issue for indus-tries that rely on the pump as a critical device which requires regular maintenance.To save energy and money,a new automated system must be developed that can detect anomalies at an early stage.This paper presents a case study of a machine learning(ML)-based computational technique for automatic fault detection in a cascade pumping system based on variable frequency drive(VFD).Since the intensity of the vibrational effect depends on which axis has the most significant effect,a three-axis accelerometer is used to measure it in the pumping system.The emphasis is on determining the vibration effect on different axes.For experiment,various ML algorithms are investigated on collected vibratory data through Matlab software in x,y,z axes and performances of the algorithms are compared based on accuracy rate,prediction speed and training time.Based on the proposed research results,the multiclass support vector machine(MSVM)is found to be the best suitable algorithm compared to other algorithms.It has been demonstrated that ML algorithms can detect faults automatically rather than conventional meth-ods.MSVM is used for the proposed work because it is less complex and pro-duces better results with a limited data set.

EACHTCS智能变频除湿热泵烤房研究与应用

针对使用燃煤烤房污染大、成本高等问题,研究应用一种以变频热泵为热源的智能变频除湿热泵烤房,以常规电热泵供热烤房和燃煤密集烤房为对照,对比分析该型烤房在烘烤能耗、烟叶质量等方面的差异。结果表明:与传统燃煤型密集烤房相比,EACHTCS智能变频除湿热泵烤房能耗成本可降低40.8%;与普通热泵烤房相比,节能效果可达14.9%。烤后烟叶结构疏松,香气量足,油分增多,上等烟比例可提高3%~5%(绝对值)。综合分析,该型烤房可为优化当前密集烤房供热方式、改善烘烤性能、推动烟叶烘烤降本增效提供借鉴。

轴向变量柱塞泵的噪声特性实验和溯源分析

为分析轴向变量柱塞泵的噪声特性和声源位置,搭建了轴向变量柱塞泵的噪声和振动测试平台,并开展了相关实验.在定转速1660 r/min和定排量75 mL/min下,对被测泵负载压力16、20和24 MPa的噪声和振动信号进行了测试和采集,并进行了频谱分析和偏相干分析,得到了工作时该泵的噪声特性,且实现了准确溯源.结果表明:被测泵的噪声随着负载的增大而逐渐增大;柱塞往复运动、流量倒灌和流量脉动为被测泵的主要噪声源,而轴承振动和主轴旋转为次要噪声源;当特征频率小于200 Hz(低频段)时,被测泵的主要结构噪声源为主轴旋转和单个柱塞往复运动产生的振动;当特征频率大于200 Hz(中、高频段)时,被测泵的主要结构噪声源为柱塞往复运动产生的振动.

交流励磁脉冲电压占空比对双馈型变速抽蓄电机转子绕组放电特性影响研究

双馈型变速抽水蓄能电机是新型电力系统中极为重要的组成部分,其采用交流励磁低频PWM脉冲电压供电,其中占空比作为PWM技术的重要参数,对电机绝缘产生一定的影响,研究方波占空比对变速抽水蓄能电机转子绕组放电特性的影响规律,有利于变速抽水蓄能机组的绝缘性能评估。以某变速抽水蓄能机组为研究对象,建立转子绕组有限元模型,基于有限元仿真平台仿真并分析了不同方波占空比下转子绕组绝缘薄弱区域的电场电势特性,并搭建3 kV转子绕组局部放电试验平台,分析了不同占空比方波电压作用下绕组局部放电特性。

蒙开个地区河库连通工程的泵站运行方式研究

蒙开个地区河库连通工程包含南洞一级泵站、南洞二级泵站和长桥海泵站,研究水泵机组不同运行方式对各泵站运行能耗的影响有助于提升工程运行效益。构建了考虑定速节流运行方式和变频调节运行方式下3座泵站站内机组优化组合模型,运用标准遗传算法、精英保留遗传算法对模型进行求解,考虑变频调节装置成本,分析了改造方案的经济性。结果表明:精英保留遗传算法在求解精度上与标准遗传算法相差较小,但在求解效率上显著优于标准遗传算法,能够更好地求解蒙开个地区河库连通工程的泵站机组优化组合模型;变频调节运行方式的节能效果最为显著,各级泵站在流量范围中段存在高效节能段;当各级泵站大部分时间提水流量低于0.7 m^(3)/s或接近满带流量,无需变频改造;其他情况下改造后各级泵站能快速实现正向收益,经济效益较为明显。研究可为蒙开个地区河库连通工程的泵站节能改造提供参考。

卧式多层热压机变量泵功能特性和液压系统性能

根据年产10万m^(3)胶合板卧式多层热压机结构、工作原理和热压工艺要求,采用型号VPCLRDU2斜盘式轴向变量柱塞泵作为动力和控制元件,快速油缸与加压油缸采用伸缩式二级油缸结构形式作为执行元件,构建了其双变量泵液压系统。以该液压系统为研究对象,根据VPCLRDU2工作原理建立其仿真模型,设计台架试验,为分析VPCLRDU2效率和控制功能特性,验证其所建仿真模型的准确性奠定了基础;通过VPCLRDU2效率和电液比例、恒功率、恒压控制功能特性研究分析,证明了其具有容积效率、总效率和功能集成化程度高的特性;VPCLRDU2仿真模型与台架试验对比分析结果趋于一致,验证了其所建仿真模型准确、可靠;根据双变量泵液压系统工作原理,建立其液压系统仿真模型,对于不同板坯参数、热压工艺要求,其仿真模型结果验证了该系统能够实现对快速油缸速度、位移和加压油缸压力的控制,满足了胶合板卧式压机热压工艺要求,具有能耗低、稳定性高的特性。

高比例新能源并网含抽蓄的联合系统变时段日前调度

为提高高比例新能源并网电力系统中火电机组的平稳运行,提出含抽蓄联合系统变时段日前调度策略。首先,根据抽蓄机组的最优调节区间进行净负荷频谱分析,得到其频域下的波动性质;其次,将波动量与高频分量的模糊熵共同作为评价指标,划分为不同调度模式;再次,以系统总成本最小为目标,建立考虑抽蓄最优调节的变时段日前调度模型,确定调度计划;最后,通过算例分析验证所提策略的有效性。

变速抽水蓄能电机在发电工况不同转速下磁场和损耗研究

本文对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电压方程、磁链方程、电磁转矩方程和运动方程进行了推导,并建立了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机二维电磁场的数学方程和物理模型,对变速抽水蓄能发电电动机的电磁场数学方程进行了计算,得到了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下超同步速时定子电压和定子电流的波形,分析了变速抽水蓄能电机在发电机工况下不同转速时磁密的分布规律,研究了不同转速下定子铁芯损耗和转子铁芯损耗占总铁芯损耗比例的变化规律。搭建了10MW变速抽水蓄能发电电动机样机试验测试平台,通过试验测试得到的结果与计算结果较为接近。

基于时域动态过程的变速抽蓄机组外部故障短路电流计算方法

变速抽蓄机组(VSPSU)采用特殊的交流励磁结构及控制方式,导致其外部故障短路特性与常规定速机组相比差异巨大。为此,提出了一种基于时域动态过程的外部故障短路电流计算方法。根据VSPSU外部故障下的励磁及控制特点,将外部故障下的VSPSU分为持续励磁和跨接器动作这2种情况,并基于空间矢量分析分别建立2种情况下的时域动态电路模型。在此基础上,结合2种情况的过渡边界条件和定子磁链动态特性推导得到VSPSU外部故障短路电流的解析表达式。与PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果的对比表明,所提出的VSPSU外部故障短路电流计算方法具有较高的准确性及实用价值,能满足变速抽水蓄能电站一次设备选型以及继电保护等工作的需要。

初始转速与导叶控制策略对变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程影响规律研究

在可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电暂态过程中,因导叶关闭引起的压力波动、回流、转速双峰等不利现象,极大影响了机组及压力管道系统的安全运行;初始转速作为影响机组动态特性的重要参数,其对泵断电过程中转速、流量的影响规律尚不明晰。针对以上问题,基于一维瞬变流理论特征线法和改进Suter变换法,构建可变速抽水蓄能机组调节系统模型。通过对可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程进行模拟,分析了导叶关闭时间对特征参数的影响规律,阐明了初始运行转速与倒流流量、反转转速极值之间的内在联系。结果表明,正转正流阶段和正转逆流阶段的初期各特征参数时域响应趋势极为相近;与此同时,对比不同导叶关闭时间的结果,得出由反转逆流阶段进入停机能够增强机组及压力管道系统安全性的结论;此外,在同一扬程和入力条件下,采用不同初始运行转速对泵断电过程进行模拟,得出流量、转速极值特性与初始运行转速呈负相关的结论。