Study on Continuity of Temple of Local Land God in Rural Construction Based on the Perspective of Place Spirit

Temple of local land god is a kind of traditional sacrificial architecture in China's village,and is cultural landscape generated under special farming system of China,which reflects the spiritual world of the working people and bears the history of the village. Its protection and continuity must take inheriting the cultural spirit as the most important prerequisite,and "place spirit" established by Norberg Schultz provides important theoretic basis for it. In this paper,based on "place spirit","place spirit" of temple of local land god is interpreted,and important role of "place spirit" in its protection and continuity and the ways to create "place spirit" of temple of local land god are explored.

Local Knowledge on the Influence of Land Use/Cover Changes and Conservation Threats on Avian Community in the Kilombero Wetlands, Tanzania

Local knowledge of the history and ecology of wetland ecosystems is very useful in wetland resources management, especially when other historical ecological information is not available and can be integrated with scientific knowledge to introduce better management of resources. The aims of this paper were to assess existing local knowledge on land use/cover changes in the Kilombero wetlands, thereafter investigate local knowledge on its effect on avian population in the wetland and identify factors influencing local knowledge on such changes in the study area. Random sampling was used to obtain representative sample population for this study. Structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to extract information from local people in six villages. Study results from multi-response analysis showed that natural forests had been converted into cropland and bushed grassland, grassland to crop land, grassland to grazed land, forest to settlement and grassland to settlement. Land use change was singled out as primary cause of decrease in avian community in the wetland. Threats to the conservation of avian species were identified as livestock grazing, drought, use of poison, traps and bush meat hunting for food. Age and education level were seen as determinants of household’s knowledge on the ecological changes. This pool of existing knowledge is important among wetland users and stakeholders in order to generate conservation strategies of the wetland ecosystem.

Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

Analysis on Local Government's Illegal Occupation of Cultivated Land Using Game Theory

In order to find out reasons for local government illegally occupying cultivated land and reduce such acts to ensure China's grain security,this paper made an analysis through building the single person game model for local government's legal or illegal occupation of cultivation land.It reached the conclusion that the benefit obtained by local government from illegal occupation of cultivated land is far greater than cost and punishment of such illegal acts.Illegal act is an optimal choice of local government to maximize its benefits,which is also the major reason for its illegal occupation of cultivated land.Thus,to reduce these illegal acts of local government,it should reduce benefits of local government obtained from illegal occupation of cultivated land,and increase costs for illegal occupation of cultivated land.

Local Initiatives of Land Rehabilitation in the Sudano-Sahelian Region: Case of <i>Hardé</i>Soils in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Local initiatives of hardé soils rehabilitation in Maroua region have been analyzed. Fieldwork consisted of conducting observations and surveys beside farmers in two study sites, Mizileng and Zokok. Investigations on perception of land degradation signs by farmers show that appearance of encrusted surfaces and loss of vegetation cover are signs more expressed in both study sites. Causes expressed include acceleration of water and wind erosion processes, excessive falling of trees, inappropriate farming techniques and climatic hazards. The main consequences are declining of crop yields, lack of farming land and loss natural pastures. Rehabilitation actions undertaken by local communities surveyed include earth dikes, tillage including cart or hoe ploughing, application of organic matter, integrating farming techniques such as fallowing, association and rotation of crop, and lastly, parking of animals on plots to be rehabilitated. Populations assert in their majority perceive in six months to three years signs of real change on planning plots. Constraints to those rehabilitation actions include material requirements that are mostly not available or accessible to farmers in the study area and access to land. Globally, there is no integration of local knowledge in the implementation of projects and consequences are localized and ephemeral efficiency, but also not conclusive results. Implementation of an innovation in rural areas must take into account the factors of ownership and inscribe in a well-defined trajectory. This trajectory must be dynamic and reflexive where local knowledge will cope with expert knowledge to ensure impact and sustainability of innovation.

Rethinking of Teaching Reform of Land Resource Management Discipline in Local Normal Colleges and Universities under the New Situation

The Agriculture and Forestry discipline in local normal colleges and universities plays an important role in cultivating talents and higher education to serve the local"agriculture,rural areas and farmers".The Land Resource Management discipline is a science that studies the use,allocation,and management of land resources and assets,and has comprehensive and practical features.In the context of the proposal of the rural revitalization strategy and the establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the State Council,the importance of cultivating land resource management talents who understands both land planning and urban planning is self-evident,and the teaching reform of Land Resource Management discipline is receiving much attention.Taking the Land Resource Management discipline of Jiangxi Normal University,a key normal university in Jiangxi Province as an example,combining the characteristics of the discipline setting and the development process,we analyzed the existing problems in its development,so as to provide recommendations for the teaching reform of Land Resource Management discipline in local normal colleges and universities.

SSP-RCP耦合情景的城市局地气候分区模拟--以南京市为例

基于情景的土地利用变化模拟能够展现未来城市的多种可能性,是当前土地覆被变化领域的热点。现有研究地表分类体系中的建设用地无法精确刻画城市内部空间形态,且土地模拟研究中不统一的模拟情景将影响土地模拟结果的可比性,因此,本文采用了国际耦合模式比较计划(CoupledModelIntercomparisonProject,CMIP)最新提出的三种典型SSP-RCP耦合情景,以南京市为研究区,开展了未来近期(2030年)、中期(2060年)和远期(2090年)的局地气候分区(local climate zones,LCZ)时空模拟。结合马尔可夫模型和多目标规划预测未来耦合情景下各LCZ类型的数量需求,并通过未来土地利用变化模拟模型实现LCZ的空间分布模拟。结果表明:①SSP126情景下生态用地(LCZA/B/D/G)得到了有效保护,且建筑用地(LCZ1~6、LCZ8~10)在主城区的扩张得到有效控制。②SSP245情景中,经济发展的同时也顾及了生态环境保护,尽管建筑用地扩张明显,但生态用地(LCZA/B/D/G)的面积仅出现了轻微下降。③SSP585情景建筑用地(LCZ1~6、LCZ8~10)和耕地(LCZ D)扩张态势十分显著;21世纪中、后期的林地(LCZ A、LCZ B)和水体(LCZ G)将遭到严重破坏。本文首次开展了自然与人文双重驱动下的城市LCZ时空模拟,研究成果能够直接应用于城市气候与规划领域。

纵向监管、地方选择性供地与产业结构绿色转型

地方政府的有效执行是中国式分权下提升中央发展战略实施绩效的关键,而中央政府对地方政府治理行为的有效监督则是其中至关重要的环节。本文基于2007—2019年中国微观工业用地供应以及中央环保督察的通报结果数据,采用广义双重差分法实证考察中央环保督察对地方政府选择性供地策略的影响及其机制。研究表明,中央环保督察促使地方政府降低污染密集型工业用地供应,增加清洁型工业用地供应,从而推动地区产业结构的绿色转型。机制分析发现,中央环保督察通过地方领导人职业发展激励机制以及产业转型能力机制对不同特征的城市工业土地供应结构策略产生异质性影响。本文结论对高质量发展背景下的央地互动关系与地方利用土地偏向性供给推动产业结构绿色转型具有政策启示。

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

地方政府竞争对土地资源错配的影响研究——基于成渝地区双城经济圈面板数据

成渝地区双城经济圈是我国经济的重要新兴增长极,但其发展相对滞后,经济增长内生动力不足,依靠土地出让的地方政府竞争行为依然普遍存在,不利于土地资源的高效配置。基于政府土地出让视角,构建地方政府博弈模型,选取成渝地区双城经济圈2009—2017年城市面板数据,采用系统GMM的实证研究表明:成渝地区政府竞争与土地资源错配呈现显著的“U”形变化特征,地区经济发展水平是这一影响的重要作用机制;在替换变量和剔除核心城市后,结论依然稳健;此外,由于政府竞争博弈行为的反复特征,土地资源错配程度存在动态循环的正向累积趋势。

2000—2020年非洲耕地资源时空格局变化分析

非洲地区面临严重的粮食安全问题,研究其耕地资源时空格局变化对于保障非洲粮食安全具有重要意义.基于2000—2020年间联合国粮农组织的统计数据,通过重心迁移、标准差椭圆及局部空间自相关等方法对非洲耕地资源时空格局的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:1)非洲耕地整体数量呈稳定上升趋势,20年间耕地面积增加了6321.92万hm^(2),增长率为53.44%,但不同国家间存在差异;2)非洲耕地在几何中心以北区域分布较多,耕地重心迁移方向先向东北后转向偏西方向,移动总距离为111.86 km,偏移速率先快后慢,从前5年的平均10.27 km/a降至后15年的平均4.00 km/a左右;3)非洲耕地分布呈西北—东南向,20年来标准差椭圆转角有向水平方向倒伏趋势,椭圆面积不断缩小,向心性不断增强;4)非洲耕地分布集聚主要出现在西非的尼日尔和尼日利亚,异常区为南非及贝宁.

东北黑土区典型县域耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应

[目的]耕地水田化过程对耕地质量具有至关重要的影响,明确东北黑土区耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应,是提升黑土耕地质量实现耕地可持续利用的重要前提。[方法]构建LESA耕地质量评价体系,采用CRITIC模型、双变量局部空间自相关模型,揭示耕地质量和耕地利用变化之间的空间响应关系。[结果](1)研究区耕地水田化现象剧烈,呈现出东部最强、西部次之、中部最弱的时空分异格局;(2)研究区耕地质量变化显著,耕地质量下降比例低于质量提升比例,表现出中部下降最高、西部下降次高、东部下降最低的时空格局;(3)研究区耕地质量对水田化的响应具有双重效应,负向响应更为敏感,整体呈现出东部耕地质量响应程度高于其他区域的空间格局。[结论]研究区耕地水田化对耕地质量具有正、负两种效应,依据效应方向进行耕地利用结构调整,是保护黑土耕地的重要途径。对于具有正向效应的区域应适度推进旱改水项目,而针对具有负向效应的区域应停止旱改水工程,积极进行水田休耕,并可适当地将其恢复为旱地。

文学神州·地方重构·女性经验——马华留华女作家的旅华书写

中国内地改革开放以来,马来西亚的旅华书写经历了从1990年代观光热中的“神州”书写到2000年代后马华留学生中国“在地”书写的阶段性变化。本文选取的四位留学内地的马华女作家其“在地”书写聚焦于北京、南京两座城市,表现出深浅不一的中华文化涵融,她们各具书写个性的文化“混血”式和比较性“在地”审美“凝视”,摒弃了1990年代“神州”书写某种微妙的优势居位的“祛魅”与解构,赋予各自旅居的城市以“地方感”,为马华社会重构作为“异乡”的文化原乡和人文“地方”,实际上也新生成了中国内地城市的“地方感”。其书写同时凸显了马华知识女性的跨域生命经验和自我主体意识,伸展着现代性心灵自由,包容、谦卑、柔软的对话式叙事笔调折射出由跨域文化交流延展出的开放性。

地方政府债务扩张与资源配置效率

地方政府以土地出让收入作为担保和偿债来源能够放大其债务融资能力,而提高市场资源配置效率是实现经济高质量发展的重要支撑。首先,通过构建理论框架,揭示了金融摩擦异质性导致地方政府债务扩张加剧了资源错配;其次,利用中国工业企业数据,结合2009年中央政府放松地方政府债务融资管制这一外生事件,采用双重差分方法,对地方政府债务扩张的资源配置效应进行了实证检验。研究发现:地方政府债务扩张加剧了资源配置效率的损失,这一结论在经历了一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立;机制分析验证了理论框架的假设,即地方政府债务扩张相对更多的提高了民营企业融资成本和资本边际收益产品,进而拉大了部门间价值生产率的离散程度,造成资源错配的加剧;进一步分析发现,地方政府债务扩张引发的资源错配最终降低了加总的全要素生产率。上述结论丰富了现有针对中国地方政府债务经济效应分析的文献,不仅拓展了理论支撑,还提供了详实的经验证据,对防范和化解地方政府债务风险、助推经济高质量发展具有一定的参考价值。

工业用地市场化配置改革的制度变迁逻辑——基于“主体互动-制度共演”框架的分析

工业用地配置是当前要素市场化改革的重要内容。历经40余年的长期改革,市场在其中发挥的作用仍需要进一步加强,如何理解工业用地市场化配置改革的内在逻辑。通过纳入多类行为主体和关联制度,论文构建了“主体互动-制度共演”的理论框架,围绕改革开放以来工业用地市场化配置的改革历程和逻辑展开制度分析。研究发现,中央政府、地方政府和工业企业围绕工业用地配置制度充分互动,分别以制度供给、制度创新和制度需求的形式,在工业用地市场化配置的初步探索、发展调整和深化改革阶段主导了制度演变方向。土地产权、财政管理和政绩考核等关联制度安排也在工业用地配置制度演化过程中发挥了重要作用。研究认为,未来工业用地配置会以市场主体向上传递制度需求的互动形式深化改革,故应建立制度需求的有效反馈机制,服务企业发展和产业转型,重点优化土地利用计划管理和用途管制制度,加快培育土地二级市场和城乡统一的建设用地市场体系。

我国污泥处理处置技术发展历程

主要介绍我国污泥处理处置现状和政策,污泥处理处置的技术发展历程。我国污泥处理处置技术主要是污水厂浓缩、脱水、干化处理技术到末端填埋、土地利用、焚烧和建材利用处置。污泥浓缩脱水是指采用重力、气浮或机械等方式将污水厂污泥含水率降至80%左右。污泥处理方式主要有厌氧消化、好氧发酵、污泥热干化、机械深度脱水、碱稳定法,以及新型的微生物蛋白提取、热解气化、超临界水氧化等。污泥处置方式一般为填埋、土地利用、建材利用、污泥焚烧以及其他资源化方式,如污泥碳化等。阐述有关污泥处理处置项目中的方案设计参数,对比有关污泥处理处置技术的优缺点。结合实际情况,因地制宜的为我国不同地区的污泥处理处置项目方案编写提供借鉴。

考虑局部自相似性的土地复垦规划空间预测算法

土地复垦规划时土地图像存在较大噪声,且不同地区的土地复垦情况可能存在空间异质性,无法达到理想空间预测效果。为此,提出一种考虑局部自相似性的土地复垦规划空间预测算法。利用低秩逼近处理方法对噪声污染的观测矩阵的核范数低秩逼近,得到矩阵的最小核范数,实现土地空间图像去噪;利用局部自相似性计算土地再利用贡献值,以此建立空间预测模型,计算子区域内栅格与所选区域栅格差异程度;利用ArcGIS软件计算评价因子,以此划分等级,预测土地复垦规划空间。由实验结果可知,该算法预测的空间规划基本适宜度比例最大,其次是不适宜度、中度适宜度、临界适宜度,与理想规划结果一致。

本土价值重塑:土地革命前期中国革命道路问题与超越

用哲学方法从事实与价值角度解读土地革命前期中国革命道路问题,拓展了对中国共产党创业伟大艰辛的认识维度和深度。土地革命前期中国革命道路问题是典型的原生性“中国式”问题,产生这个问题的根源在于当时中国革命的本土事实与苏俄革命及指导中国革命的苏式价值规约在国家条件、政治条件、阶级条件上都无法完全耦合。在绝大多数革命先驱者尚未认清这个原生性“中国式”问题的破局在于对所完全依赖的苏式价值规约进行符合中华民族需要的本土价值重塑的时候,以毛泽东为主要代表的共产党人首创井冈山革命根据地,依托农村革命根据地的武装斗争坚持马克思列宁主义,突破苏式价值规约,逐步对中国革命进行本土价值重塑,实现了对原生性“中国式”问题的创造性超越,走出了世界无产阶级革命的中国道路。

集体经营性建设用地入市的地方探索:政策图景与未来展望

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