Global stability coefficient of large underground caverns under static loading and earthquake wave condition

Underground energy and resource development,deep underground energy storage and other projects involve the global stability of multiple interconnected cavern groups under internal and external dynamic disturbances.An evaluation method of the global stability coefficient of underground caverns based on static overload and dynamic overload was proposed.Firstly,the global failure criterion for caverns was defined based on its band connection of plastic-strain between multi-caverns.Then,overloading calculation of the boundary geostress and seismic intensity on the caverns model was carried out,and the critical unstable state of multi-caverns can be identified,if the plastic-strain band appeared between caverns during these overloading processes.Thus,the global stability coefficient for the multi-caverns under static loading and earthquake was obtained based on the corresponding overloading coefficient.Practical analysis for the Yingliangbao(YLB)hydraulic caverns indicated that this method can not only effectively obtain the global stability coefficient of caverns under static and dynamic earthquake conditions,but also identify the caverns’high-risk zone of local instability through localized plastic strain of surrounding rock.This study can provide some reference for the layout design and seismic optimization of underground cavern group.

Stability and Time-Step Constraints of Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta Methods for the Linearized Korteweg-de Vries Equation

This paper provides a study on the stability and time-step constraints of solving the linearized Korteweg-de Vries(KdV)equation,using implicit-explicit(IMEX)Runge-Kutta(RK)time integration methods combined with either finite difference(FD)or local discontinuous Galerkin(DG)spatial discretization.We analyze the stability of the fully discrete scheme,on a uniform mesh with periodic boundary conditions,using the Fourier method.For the linearized KdV equation,the IMEX schemes are stable under the standard Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)conditionτ≤λh.Here,λis the CFL number,τis the time-step size,and h is the spatial mesh size.We study several IMEX schemes and characterize their CFL number as a function ofθ=d/h^(2)with d being the dispersion coefficient,which leads to several interesting observations.We also investigate the asymptotic behaviors of the CFL number for sufficiently refined meshes and derive the necessary conditions for the asymptotic stability of the IMEX-RK methods.Some numerical experiments are provided in the paper to illustrate the performance of IMEX methods under different time-step constraints.

STABILITY OF 3-D DISTURBANCE WAVES ON BOUNDARY LAYER WITH DISTRIBUTED LOCAL ROUGHNESS

The numerical solution of the stable basic flow on a 3-D boundary layer is obtained by using local ejection, local suction, and combination of local ejection and suction to simulate the local rough wall. The evolution of 3-D disturbance T-S wave is studied in the spatial processes, and the effects of form and distribution structure of local roughness on the growth rate of the 3-D disturbance wave and the flow stability are discussed. Numerical results show that the growth of the disturbance wave and the form of vortices are accelerated by the 3-D local roughness. The modification of basic flow owing to the evolvement of the finite amplitude disturbance wave and the existence of spanwise velocity induced by the 3-D local roughness affects the stability of boundary layer. Propagation direction and phase of the disturbance wave shift obviously for the 3-D local roughness of the wall. The flow stability characteristics change if the form of the 2-D local roughness varies.

Improving the UV-light stability of silicon heterojunction solar cells through plasmon-enhanced luminescence downshifting of YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanophosphors decorated with Ag nanoparticles

The ultraviolet(UV)light stability of silicon heterojunction(SHJ)solar cells should be addressed before large-scale production and applications.Introducing downshifting(DS)nanophosphors on top of solar cells that can convert UV light to visible light may reduce UV-induced degradation(UVID)without sacrificing the power conversion efficiency(PCE).Herein,a novel composite DS nanomaterial composed of YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanoparticles(NPs)and AgNPs was synthesized and introduced onto the incident light side of industrial SHJ solar cells to achieve UV shielding.The YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)NPs and Ag NPs were synthesized via a sol-gel method and a wet chemical reduction method,respectively.Then,a composite structure of the YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)NPs decorated with Ag NPs was synthesized by an ultrasonic method.The emission intensities of the YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanophosphors were significantly enhanced upon decoration with an appropriate amount of~20 nm Ag NPs due to the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Upon the introduction of LSPR-enhanced downshifting,the SHJ solar cells exhibited an~0.54%relative decrease in PCE degradation under UV irradiation with a cumulative dose of 45 k W h compared to their counterparts,suggesting excellent potential for application in UV-light stability enhancement of solar cells or modules.

Three-dimensional stability of landslides based on local safety factor

Unlike the limit equilibrium method(LEM), with which only the global safety factor of the landslide can be calculated, a local safety factor(LSF) method is proposed to evaluate the stability of different sections of a landslide in this paper. Based on three-dimensional(3D) numerical simulation results, the local safety factor is defined as the ratio of the shear strength of the soil at an element on the slip zone to the shear stress parallel to the sliding direction at that element. The global safety factor of the landslide is defined as the weighted average of all local safety factors based on the area of the slip surface. Some example analyses show that the results computed by the LSF method agree well with those calculated by the General Limit Equilibrium(GLE) method in two-dimensional(2D) models and the distribution of the LSF in the 3D slip zone is consistent with that indicated by the observed deformation pattern of an actual landslide in China.

STABILITY AND LOCAL BIFURCATION IN A SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING A MOVING MASS

The stability and local bifurcation of a simply-supported flexible beam （Bernoulli- Euler type） carrying a moving mass and subjected to harmonic axial excitation are investigated. In the theoretical analysis, the partial differential equation of motion with the fifth-order nonlinear term is solved using the method of multiple scales （a perturbation technique）. The stability and local bifurcation of the beam are analyzed for 1/2 sub harmonic resonance. The results show that some of the parameters, especially the velocity of moving mass and external excitation, affect the local bifurcation significantly. Therefore, these parameters play important roles in the system stability.

Study of gas shielding stability for underwater local dry welding based on FLUENT

The research of gas shielding stability technology, playing a key role in underwater local dry welding, was introduced in this paper. The study includes shielding cup design, gas flow simulation, draining and welding experiments. The commercial computational fluid dynamics （ CFD ） software FLUENT was applied to get and compare the speed and pressure contour images of gas in the three kinds of cup with different intake mode. The computed results show that the cup with stilling chamber on the top has the best shielding performance. The underwater welding experiment of 15 meters proves that the shielding cup with stilling chamber can offer a good dry space, the welding arc can burn stably in it and the weld quality is perfect. The research will facilitate the application of underwater local dry welding technology in the maintenance of nuclear power station widely.

Stability analysis of slope in strain-softening soils using local arc-length solution scheme

Soils with strain-softening behavior — manifesting as a reduction of strength with increasing plastic strain — are commonly found in the natural environment. For slopes in these soils,a progressive failure mechanism can occur due to a reduction of strength with increasing strain. Finite element method based numerical approaches have been widely performed for simulating such failure mechanism,owning to their ability for tracing the formation and development of the localized shear strain. However,the reliability of the currently used approaches are often affected by poor convergence or significant mesh-dependency,and their applicability is limited by the use of complicated soil models. This paper aims to overcome these limitations by developing a finite element approach using a local arc-length controlled iterative algorithm as the solution strategy. In the proposed finite element approach,the soils are simulated with an elastoplastic constitutive model in conjunction with the Mohr-Coulomb yield function. The strain-softening behavior is represented by a piece-wise linearrelationship between the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters and the deviatoric plastic strain. To assess the reliability of the proposed finite element approach,comparisons of the numerical solutions obtained by different finite element methods and meshes with various qualities are presented. Moreover,a landslide triggered by excavation in a real expressway construction project is analyzed by the presented finite element approach to demonstrate its applicability for practical engineering problems.

Preventing Pressure Oscillations Does Not Fix Local Linear Stability Issues of Entropy-Based Split-Form High-Order Schemes

Recently,it was discovered that the entropy-conserving/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin discretizations have robustness issues when trying to solve the sim-ple density wave propagation example for the compressible Euler equations.The issue is related to missing local linear stability,i.e.,the stability of the discretization towards per-turbations added to a stable base flow.This is strongly related to an anti-diffusion mech-anism,that is inherent in entropy-conserving two-point fluxes,which are a key ingredi-ent for the high-order discontinuous Galerkin extension.In this paper,we investigate if pressure equilibrium preservation is a remedy to these recently found local linear stability issues of entropy-conservative/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Euler equations.Pressure equilibrium preservation describes the property of a discretization to keep pressure and velocity constant for pure density wave propagation.We present the full theoretical derivation,analysis,and show corresponding numerical results to underline our findings.In addition,we characterize numerical fluxes for the Euler equations that are entropy-conservative,kinetic-energy-preserving,pressure-equilibrium-preserving,and have a density flux that does not depend on the pressure.The source code to reproduce all numerical experiments presented in this article is available online(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054366).

Coexistence and local Mittag–Leffler stability of fractional-order recurrent neural networks with discontinuous activation functions

In this paper, coexistence and local Mittag–Leffler stability of fractional-order recurrent neural networks with discontinuous activation functions are addressed. Because of the discontinuity of the activation function, Filippov solution of the neural network is defined. Based on Brouwer's fixed point theorem and definition of Mittag–Leffler stability, sufficient criteria are established to ensure the existence of (2k + 3)~n (k ≥ 1) equilibrium points, among which (k + 2)~n equilibrium points are locally Mittag–Leffler stable. Compared with the existing results, the derived results cover local Mittag–Leffler stability of both fractional-order and integral-order recurrent neural networks. Meanwhile discontinuous networks might have higher storage capacity than the continuous ones. Two numerical examples are elaborated to substantiate the effective of the theoretical results.

LOCAL STABILITY OF TRAVELLING FRONTS FOR A DAMPED WAVE EQUATION

The paper is concerned with the long-time behaviour of the travelling fronts of the damped wave equation αutt ＋ut = uxx -V′（u） on R. The long-time asymptotics of the solutions of this equation are quite similar to those of the corresponding reaction-diffusion equation ut = uxx - V′（u）. Whereas a lot is known about the local stability of travelling fronts in parabolic systems, for the hyperbolic equations it is only briefly discussed when the potential V is of bistable type. However, for the combustion or monostable type of V, the problem is much more complicated. In this paper, a local stability result for travelling fronts of this equation with combustion type of nonlinearity is established. And then, the result is extended to the damped wave equation with a case of monostable pushed front.

RELATIVE STABILITY FOR LOCAL MEDIAN ESTIMATE

Consider the nonparametric median regression model Y-ni = g(x(ni)) + epsilon(ni), 1 less than or equal to i less than or equal to n, where Y-ni's are the observations at the fixed design points x(ni) is an element of [0, 1], is an element of(ni)'s are independent identically distributed random variables with median zero, g(x) is the smooth function of interest, Suppose the local median estimate (g) over tilde(n, h)(x) of g(x) admits the Bahadur's representation. Under some regular conditions, the relative stability of the local median estimate is established in the L-2 sense.

Local and biglobal linear stability analysis of parallel shear flows

Linear Stability Analysis(LSA)of parallel shear flows,via local and global approaches,is presented.The local analysis is carried out by solving the Orr-Sommerfeld(OS)equation using a spectral-collocation method based on Chebyshev polynomials.A stabilized finite element formulation is employed to carry out the global analysis using the linearized disturbance equations in primitive variables.The local and global analysis are compared.As per the Squires theorem,the two-dimensional disturbance has the largest growth rate.Therefore,only two-dimensional disturbances are considered.By its very nature,the local analysis assumes the disturbance field to be spatially periodic in the streamwise direction.The global analysis permits a more general disturbance.However,to enable a comparison with the local analysis,periodic boundary conditions,at the inlet and exit of the domain,are imposed on the disturbance.Computations are carried out for the LSA of the Plane Poiseuille Flow(PPF).The relationship between the wavenumber,a,of the disturbance and the streamwise extent of the domain,L,in the global analysis is explored for Re=7000.It is found that a and L are related by L=2pn/a,where n is the number of cells of the instability along the streamwise direction within the domain length,L.The procedure to interpret the results from the global analysis,for comparison with local analysis,is described.

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of FAPbI_(3) for understanding local structure-stability relation in perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) employing formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI_(3)) have shown high efficiency.However,operational stability has been issued due to phase instability of α phase FAPbI_(3) at ambient temperature.Excess precursors in the perovskite precursor solution has been proposed to improve not only power conversion efficiency (PCE) but also device stability.Nevertheless,there is a controversial issue on the beneficial effect on PCE and/or stability between excess FAI and excess PbI_(2).We report here extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of FAPbI_(3) to study local structural change and explain the effect of excess precursors on photovoltaic performance and stability.Perovskite films prepared from the precursor solution with excess PbI_(2)shows better stability than those from the one with excess FAI,despite similar PCE.A rapid phase transition from α phase to non-perovskite δ phase is observed from the perovskite film formed by excess FAI.Furthermore,the (Pb-I) bond distance evaluated by the Pb L_(III)-edge EXAFS study is increased by excess FAI,which is responsible for the phase transition and poor device stability.This work can provide important insight into local structure-stability relation in the FAPbI_(3)-based PSCs.

Local Stability of Curzon-Ahlborn Cycle with Non-Linear Heat Transfer for Maximum Power Output Regime

The study of local stability of thermal engines modeled as an endoreversible Curzon and Ahlborn cycle is shown. It is assumed a non-linear heat transfer for heat fluxes in the system (engine + environments). A semisum of two expressions of the efficiency found in the literature of finite time thermodynamics for the maximum power output regime is considered in order to make the analysis. Expression of variables for local stability and power output is found even graphic results for important parameters in the analysis of stability, and a phase plane portrait is shown.

Geotechnical stability analysis considering strain softening using micro-polar continuum finite element method

Geotechnical stability analyses based on classical continuum may lead to remarkable underestimations on geotechnical safety.To attain better estimations on geotechnical stability,the micro-polar continuum is employed so that its internal characteristic length(lc)can be utilized to model the shear band width.Based on two soil slope examples,the role of internal characteristic length in modeling the shear band width of geomaterial is investigated by the second-order cone programming optimized micro-polar continuum finite element method.It is recognized that the underestimation on factor of safety(FOS)calculated from the classical continuum tends to be more pronounced with the increase of lc.When the micro-polar continuum is applied,the shear band dominated by lc is almost kept unaffected as long as the adopted meshes are fine enough,but it does not generally present a slip surface like in the cases from the classical continuum,indicating that the micro-polar continuum is capable of capturing the non-local geotechnical failure characteristic.Due to the coupling effects of lc and strain softening,softening behavior of geomaterial tends to be postponed.Additionally,the bearing capacity of a geotechnical system may be significantly underestimated,if the effects of lc are not modeled or considered in numerical analyses.

Stability of aneurysm solutions in a fluid-filled elastic membrane tube

When a hyperelastic membrane tube is inflated by an internal pressure, a localized bulge will form when the pressure reaches a critical value. As inflation continues the bulge will grow until it reaches a maximum size after which it will then propagate in both directions to form a hat-like profile. The stability of such bulging solutions has recently been studied by neglecting the inertia of the inflating fluid and it was shown that such bulging solutions are unstable under pressure control. In this paper we extend this recent study by assuming that the inflation is by an inviscid fluid whose inertia we take into account in the stability analysis. This reflects more closely the situation of aneurysm forma- tion in human arteries which motivates the current series of studies. It is shown that fluid inertia would significantly reduce the growth rate of the unstable mode and thus it has a strong stabilizing effect.

PERSISTENCE AND STABILITY IN A RATIO-DEPENDENT FOOD-CHAIN SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAYS

A delayed three-species ratio-dependent predator-prey food-chain model without dominating instantaneous negative feedback is investigated. It is shown that the system is permanent under some appropriate conditions,and sufficient conditions are obtained for the local asymptotic stability of a positive equilibrium of the system.

Asymptotic Stability of Solutions of Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model for Four Species

In this paper, we consider Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model between one and three species. Two cases are distinguished. The first is Lotka-Volterra model of one prey-three predators and the second is Lotka-Volterra model of one predator-three preys. The existence conditions of nonnega-tive equilibrium points are established. The local stability analysis of the system is carried out.