More devices in the Intelligent Internet of Things(AIoT)result in an increased number of tasks that require low latency and real-time responsiveness,leading to an increased demand for computational resources.Cloud com...More devices in the Intelligent Internet of Things(AIoT)result in an increased number of tasks that require low latency and real-time responsiveness,leading to an increased demand for computational resources.Cloud computing’s low-latency performance issues in AIoT scenarios have led researchers to explore fog computing as a complementary extension.However,the effective allocation of resources for task execution within fog environments,characterized by limitations and heterogeneity in computational resources,remains a formidable challenge.To tackle this challenge,in this study,we integrate fog computing and cloud computing.We begin by establishing a fog-cloud environment framework,followed by the formulation of a mathematical model for task scheduling.Lastly,we introduce an enhanced hybrid Equilibrium Optimizer(EHEO)tailored for AIoT task scheduling.The overarching objective is to decrease both the makespan and energy consumption of the fog-cloud system while accounting for task deadlines.The proposed EHEO method undergoes a thorough evaluation against multiple benchmark algorithms,encompassing metrics likemakespan,total energy consumption,success rate,and average waiting time.Comprehensive experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of EHEO across all assessed metrics.Notably,in the most favorable conditions,EHEO significantly diminishes both the makespan and energy consumption by approximately 50%and 35.5%,respectively,compared to the secondbest performing approach,which affirms its efficacy in advancing the efficiency of AIoT task scheduling within fog-cloud networks.展开更多
Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical...Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.展开更多
Frank’s theory describes that a screw dislocation will produce a pit on the surface,and has been evidenced in many material systems including GaN.However,the size of the pit calculated from the theory deviates signif...Frank’s theory describes that a screw dislocation will produce a pit on the surface,and has been evidenced in many material systems including GaN.However,the size of the pit calculated from the theory deviates significantly from experimental result.Through a careful observation of the variations of surface pits and local surface morphology with growing temperature and V/III ratio for c-plane GaN,we believe that Frank’s model is valid only in a small local surface area where thermodynamic equilibrium state can be assumed to stay the same.If the kinetic process is too vigorous or too slow to reach a balance,the local equilibrium range will be too small for the center and edge of the screw dislocation spiral to be kept in the same equilibrium state.When the curvature at the center of the dislocation core reaches the critical value 1/r0,at the edge of the spiral,the accelerating rate of the curvature may not fall to zero,so the pit cannot reach a stationary shape and will keep enlarging under the control of minimization of surface energy to result in a large-sized surface pit.展开更多
The assumption of the local equilibrium of hydrogen distribution in metals[1]was used in the model formerly developed[2]to describe the diffu- sion of hydrogen in metals.From the assumption a direct relationship betwe...The assumption of the local equilibrium of hydrogen distribution in metals[1]was used in the model formerly developed[2]to describe the diffu- sion of hydrogen in metals.From the assumption a direct relationship between the hydrogen diffusivity and the hydrogen concentration in metals is estab- lished as D=D_o/{1+N_x(k/p)/[1+C(k/p)]} The comparison between the two results drawn from the assumption of equilibrium and the dynam- ics of hydrogen trapping[3]was also presented.The computation results well explained the scattering phenomenon existed in hydrogen diffusion data and suggested that the experimental conditions should be identical for the study of hydrogen permeation in metals.展开更多
Some classes of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems ( in short, GVQEP) are introduced and studied in locally G-convex spaces which includes most of generalized vector equilibrium problems; generalized vector...Some classes of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems ( in short, GVQEP) are introduced and studied in locally G-convex spaces which includes most of generalized vector equilibrium problems; generalized vector variational inequality problems, quasi-equilibrium problems and quasi-variational inequality problems as special cases. First, an equilibrium existence theorem for one person games is proved in locally G-convex spaces.. As applications, some new existence theorems of solutions for the GVQEP are established in noncompact locally G-convex spaces. These results and argument methods are new and completely different from that in recent literature.展开更多
A special method based on the local equilibrium principle has been introduced in the research of the phase diagram of Mn-MnO system.With this method,the problems of volatilization of Mn and the corrosion of Mn and MnO...A special method based on the local equilibrium principle has been introduced in the research of the phase diagram of Mn-MnO system.With this method,the problems of volatilization of Mn and the corrosion of Mn and MnO to refractory materials were prevented efficiently.The solubility of oxygen in Mn and the composition of the interface between MnO and Mn were determined.Partial phase diagram of Mn-MnO system were constructed according to pres- ent experimental results.展开更多
In this work, electron cyclotron emission(ECE) is simulated by using the code SPECE to study the spatial localization of ECE measurement in EAST plasmas heated by lower hybrid wave(LHW).The results indicate that gener...In this work, electron cyclotron emission(ECE) is simulated by using the code SPECE to study the spatial localization of ECE measurement in EAST plasmas heated by lower hybrid wave(LHW).The results indicate that generally there are two emission layers for an individual frequency in plasmas with non-thermal electrons, and they are separately attributed to the thermal electrons and non-thermal electrons. The emission layer due to the thermal electrons is nearly identical to that for the case with Maxwellian distribution. The emission layer due to non-thermal electrons is well localized in the location of the non-thermal electrons. Even though the non-thermal emission layer is broader, the emission intensity is smaller than that from the thermal emission layer for the cases studied in this work. Localized electron temperature fluctuations can still be distinguished by ECE measurement as long as it does not coexist with the non-thermal electrons. Sawtooth inversion radii and tearing mode island location determined respectively by the ECE measurement and the soft x-ray measurement for a LHW-heated plasma show a good agreement, and this indicates that the ECE measurement in the plasma core region is not seriously polluted.展开更多
Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current infor...Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current information to decide its next strategy. By using sub-neighborhood, the dynamics of the evolution is obtained. Then a method for calculating Nash equilibriums from mixed strategies of multi-players is proposed.The relationship between local Nash equilibriums based on individual neighborhoods and global Nash equilibriums of overall network is revealed. Then a technique is proposed to construct Nash equilibriums of an evolutionary game from its one step static Nash equilibriums. The basic tool of this approach is the semi-tensor product of matrices, which converts strategies into logical matrices and payoffs into pseudo-Boolean functions, then networked evolutionary games become discrete time dynamic systems.展开更多
There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads developme...There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads development". It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industriali-zation delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of "the vicious circle of poverty" by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environ-mental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called "the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River" is put forward supposed to give cor-responding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.展开更多
Recently,it was discovered that the entropy-conserving/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin discretizations have robustness issues when trying to solve the sim-ple density wave propagation example ...Recently,it was discovered that the entropy-conserving/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin discretizations have robustness issues when trying to solve the sim-ple density wave propagation example for the compressible Euler equations.The issue is related to missing local linear stability,i.e.,the stability of the discretization towards per-turbations added to a stable base flow.This is strongly related to an anti-diffusion mech-anism,that is inherent in entropy-conserving two-point fluxes,which are a key ingredi-ent for the high-order discontinuous Galerkin extension.In this paper,we investigate if pressure equilibrium preservation is a remedy to these recently found local linear stability issues of entropy-conservative/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Euler equations.Pressure equilibrium preservation describes the property of a discretization to keep pressure and velocity constant for pure density wave propagation.We present the full theoretical derivation,analysis,and show corresponding numerical results to underline our findings.In addition,we characterize numerical fluxes for the Euler equations that are entropy-conservative,kinetic-energy-preserving,pressure-equilibrium-preserving,and have a density flux that does not depend on the pressure.The source code to reproduce all numerical experiments presented in this article is available online(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054366).展开更多
By applying a new fixed point theorem due to the author, some new equilibrium existence theorems of quasi-equilibrium problems are proved in noncompact generalized convex spaces. These theorems improve and generalize ...By applying a new fixed point theorem due to the author, some new equilibrium existence theorems of quasi-equilibrium problems are proved in noncompact generalized convex spaces. These theorems improve and generalize a number of important known results in recent literature.展开更多
In contrast to the traditional interpretation of shear bands in sand as a bifurcation problem in continuum mechanics,shear bands in sand are considered as high-strain phase(plastic phase) of sand and the materials out...In contrast to the traditional interpretation of shear bands in sand as a bifurcation problem in continuum mechanics,shear bands in sand are considered as high-strain phase(plastic phase) of sand and the materials outside the bands are still in low-strain phase(elastic phase),namely,the two phases of sand can coexist under certain condition.As a one-dimensional example,the results show that,for materials with strain-softening behavior,the two-phase solution is a stable branch of solutions,but the method to find two-phase solutions is very different from the one for bifurcation analysis.The theory of multi-phase equilibrium and the slow plastic flow model are applied to predict the formation and patterns of shear bands in sand specimens,discontinuity of deformation gradient and stress across interfaces between shear bands and other regions is considered,the continuity of displacements and traction across interfaces is imposed,and the Maxwell relation is satisfied.The governing equations are deduced.The critical stress for the formation of a shear band,both the stresses and strains inside the band and outside the band,and the inclination angle of the band can all be predicted.The predicted results are consistent with experimental measurements.展开更多
We have studied the transport properties of a ring-coupled quantum dot array driven by an AC magnetic field, which is connected to two leads, and we give the response of the transport current to the dynamical localiza...We have studied the transport properties of a ring-coupled quantum dot array driven by an AC magnetic field, which is connected to two leads, and we give the response of the transport current to the dynamical localization. We found that when the ratio of the magnetic flux to the total quantum dots number is a root of the zeroth order Bessel function, dynamical localization and collapse of quasi-energy occurs and importantly~ the transport current displays a dip which is the signal of dynamical localization. The dynamical localization effect is strengthened as a result of the increase of the quantum dot number, and it is weakened on account of the increase of the dots-lead hopping rate.展开更多
基金in part by the Hubei Natural Science and Research Project under Grant 2020418in part by the 2021 Light of Taihu Science and Technology Projectin part by the 2022 Wuxi Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program.
文摘More devices in the Intelligent Internet of Things(AIoT)result in an increased number of tasks that require low latency and real-time responsiveness,leading to an increased demand for computational resources.Cloud computing’s low-latency performance issues in AIoT scenarios have led researchers to explore fog computing as a complementary extension.However,the effective allocation of resources for task execution within fog environments,characterized by limitations and heterogeneity in computational resources,remains a formidable challenge.To tackle this challenge,in this study,we integrate fog computing and cloud computing.We begin by establishing a fog-cloud environment framework,followed by the formulation of a mathematical model for task scheduling.Lastly,we introduce an enhanced hybrid Equilibrium Optimizer(EHEO)tailored for AIoT task scheduling.The overarching objective is to decrease both the makespan and energy consumption of the fog-cloud system while accounting for task deadlines.The proposed EHEO method undergoes a thorough evaluation against multiple benchmark algorithms,encompassing metrics likemakespan,total energy consumption,success rate,and average waiting time.Comprehensive experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the superior performance of EHEO across all assessed metrics.Notably,in the most favorable conditions,EHEO significantly diminishes both the makespan and energy consumption by approximately 50%and 35.5%,respectively,compared to the secondbest performing approach,which affirms its efficacy in advancing the efficiency of AIoT task scheduling within fog-cloud networks.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10272070)and the Development Foun-dation of the Education Commission of Shanghai,China.
文摘Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11204009 and 61204011)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.4142005)
文摘Frank’s theory describes that a screw dislocation will produce a pit on the surface,and has been evidenced in many material systems including GaN.However,the size of the pit calculated from the theory deviates significantly from experimental result.Through a careful observation of the variations of surface pits and local surface morphology with growing temperature and V/III ratio for c-plane GaN,we believe that Frank’s model is valid only in a small local surface area where thermodynamic equilibrium state can be assumed to stay the same.If the kinetic process is too vigorous or too slow to reach a balance,the local equilibrium range will be too small for the center and edge of the screw dislocation spiral to be kept in the same equilibrium state.When the curvature at the center of the dislocation core reaches the critical value 1/r0,at the edge of the spiral,the accelerating rate of the curvature may not fall to zero,so the pit cannot reach a stationary shape and will keep enlarging under the control of minimization of surface energy to result in a large-sized surface pit.
文摘The assumption of the local equilibrium of hydrogen distribution in metals[1]was used in the model formerly developed[2]to describe the diffu- sion of hydrogen in metals.From the assumption a direct relationship between the hydrogen diffusivity and the hydrogen concentration in metals is estab- lished as D=D_o/{1+N_x(k/p)/[1+C(k/p)]} The comparison between the two results drawn from the assumption of equilibrium and the dynam- ics of hydrogen trapping[3]was also presented.The computation results well explained the scattering phenomenon existed in hydrogen diffusion data and suggested that the experimental conditions should be identical for the study of hydrogen permeation in metals.
文摘Some classes of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems ( in short, GVQEP) are introduced and studied in locally G-convex spaces which includes most of generalized vector equilibrium problems; generalized vector variational inequality problems, quasi-equilibrium problems and quasi-variational inequality problems as special cases. First, an equilibrium existence theorem for one person games is proved in locally G-convex spaces.. As applications, some new existence theorems of solutions for the GVQEP are established in noncompact locally G-convex spaces. These results and argument methods are new and completely different from that in recent literature.
文摘A special method based on the local equilibrium principle has been introduced in the research of the phase diagram of Mn-MnO system.With this method,the problems of volatilization of Mn and the corrosion of Mn and MnO to refractory materials were prevented efficiently.The solubility of oxygen in Mn and the composition of the interface between MnO and Mn were determined.Partial phase diagram of Mn-MnO system were constructed according to pres- ent experimental results.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11405211)the Innovative Program of Development Foundation of Hefei Center for Physical Science and Technologysupported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China (Nos. 2015GB101003 and 2015GB103002)
文摘In this work, electron cyclotron emission(ECE) is simulated by using the code SPECE to study the spatial localization of ECE measurement in EAST plasmas heated by lower hybrid wave(LHW).The results indicate that generally there are two emission layers for an individual frequency in plasmas with non-thermal electrons, and they are separately attributed to the thermal electrons and non-thermal electrons. The emission layer due to the thermal electrons is nearly identical to that for the case with Maxwellian distribution. The emission layer due to non-thermal electrons is well localized in the location of the non-thermal electrons. Even though the non-thermal emission layer is broader, the emission intensity is smaller than that from the thermal emission layer for the cases studied in this work. Localized electron temperature fluctuations can still be distinguished by ECE measurement as long as it does not coexist with the non-thermal electrons. Sawtooth inversion radii and tearing mode island location determined respectively by the ECE measurement and the soft x-ray measurement for a LHW-heated plasma show a good agreement, and this indicates that the ECE measurement in the plasma core region is not seriously polluted.
文摘Networked noncooperative games are investigated,where each player(or agent) plays with all other players in its neighborhood. Assume the evolution is based on the fact that each player uses its neighbors current information to decide its next strategy. By using sub-neighborhood, the dynamics of the evolution is obtained. Then a method for calculating Nash equilibriums from mixed strategies of multi-players is proposed.The relationship between local Nash equilibriums based on individual neighborhoods and global Nash equilibriums of overall network is revealed. Then a technique is proposed to construct Nash equilibriums of an evolutionary game from its one step static Nash equilibriums. The basic tool of this approach is the semi-tensor product of matrices, which converts strategies into logical matrices and payoffs into pseudo-Boolean functions, then networked evolutionary games become discrete time dynamic systems.
文摘There is an obvious departure from the regional equi-librium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in "the effects of contra-geography-grads development". It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industriali-zation delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of "the vicious circle of poverty" by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environ-mental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called "the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River" is put forward supposed to give cor-responding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.
基金Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2044-390685587Mathematics Münster:Dynamics-Geometry-Structure.Gregor Gassner is supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Eights Framework Program Horizon 2020 with the research project Extreme,ERC Grant Agreement No.714487.
文摘Recently,it was discovered that the entropy-conserving/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin discretizations have robustness issues when trying to solve the sim-ple density wave propagation example for the compressible Euler equations.The issue is related to missing local linear stability,i.e.,the stability of the discretization towards per-turbations added to a stable base flow.This is strongly related to an anti-diffusion mech-anism,that is inherent in entropy-conserving two-point fluxes,which are a key ingredi-ent for the high-order discontinuous Galerkin extension.In this paper,we investigate if pressure equilibrium preservation is a remedy to these recently found local linear stability issues of entropy-conservative/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Euler equations.Pressure equilibrium preservation describes the property of a discretization to keep pressure and velocity constant for pure density wave propagation.We present the full theoretical derivation,analysis,and show corresponding numerical results to underline our findings.In addition,we characterize numerical fluxes for the Euler equations that are entropy-conservative,kinetic-energy-preserving,pressure-equilibrium-preserving,and have a density flux that does not depend on the pressure.The source code to reproduce all numerical experiments presented in this article is available online(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054366).
文摘By applying a new fixed point theorem due to the author, some new equilibrium existence theorems of quasi-equilibrium problems are proved in noncompact generalized convex spaces. These theorems improve and generalize a number of important known results in recent literature.
基金Project(2007CB714001) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)
文摘In contrast to the traditional interpretation of shear bands in sand as a bifurcation problem in continuum mechanics,shear bands in sand are considered as high-strain phase(plastic phase) of sand and the materials outside the bands are still in low-strain phase(elastic phase),namely,the two phases of sand can coexist under certain condition.As a one-dimensional example,the results show that,for materials with strain-softening behavior,the two-phase solution is a stable branch of solutions,but the method to find two-phase solutions is very different from the one for bifurcation analysis.The theory of multi-phase equilibrium and the slow plastic flow model are applied to predict the formation and patterns of shear bands in sand specimens,discontinuity of deformation gradient and stress across interfaces between shear bands and other regions is considered,the continuity of displacements and traction across interfaces is imposed,and the Maxwell relation is satisfied.The governing equations are deduced.The critical stress for the formation of a shear band,both the stresses and strains inside the band and outside the band,and the inclination angle of the band can all be predicted.The predicted results are consistent with experimental measurements.
文摘We have studied the transport properties of a ring-coupled quantum dot array driven by an AC magnetic field, which is connected to two leads, and we give the response of the transport current to the dynamical localization. We found that when the ratio of the magnetic flux to the total quantum dots number is a root of the zeroth order Bessel function, dynamical localization and collapse of quasi-energy occurs and importantly~ the transport current displays a dip which is the signal of dynamical localization. The dynamical localization effect is strengthened as a result of the increase of the quantum dot number, and it is weakened on account of the increase of the dots-lead hopping rate.
