Two-dimensional horizontal visibility graph analysis of human brain aging on gray matter

Characterizing the trajectory of the healthy aging brain and exploring age-related structural changes in the brain can help deepen our understanding of the mechanism of brain aging.Currently,most structural magnetic resonance imaging literature explores brain aging merely from the perspective of morphological features,which cannot fully utilize the grayscale values containing important intrinsic information about brain structure.In this study,we propose the construction of two-dimensional horizontal visibility graphs based on the pixel intensity values of the gray matter slices directly.Normalized network structure entropy(NNSE)is then introduced to quantify the overall heterogeneities of these graphs.The results demonstrate a decrease in the NNSEs of gray matter with age.Compared with the middle-aged and the elderly,the larger values of the NNSE in the younger group may indicate more homogeneous network structures,smaller differences in importance between nodes and thus a more powerful ability to tolerate intrusion.In addition,the hub nodes of different adult age groups are primarily located in the precuneus,cingulate gyrus,superior temporal gyrus,inferior temporal gyrus,parahippocampal gyrus,insula,precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus.Our study can provide a new perspective for understanding and exploring the structural mechanism of brain aging.

Characteristics of local photonic state density in an infinite two-dimensional photonic crystal

The local density of photonic states （LDPS） of an infinite two-dimensional （2D） photonic crystal （PC） composed of rotated square-pillars in a 2D square lattice is calculated in terms of the plane-wave expansion method in a combination with the point group theory. The calculation results show that the LDPS strongly depends on the spatial positions. The variations of the LDPS as functions of the radial coordinate and frequency exhibit “mountain chain” structures with sharp peaks. The LDPS with large value spans a finite area and falls abruptly down to small value at the position corresponding to the interfaces between two different refractive index materials. The larger/lower LDPS occurs inward the lower/larger dielectric-constant medium. This feature can be well interpreted by the continuity of electricdisplacement vector at the interface. In the frequency range of the pseudo-PBG （photonic band gap）, the LDPS keeps very low value over the whole Wiger-Seitz cell. It indicates that the spontaneous emission in 2D PCs cannot be prohibited completely, but it can be inhibited intensively when the resonate frequency falls into the pseudo-PBG.

High-precision two-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption in an M-scheme atomic system

In the present paper, we investigate the behavior of two-dimensional atom localization in a five-level M-scheme atomic system driven by two orthogonal standing-wave fields. We find that the precision and resolution of the atom localization depends on the probe field detuning significantly. And because of the effect of the microwave field, an atom can be located at a particular position via adjusting the system parameters.

Two-dimensional atom localization via probe absorption in a four-level atomic system

We have investigated the two-dimensional （2D） atom localization via probe absorption in a coherently driven four-level atomic system by means of a radio-frequency field driving a hyperfine transition. It is found that the detecting probability and precision of 2D atom localization can be significantly improved via adjusting the system parameters. As a result, our scheme may be helpful in laser cooling or the atom nano-lithography via atom localization.

EXISTENCE OF ENTROPY SOLUTIONS TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL STEADY EXOTHERMICALLY REACTING EULER EQUATIONS

We are concerned with the global existence of entropy solutions of the two-dimensional steady Euler equations for an ideal gas, which undergoes a one-step exothermic chemical reaction under the Arrhenius-type kinetics. The reaction rate function φ（T ） is assumed to have a positive lower bound. We first consider the Cauchy problem （the initial value problem）, that is, seek a supersonic downstream reacting flow when the incoming flow is supersonic, and establish the global existence of entropy solutions when the total variation of the initial data is sufficiently small. Then we analyze the problem of steady supersonic, exothermically reacting Euler flow past a Lipschitz wedge, generating an ad-ditional detonation wave attached to the wedge vertex, which can be then formulated as an initial-boundary value problem. We establish the global existence of entropy solutions containing the additional detonation wave （weak or strong, determined by the wedge angle at the wedge vertex） when the total variation of both the slope of the wedge boundary and the incoming flow is suitably small. The downstream asymptotic behavior of the global solutions is also obtained.

A Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Two-Dimensional Time Fractional Diffusion Equations

For two-dimensional(2D)time fractional diffusion equations,we construct a numerical method based on a local discontinuous Galerkin(LDG)method in space and a finite differ-ence scheme in time.We investigate the numerical stability and convergence of the method for both rectangular and triangular meshes and show that the method is unconditionally stable.Numerical results indicate the effectiveness and accuracy of the method and con-firm the analysis.

Preventing Pressure Oscillations Does Not Fix Local Linear Stability Issues of Entropy-Based Split-Form High-Order Schemes

Recently,it was discovered that the entropy-conserving/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin discretizations have robustness issues when trying to solve the sim-ple density wave propagation example for the compressible Euler equations.The issue is related to missing local linear stability,i.e.,the stability of the discretization towards per-turbations added to a stable base flow.This is strongly related to an anti-diffusion mech-anism,that is inherent in entropy-conserving two-point fluxes,which are a key ingredi-ent for the high-order discontinuous Galerkin extension.In this paper,we investigate if pressure equilibrium preservation is a remedy to these recently found local linear stability issues of entropy-conservative/dissipative high-order split-form discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Euler equations.Pressure equilibrium preservation describes the property of a discretization to keep pressure and velocity constant for pure density wave propagation.We present the full theoretical derivation,analysis,and show corresponding numerical results to underline our findings.In addition,we characterize numerical fluxes for the Euler equations that are entropy-conservative,kinetic-energy-preserving,pressure-equilibrium-preserving,and have a density flux that does not depend on the pressure.The source code to reproduce all numerical experiments presented in this article is available online(https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4054366).

On the Thermodynamics of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas with Non-Parabolic Dispersion

A thermodynamic density of states, electron density in the subband and the entropy of the gas as function of the temperature and the total two-dimensional electron density are studied. Semiconductor conduction band dispersion is described by the simplified Kane model. Numerical simulation shows that with an increase in the total electron concentration, thermodynamic density of states at low temperatures changes abruptly and smoothes jumps at high temperatures. This change manifests itself in the peculiar thermodynamic characteristics. The results are used to interpret existing experimental data.

A variation pixels identification method based on kernel spatial attraction model and local entropy for robust endmember extraction

A variation pixels identification method was proposed aiming at depressing the effect of variation pixels, which dilates the theoretical hyperspectral data simplex and misguides volume evaluation of the simplex. With integration of both spatial and spectral information, this method quantitatively defines a variation index for every pixel. The variation index is proportional to pixels local entropy but inversely proportional to pixels kernel spatial attraction. The number of pixels removed was modulated by an artificial threshold factor α. Two real hyperspectral data sets were employed to examine the endmember extraction results. The reconstruction errors of preprocessing data as opposed to the result of original data were compared. The experimental results show that the number of distinct endmembers extracted has increased and the reconstruction error is greatly reduced. 100% is an optional value for the threshold factor α when dealing with no prior knowledge hyperspectral data.

Short-Term Prediction of Photovoltaic Power Generation Based on LMD Permutation Entropy and Singular Spectrum Analysis

The power output state of photovoltaic power generation is affected by the earth’s rotation and solar radiation intensity.On the one hand,its output sequence has daily periodicity;on the other hand,it has discrete randomness.With the development of new energy economy,the proportion of photovoltaic energy increased accordingly.In order to solve the problem of improving the energy conversion efficiency in the grid-connected optical network and ensure the stability of photovoltaic power generation,this paper proposes the short-termprediction of photovoltaic power generation based on the improvedmulti-scale permutation entropy,localmean decomposition and singular spectrum analysis algorithm.Firstly,taking the power output per unit day as the research object,the multi-scale permutation entropy is used to calculate the eigenvectors under different weather conditions,and the cluster analysis is used to reconstruct the historical power generation under typical weather rainy and snowy,sunny,abrupt,cloudy.Then,local mean decomposition(LMD)is used to decompose the output sequence,so as to extract more detail components of the reconstructed output sequence.Finally,combined with the weather forecast of the Meteorological Bureau for the next day,the singular spectrumanalysis algorithm is used to predict the photovoltaic classification of the recombination decomposition sequence under typical weather.Through the verification and analysis of examples,the hierarchical prediction experiments of reconstructed and non-reconstructed output sequences are compared.The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is effective in realizing the short-term prediction of photovoltaic generator,and has the advantages of simple structure and high prediction accuracy.

On the Superconductivity in High-Entropy Alloy (NbTa)1-X(HfZrTi)X

The superconductivity in (NbTa)1-X(HfZrTi)X high-entropy alloy is analyzed using the theory of strong-coupled superconductor. It is concluded that (NbTa)1-X(HfZrTi)X is a strong coupled superconductor. The variation in the superconducting transition temperature from 7.9 K to 4.6 K as x increases from 0.2 to 0.84 arises because of the decrease in electronic band width due to localization and broadening of the band. It is suggested that the decrease in electronic band width is due to crystalline randomness which gives rise to the mobility edge.

基于广义柔度曲率信息熵的板式轨道脱空损伤识别

板式轨道填充层作为轨道结构关键部位,在高频列车荷载和环境共同作用下出现脱空损伤,引起脱空位置轨道结构刚度改变。为有效检测板式轨道的轨道板脱空情况,采用数值仿真分析得到无砟轨道模态信息,利用轨道脱空区域广义柔度曲率局部峰值进行轨道脱空损伤识别。结合广义柔度、均匀荷载面(Uniform load surface, ULS)、曲率和局部信息熵,提出可定位损伤的ULS曲率信息熵,并在CRTS III板式轨道上进行验证。研究结果表明:广义柔度曲率利用轨道脱空前后模态信息计算轨道脱空损伤曲率差,能够有效定位脱空位置;ULS曲率信息熵表征值只需要轨道的一阶模态信息便能够有效地反映轨道脱空位置及面积,且克服了广义柔度曲率需要健康模态信息的不足;轨道对称位置上相同面积脱空的ULS曲率信息熵值相同;ULS曲率信息熵值与脱空面积和厚度成正相关关系;ULS曲率信息熵表征值具有较好的损伤识别敏感性,能够识别小于单个测点布置面积的0.1 m×0.1 m小面积脱空,并且对轨道板边脱空识别敏感性高于轨道板中脱空识别敏感性。

基于局部信息熵的计算机网络高维数据离群点检测系统

通过离群点检测可以及时发现计算机网络中的异常,从而为风险预警和控制提供重要线索。为此,设计一种基于局部信息熵的计算机网络高维数据离群点检测系统。在高维数据采集模块中,利用Wireshark工具采集计算机网络原始高维数据包;并在高维数据存储模块中建立MySQL数据库、Zooleeper数据库与Redis数据库,用于存储采集的高维数据包。在高维数据离群点检测模块中,通过微聚类划分算法划分存储的高维数据包,得到数个微聚类;然后计算各微聚类的局部信息熵,确定各微聚类内是否存在离群点;再依据偏离度挖掘微聚类内的离群点;最后,利用高维数据可视化模块呈现离群点检测结果。实验证明:所设计系统不仅可以有效采集计算机网络高维数据并划分计算机网络高维数据,还能够有效检测高维数据离群点,且离群点检测效率较快。

地方高校高质量发展水平测度、区域差异及分布动态演进

在构建地方高校高质量发展评价指标体系的基础上,利用全国31个省份的2004—2021年面板数据,使用熵权TOPSIS法测度地方高校高质量发展水平并分析我国地方高校高质量发展的时空特征、区域差异以及分布动态演进,研究结果表明:地方高校高质量发展水平整体不高但呈波动上升趋势;我国区域地方高校高质量发展不平衡,呈现东部-东北部-中部-西部依次递减态势;地方高校高质量发展水平存在显著的区域差异,主要来源于区域间差异,但有缩小的趋势,且西部和东北地区伴有极化情况出现。

减税降费规模与地方政府债务风险治理——机制与证据

减税降费是中国为积极应对经济下行压力、维护全局经济稳定的重要政策手段,但其规模的不断扩大会加剧地方政府债务风险。本文通过构建包含“借”、“用”、“还”3个环节的风险指标体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS法测算2015~2022年中国省级地方政府债务风险指数,使用双向固定效应模型、面板门槛模型实证分析减税降费规模对地方政府债务风险的影响。研究发现,减税降费规模与地方政府债务风险总体上呈正相关关系,并且存在经济发展水平的门槛效应,当经济发展水平跨过门槛值时,地方政府债务风险增长速度将显著降低。同时,减税降费规模与地方政府债务风险间存在非线性关系,随着减税降费规模不断扩大,地方政府债务风险增速也将被遏制。

入侵意图分析下的软件定义网络DDoS攻击检测方法

为在数据样本回溯期内解决因本地信息熵值增大而造成的服务攻击问题,维护软件定义网络的运行安全性,提出入侵意图分析下的软件定义网络分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击检测方法。按照软件定义网络场景重构原则,确定因果网转换标准,实现对识别参数的更新处理,完成攻击性行为的入侵意图分析,再定义DDoS数据集,根据攻击行为的时空特性,求解模型参数的取值范围,完成入侵意图分析下软件定义网络DDoS攻击检测方法的设计。实验结果表明,在该算法控制下数据样本回溯期为10 min,低于传统算法,能够较好维护软件定义网络的运行安全性。

一种基于相对熵与邻居影响聚类的复杂网络关键节点识别新算法

为解决许多关键节点识别算法在评估网络节点重要性时,忽视节点与其邻居节点间的相互关系,导致对网络鲁棒性和脆弱性的评估结果不准确的问题,提出一种改良的局部加权密度度量方式CPR-WCCN,旨在以较低的计算成本准确识别复杂网络中的关键节点.首先,借助节点间的最短路径长度和数量,定义节点间的通信概率序列.其次,通过结合通信概率和相对熵(Communication Probability and Relative Entropy,CPR),将传统的二元邻接矩阵转化为网络归一化相关矩阵.再次,结合加权聚类系数和邻居节点的影响(Weighted Clustering Coefficients and Neighbor Influence,WCCN),得到改进的考虑邻居影响的局部加权密度.最后,为验证CPRWCCN算法的效果,在故意攻击和随机攻击下进行模拟实验,利用传播模型在4种实际网络上对CPR-WCCN与其他5种算法进行对比分析.实验结果表明:当网络遭受故意攻击,导致前15个关键节点失效时,网络的连通性、效率、最大连接子图以及自然连通性等关键指标较随机攻击出现了更显著的下降;相较于其他5种算法,CPR-WCCN算法表现出最优的整体性能,能够准确且高效地识别出网络中的关键节点.

基于LMD与AO-PNN的中介轴承故障诊断方法

针对航空发动机中介轴承受噪声干扰大、传递路径复杂导致采用传统方法难以进行故障诊断的问题,提出了一种基于局部均值分解(LMD)与相关系数-能量比-峭度准则、结合天鹰座优化算法(AO)优化概率神经网络(PNN)的中介轴承故障诊断方法。使用LMD对传感器采集的振动信号进行分解;利用相关系数-能量比-峭度准则判决筛选分解得到的PF分量,重构筛选后的信号;计算重构信号的多尺度排列熵(MPE),以构建特征向量;通过AO优化的PNN的平滑因子,将优化后的神经网络用于中介轴承的故障诊断。基于中介轴承故障试验数据对诊断结果进行了分析,结果表明:提出的方法可以有效诊断高背景噪声、复杂路径干扰下的航空发动机中介轴承的典型故障,与粒子群优化的概率神经网络方法(PSO-PNN)和传统的PNN方法相比,其诊断准确率分别提高了3.875%和8.125%,具有较好的全局收敛性和计算鲁棒性。

基于裂缝预测与流体预测技术的煤层顶板富水性研究——以葛泉矿2煤层为例

为了查清葛泉矿五六七采区和葛泉东井两个区块2煤顶板富水特征,在已知地质构造和高物性地层空间展布的基础上,采用裂缝预测技术对不同尺度裂缝进行研究,同时采用高频衰减梯度进行流体预测,进而对煤层顶板富水性进行了预测。结果表明:葛泉矿五六七采区顶板富水区主要集中在中西部地区,葛泉东井整体富水性差。该研究成果可对葛泉矿2煤层顶板富水性预测提供依据,在开采过程中,对重点区域提高警惕,能有效预防水害事故的发生。

基于局部信息熵的智能电网数据离群点识别

识别智能电网数据离群点能够准确地确定智能电网数据对象,但是目前提出的识别方法识别精准度较差,识别效率较低。为此,基于局部信息熵研究了一种新的智能电网数据离群点识别方法,通过方差定义选取优选空间,确定优选空间集阈值进行数据加权处理,计算优选空间信息熵;通过无量化处理判断临界点数值,得到子空间最优范围。检索与分析离群状态变化情况,计算离群因子,根据概率值增强算法对冗余数据的甄别能力,删除离群点冗余数据,将平均值计入值域,实现智能电网数据离群点识别。实验结果表明,所研究方法精准度最终能够达到95%,识别效率在90%以上。