Standards are a double edge sword and have come to be the main technical tariff and a window for market access to international trade. Standards are closely related to intellectual property, especially patents. The es...Standards are a double edge sword and have come to be the main technical tariff and a window for market access to international trade. Standards are closely related to intellectual property, especially patents. The essence of intellectual property in standardization lies in the fact that standards are a kind of quasi-public good, while patents are essentially private property. The absorption of patents into standards creates an opportunity for a patent holder to take advantage by making a profit. To prevent the abuse of patents in standards by the patent holder, SDOs (Standards Development Organizations) have to adjust the disclosure policies of the standards in patents.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance is the primary contributor to distant metastasis in the context of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(nCRT)for rectal cancer.However,the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.AIM To detect the dif...BACKGROUND Chemoresistance is the primary contributor to distant metastasis in the context of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(nCRT)for rectal cancer.However,the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.AIM To detect the differential expression profiles of plasma exosomal microRNAs(miRNAs)in poor and good responders and explore the potential mechanisms of chemoresistance.METHODS In this study,the profiles of plasma exosomal miRNAs were compared in two dimensions according to treatment responses(poor/good responders)and treatment courses(pre/post-nCRT)using RNA sequencing.RESULTS Exosome hsa-miR-483-5p was up-regulated in good responders post-nCRT.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the target genes of hsa-miR-483-5p were mainly enriched in tumor-specific pathways,such as the MAPK signaling pathway,EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,VEGF signaling pathway,and mTOR signaling pathway.Further analysis indicated that MAPK3,RAX2,and RNF165 were associated with inferior recurrence-free survival in patients with rectal cancer,and the profiles of MAPK3,TSPYL5,and ZNF-417 were correlated with tumor stage.In addition,the expression profiles of MAPK3,RNF165,and ZNF417 were negatively correlated with inhibitory concentration 50 values.Accordingly,an hsa-miR-483-5p/MAPK3/RNF 165/ZNF417 network was constructed.CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the mechanism of chemoresistance in terms of exosomal miRNAs.However,further research is required within the framework of our established miRNA-mRNA network.展开更多
Under the new normal of China’s economic development,bike-sharing,a new product of the“Internet+”era,opens the door to a novel lifestyle for the society,and is in the stage of rapid development.Nevertheless,with th...Under the new normal of China’s economic development,bike-sharing,a new product of the“Internet+”era,opens the door to a novel lifestyle for the society,and is in the stage of rapid development.Nevertheless,with the explosive growth of the number of bicycles,some new problems gradually come out,such as disorderly parking,serious damage and waste of resources,which in turn restrict its further development.Based on the theory of public goods,this article studies the quasi-public goods attributes and problems of bike-sharing,as well as provides feasible measures for its long-term development,so as to realize the co-governance and sharing among enterprises,consumers and government.展开更多
The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transf...The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂展开更多
文摘Standards are a double edge sword and have come to be the main technical tariff and a window for market access to international trade. Standards are closely related to intellectual property, especially patents. The essence of intellectual property in standardization lies in the fact that standards are a kind of quasi-public good, while patents are essentially private property. The absorption of patents into standards creates an opportunity for a patent holder to take advantage by making a profit. To prevent the abuse of patents in standards by the patent holder, SDOs (Standards Development Organizations) have to adjust the disclosure policies of the standards in patents.
基金Supported by the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding,No.2022-PUMCH-C-005.
文摘BACKGROUND Chemoresistance is the primary contributor to distant metastasis in the context of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(nCRT)for rectal cancer.However,the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.AIM To detect the differential expression profiles of plasma exosomal microRNAs(miRNAs)in poor and good responders and explore the potential mechanisms of chemoresistance.METHODS In this study,the profiles of plasma exosomal miRNAs were compared in two dimensions according to treatment responses(poor/good responders)and treatment courses(pre/post-nCRT)using RNA sequencing.RESULTS Exosome hsa-miR-483-5p was up-regulated in good responders post-nCRT.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the target genes of hsa-miR-483-5p were mainly enriched in tumor-specific pathways,such as the MAPK signaling pathway,EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,VEGF signaling pathway,and mTOR signaling pathway.Further analysis indicated that MAPK3,RAX2,and RNF165 were associated with inferior recurrence-free survival in patients with rectal cancer,and the profiles of MAPK3,TSPYL5,and ZNF-417 were correlated with tumor stage.In addition,the expression profiles of MAPK3,RNF165,and ZNF417 were negatively correlated with inhibitory concentration 50 values.Accordingly,an hsa-miR-483-5p/MAPK3/RNF 165/ZNF417 network was constructed.CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the mechanism of chemoresistance in terms of exosomal miRNAs.However,further research is required within the framework of our established miRNA-mRNA network.
文摘Under the new normal of China’s economic development,bike-sharing,a new product of the“Internet+”era,opens the door to a novel lifestyle for the society,and is in the stage of rapid development.Nevertheless,with the explosive growth of the number of bicycles,some new problems gradually come out,such as disorderly parking,serious damage and waste of resources,which in turn restrict its further development.Based on the theory of public goods,this article studies the quasi-public goods attributes and problems of bike-sharing,as well as provides feasible measures for its long-term development,so as to realize the co-governance and sharing among enterprises,consumers and government.
文摘The influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments on the local governments＇ efforts on taxation must be taken into consideration by every country for the design of the transfer payments. Based on the theoretical analysis on the influence of the transfer payments from the central government to the local governments＇ on the local governments＇ payments＇, this paper indicates that the local governments＇ efforts on taxation depends on the demand elasticity of the district for public goods, It increases with the increase of the elasticity. Judge the degree of the local govet：nment＇s efforts on taxation by measure 2. After an empirical analysis on the transJer payments from the central government to the local governments＇from 2000 to 2004, this paper gets the con- clusion that the local governments＇ effbrts on taxation ctbates with the increase of supporting payments or with the increase of the ratio of transfer payments to local wiliing public paymentS. Under speCific Circumstances, the higher the ratio of transfer payments to the local fiscal expenditure is. the smaller the local governments＇ efforts＇ on taxation is＂ under the central payments, whereas＇ the higher the local income is, the higher the efforts is under the central pav- ments. Based on this＇, this paper gives the meaning of its eOrresponding pofiCieS. ＂
