Resistance of full-scale beams against close-in explosions.Numerical modeling and field tests

This paper explores the performances of a finite element simulation including four concrete models applied to a full-scale reinforced concrete beam subjected to blast loading. Field test data has been used to compare model results for each case. The numerical modelling has been, carried out using the suitable code LS-DYNA. This code integrates blast load routine(CONWEP) for the explosive description and four different material models for the concrete including: Karagozian & Case Concrete, Winfrith, Continuous Surface Cap Model and Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma models, with concrete meshing based on 10, 15, and 20 mm. Six full-scale beams were tested: four of them used for the initial calibration of the numerical model and two more tests at lower scaled distances. For calibration, field data obtained employing pressure and accelerometers transducers were compared with the results derived from the numerical simulation. Damage surfaces and the shape of rupture in the beams have been used as references for comparison. Influence of the meshing on accelerations has been put in evidence and for some models the shape and size of the damage in the beams produced maximum differences around 15%. In all cases, the variations between material and mesh models are shown and discussed.

Stiffness Degradation Modeling for Composite Wind Turbine Blades Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to provide more insights into the damage propagation composite wind turbine blades(blade)under cyclic fatigue loading,a stiffness degradation model for blade is proposed based on the full-scale fatigue testing of a blade.A novel non-linear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed using the damage assessment theories of composite laminates for the first time.Then,a stiffness degradation model is established based on the correlation of fatigue damage and residual stiffness of the composite laminates.Finally,a stiffness degradation model for the blade is presented based on the full-scale fatigue testing.The scientific rationale of the proposed stiffness model of blade is verified by using full-scale fatigue test data of blade with a total length of 52.5 m.The results indicate that the proposed stiffness degradation model of the blade agrees well with the fatigue testing results of this blade.This work provides a basis for evaluating the fatigue damage and lifetime of blade under cyclic fatigue loading.

Full-scale model tests and nonlinear analysis of prestressed concrete simply supported box girders

Full-scale model tests were carried out on a 30 m span prestressed concrete box girder and a 20 m span prestressed concrete hollow slab. Failure models were prestressed reinforcement tensile failure and crashing of roof concrete, respectively. The ductility indexes of the box girder and hollow slab were 1.99 and 1.23, respectively, according to the energy viewpoint. Based on the horizontal section hypothesis, the nonlinear computation procedure was established using the limited banding law, and it could carry out the entire performance analysis including the unloading, mainly focusing on the ways to achieve the unloading curves computation through stress-strain, moment-curvature and load-displacement curves. Through the procedure, parameters that influence on the bearing capacity, deformation performance and ductility of the structures were analyzed. Those parameters were quantity of prestressed reinforcement and tension coefficients of prestressed reinforcement. From the analysis, some useful conclusions can be obtained.

Slope analysis based on local strength reduction method and variable-modulus elasto-plastic model

Employing an ideal elasto-plastic model,the typically used strength reduction method reduced the strength of all soil elements of a slope.Therefore,this method was called the global strength reduction method(GSRM).However,the deformation field obtained by GSRM could not reflect the real deformation of a slope when the slope became unstable.For most slopes,failure occurs once the strength of some regional soil is sufficiently weakened; thus,the local strength reduction method(LSRM)was proposed to analyze slope stability.In contrast with GSRM,LSRM only reduces the strength of local soil,while the strength of other soil remains unchanged.Therefore,deformation by LSRM is more reasonable than that by GSRM.In addition,the accuracy of the slope's deformation depends on the constitutive model to a large degree,and the variable-modulus elasto-plastic model was thus adopted.This constitutive model was an improvement of the Duncan–Chang model,which modified soil's deformation modulus according to stress level,and it thus better reflected the plastic feature of soil.Most importantly,the parameters of the variable-modulus elasto-plastic model could be determined through in-situ tests,and parameters determination by plate loading test and pressuremeter test were introduced.Therefore,it is easy to put this model into practice.Finally,LSRM and the variable-modulus elasto-plastic model were used to analyze Egongdai ancient landslide.Safety factor,deformation field,and optimal reinforcement measures for Egongdai ancient landslide were obtained based on the proposed method.

Experimental and analytical study on design performance of full-scale viscoelastic dampers

Viscoelastic（VE） dampers, with their stiffness and energy dissipation capabilities, have been widely used in civil engineering for mitigating wind-induced vibration and seismic responses of structures, thus enhancing the comfort of residents and serviceability of equipment inside. In past relevant research, most analytical models for characterizing the mechanical behavior of VE dampers were verified by comparing their predictions with performance test results from small-scale specimens, which might not adequately or conservatively represent the actual behavior of full-scale dampers, especially with regard to the ambient temperature, temperature rise, and heat convection effects. Thus, in this study, by using a high-performance testing facility with a temperature control system, full-scale VE dampers were dynamically tested with different displacement amplitudes, excitation frequencies, and ambient temperatures. By comparing the analytical predictions with the experimental results, it is demonstrated that adopting the fractional derivative method together with considering the effects of excitation frequencies, ambient temperatures, temperature rises, softening, and hardening, can reproduce the design performance of full-scale VE dampers very well.

APPROXIMATE POWER OF HETEROSCEDASTICITY TEST IN NONLINEAR MODELS WITH ARIMA（0,1,0） ERRORS

This paper presents an approach for estimating power of the score test, based on an asymptotic approximation to the power of the score test under contiguous alternatives. The method is applied to the problem of power calculations for the score test of heteroscedasticity in European rabbit data （Ratkowsky, 1983）. Simulation studies are presented which indicate that the asymptotic approximation to the finite-sample situation is good over a wide range of parameter configurations.

The Latest Progress in Varying-coefficient Models

Varying-coefficient models are a useful extension of classical linear model. They are widely applied to economics, biomedicine, epidemiology, and so on. There are extensive studies on them in the latest three decade years. In this paper, many of models related to varying-coefficient models are gathered up. All kinds of the estimation procedures and theory of hypothesis test on the varying-coefficients model are summarized. Prom my opinion, some aspects waiting to study are proposed.

Testing Linearity of Nonparametric Component in Partially Linear Model

In this paper, we propose the test statistic to check whether the nonparametric function in partially linear models is linear or not. We estimate the nonparametric function in alternative by using the local linear method, and then estimate the parameters by the two stage method. The test statistic under the null hypothesis is calculated, and it is shown to be asymptotically normal.

Generalized Likelihood Ratio Tests for Varying-Coefficient Models with Censored Data

In this paper, we extend the generalized likelihood ratio test to the varying-coefficient models with censored data. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the proposed test and demonstrate that its limiting null distribution follows a distribution, with the scale constant and the number of degree of freedom being independent of nuisance parameters or functions, which is called the wilks phenomenon. Both simulated and real data examples are given to illustrate the performance of the testing approach.

Testing Equality of Nonparametric Functions in Two Partially Linear Models

We propose the test statistic to check whether the nonpararnetric functions in two partially linear models are equality or not in this paper. We estimate the nonparametric function both in null hypothesis and the alternative by the local linear method, where we ignore the parametric components, and then estimate the parameters by the two stage method. The test statistic is derived, and it is shown to be asymptotically normal under the null hypothesis.

High-frequency interference waves in low strain dynamic testing of X-section concrete piles

Stress waves propagate along vertical,radial and circumferential directions when a non-uniformly distributed load is applied at one end of a three-dimensional shaft.As a result,the receiving signals are usually mixed with undesired interference components,often featuring as high-frequency fluctuations.Previous studies have revealed that sectional geometry(shape and size)greatly affects the high-frequency interference.In this study,low strain dynamic testing on full-scale X-section concrete is conducted in order to investigate the influences of high-frequency interference on velocity responses at the pile head.Emphasis is placed on the frequency and peak value of interference waves at various receiving points.Additionally,the effects of the geometrical,and mechanical properties of the pile shaft on high-frequency interference are elaborated on through the three-dimensional finite element method.The results show that the measured wave is obscured by interference waves superposed by two types of high-frequency components.The modulus and cross-sectional area are contributing factors to the frequency and peak value of the interference waves.On the other hand,the position with the least interference is determined,to some extent,by the accurate shape of the X-section.

Tracking topological entity changes in 3D collaborative modeling systems

One of the key problems in collaborative geometric modeling systems is topological entity correspondence when topolog- ical structure of geometry models on collaborative sites changes, ha this article, we propose a solution for tracking topological entity alterations in 3D collaborative modeling environment. We firstly make a thorough analysis and detailed categorization on the altera- tion properties and causations for each type of topological entity, namely topological face and topological edge. Based on collabora- tive topological entity naming mechanism, a data structure called TEST （Topological Entity Structure Tree） is introduced to track the changing history and current state of each topological entity, to embody the relationship among topological entities. Rules and algo- rithms are presented for identification of topological entities referenced by operations for correct execution and model consistency. The algorithm has been verified within the prototype we have implemented with ACIS.

Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Based on 3D-Local Ternary Pattern(LTP)Features and Non-subsampled Shearlet Transform(NSST)Domain Statistical Features

With the increasing popularity of high-resolution remote sensing images,the remote sensing image retrieval(RSIR)has always been a topic of major issue.A combined,global non-subsampled shearlet transform(NSST)-domain statistical features(NSSTds)and local three dimensional local ternary pattern(3D-LTP)features,is proposed for high-resolution remote sensing images.We model the NSST image coefficients of detail subbands using 2-state laplacian mixture(LM)distribution and its three parameters are estimated using Expectation-Maximization(EM)algorithm.We also calculate the statistical parameters such as subband kurtosis and skewness from detail subbands along with mean and standard deviation calculated from approximation subband,and concatenate all of them with the 2-state LM parameters to describe the global features of the image.The various properties of NSST such as multiscale,localization and flexible directional sensitivity make it a suitable choice to provide an effective approximation of an image.In order to extract the dense local features,a new 3D-LTP is proposed where dimension reduction is performed via selection of‘uniform’patterns.The 3D-LTP is calculated from spatial RGB planes of the input image.The proposed inter-channel 3D-LTP not only exploits the local texture information but the color information is captured too.Finally,a fused feature representation(NSSTds-3DLTP)is proposed using new global(NSSTds)and local(3D-LTP)features to enhance the discriminativeness of features.The retrieval performance of proposed NSSTds-3DLTP features are tested on three challenging remote sensing image datasets such as WHU-RS19,Aerial Image Dataset(AID)and PatternNet in terms of mean average precision(MAP),average normalized modified retrieval rank(ANMRR)and precision-recall(P-R)graph.The experimental results are encouraging and the NSSTds-3DLTP features leads to superior retrieval performance compared to many well known existing descriptors such as Gabor RGB,Granulometry,local binary pattern(LBP),Fisher vector(FV),vector of locally aggregated descriptors(VLAD)and median robust extended local binary pattern(MRELBP).For WHU-RS19 dataset,in terms of{MAP,ANMRR},the NSSTds-3DLTP improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{41.93%,20.87%},{92.30%,32.68%},{86.14%,31.97%},{18.18%,15.22%},{8.96%,19.60%}and{15.60%,13.26%},respectively.For AID,in terms of{MAP,ANMRR},the NSSTds-3DLTP improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{152.60%,22.06%},{226.65%,25.08%},{185.03%,23.33%},{80.06%,12.16%},{50.58%,10.49%}and{62.34%,3.24%},respectively.For PatternNet,the NSSTds-3DLTP respectively improves upon Gabor RGB,Granulometry,LBP,FV,VLAD and MRELBP descriptors by{32.79%,10.34%},{141.30%,24.72%},{17.47%,10.34%},{83.20%,19.07%},{21.56%,3.60%},and{19.30%,0.48%}in terms of{MAP,ANMRR}.The moderate dimensionality of simple NSSTds-3DLTP allows the system to run in real-time.

水流强度对淹没式方桩局部冲刷特性的影响

为研究不同水流强度作用下淹没式方桩的局部冲刷特性及流场变化,开展了非均匀沙条件下的桩基局部冲刷试验,分析了桩周的冲刷地形、冲刷深度变化规律;利用OpenFOAM对不同水流强度下的桩周流场进行了模拟,讨论了桩前马蹄涡、桩周回流和下降水流的分布特点。结果表明:在清水冲刷条件下,桩周的冲刷坑深度、沙丘高度和受冲刷影响区域大小均随水流强度的增大而增大;在平衡冲刷地形下,高水流强度冲刷后桩周流动更加复杂,冲刷坑内的涡流强度大幅度提高;当水流强度接近1时,粗颗粒泥沙对细颗粒的屏蔽效应会在一定程度上影响桩周最大冲刷深度。

跨度不等并行桥梁局部冲刷最不利桥墩位置研究

为快速定位跨度不等并行桥梁的最不利桥墩位置,采用概化模型试验并结合数值模拟手段,探究了在不同桥梁跨径组合及桥孔布置方案下并行双柱式桥墩桥梁局部冲刷最不利桥墩位置的分布规律。结果表明:并行桥梁局部冲刷最不利桥墩位置沿河宽方向位于河道中心附近,沿流向则主要出现于两座并行桥梁各自第一排桥墩;局部冲刷最不利桥墩出现在哪座桥梁的具体位置取决于两座并行桥梁桥孔的相对布置方式,当下游桥桥墩位于上游桥桥墩的尾流区时,局部冲刷最不利桥墩位置位于上游桥,反之下游桥桥墩处于上游桥桥孔的束流区时,局部冲刷最不利桥墩位于下游桥;在实际工程中,提出几何变量θ值作为判别并行桥桥墩最不利冲刷位置分布的关键变量,该量反映出并行桥桥墩尾流区的影响范围,并由此指出局部冲刷最不利桥墩位置的判别方法,在沿流向和河宽方向定位最不利桥墩分布范围后,最不利位置可进一步用两座并行桥梁的桥墩连线与来流方向的夹角大小进行判断,当夹角小于14°时,局部冲刷最不利桥墩位于上游桥第一排墩,反之则位于下游桥第一排墩。研究结果可为跨度不等并行桥梁的抗洪设计、评估和防护提供参考和依据。

基于加速度分量测量的水下网衣破损定位方法

为防止网衣发生破损时造成严重的经济损失,有必要对网衣进行破损定位检测。为了获得网衣破损位置的精准识别和实时监测,将网衣物理试验与数值模拟计算结合,提出了一种基于加速度分量测量的网衣破损定位建模方法。该方法增大了破损区域与非破损区域监测点的数据差异,从而确定网衣破损的位置。结果显示:监测点的位置选择、参数指标的选取是影响网衣破损定位效果的主要因素。将网目节点作为监测点可以增加监测点感知破损的能力,选用加速度分量作为指标参数,可以增大各个监测区域的数据差异,提升模型对破损的定位能力。在特定的规则波工况下,使用人工神经网络对破损定位的准确率高达97.9%。本研究为养殖网箱水下网衣破损位置的识别提供了新方法。

基于图可解释网络的软件错误定位

软件错误定位技术旨在通过挖掘程序与测试用例执行数据,提升定位准确性;针对SBFL技术过于依赖二进制覆盖信息的问题,提出一种基于图可解释网络的软件错误定位方法,将测试执行转化为图结构,利用图注意网络建模深度挖掘代码片段隐含的信息及其相互关系,并采用强化学习思想对图注意力网络学习后的决策过程进行解释,从而确定关键节点,缩小错误定位范围;实验的场景设立在Defects4j数据集的5个项目进行,并与SBFL及未经过解释的深度学习方法进行了对比;结果显示,基于图可解释网络的定位方法在Top-1、Top-3和Top-5指标上分别提升了7.26%、7.56%和9.96%,EXAM指数也提升了8.98%,显著优于其他方法。

Lifetime Prediction of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to predict the lifetime of products appropriately with long lifetime and high reliability,the accelerated degradation testing(ADT)has been proposed.Composite wind turbine blade is one of the most important components in wind turbine system.Its fatigue cycle is very long in practice.A full-scale fatigue testing is usually used to verify the design of a new blade.In general,the full-scale fatigue testing of blade is accelerated on the basis of the damage equivalent principle.During the full-scale fatigue test ing,blade is subjected to higher testing load than normal operat ing conditions;consequently,the performance degradation of the blade is hastened over time.The full-scale fatigue testing of blade is regarded as a special ADT.According to the fatigue failure criterion,we choose blade stiffness as the characteristic quantity of the blade performance,and propose an accelerated model(AM)for blade on the basis of the theories of ADT.Then,degradation path of the blade stiffness is modeled by using Gamma process.Finally,the lifet ime prediction of full-scale megawatt(MW)blade is conducted by combining the proposed AM and blade stiffness degradation model.The prediction results prove the reasonability and validity of this study.This can supply a new approach to predict the lifetime of the full-scale MW blade.

ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL INFLUENCE FOR F-TESTIN LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL

In linear regression model, the influence on the regression coefficients has beed paid great attention and other aspects such as the influence on confidence regions have also been studied. However, influence on F-test in linear regression model received few consideration. This paper examines the local influence of small perturbations on Fstatistic. The diagnostic results permit one to check the sensitivity of F-statistic to the exact perturbations of error variance, explanatory variables and response variables. This method is applied to testing problem of transformation parameter in transformation model.Diagnostics are illustrated with two examples and compared with standard method.

预制拼装桥墩环形UHPC接缝受力性能试验研究

为评估预制拼装桥墩环形UHPC接缝的力学性能,寻求合理的接缝构造,以宁波市西洪大桥接线工程为背景,进行环形UHPC接缝试件的模型试验与数值模拟研究。设计、制作4个墩柱试件(1个整体现浇试件;3个接缝试件,环缝深度分别为200,250,300 mm),采用四点弯曲加载方案进行局部足尺模型试验。试验结果表明:接缝试件的开裂荷载与整体现浇试件接近,屈服荷载比整体现浇试件小3%~10%,接缝试件出现脆性贯通撕裂,钢筋存在显著滑移。为分析试验现象原因,采用Abaqus软件建模,对试件受力全过程进行数值模拟,分析屈服前、后钢筋拉应力与粘结应力,并分析钢筋搭接长度、环缝深度和保护层厚度对接缝受力性能的影响。有限元分析结果表明:钢筋屈服后发生局部粘结力退化,从而导致大范围粘结失效与UHPC撕裂;环缝深度的影响主要体现在最终破坏模式。建议钢筋保护层厚度尽量不小于2 d(d为钢筋直径),钢筋搭接长度不小于11 d,环缝深度不小于250 mm;钢筋保护层厚度小于2 d时搭接长度不小于14 d,环缝深度宜不小于320 mm。