Global Research Progress on Municipal Waste and Future Prospect Based on the Cross-national Comparisons

Due to the acceleration of urbanization,the municipal waste(MW)problem has transformed into a global challenge for urb-an sustainability.To elucidate historical trends,current focal points,and future directions in MW research,we conducted a bibliometric analysis and employed knowledge graph visualization to scrutinize a total of 34212 articles,which were published between 1991 and 2021 in the Web of Science(WoS)core database.The results indicated that current major research themes encompass waste classifica-tion and recycling,waste management and public behavior,waste disposal methods and technologies,as well as environmental impact and evaluation.There has been a shift in the research focus from the environmental impacts of waste incineration to sustainable manage-ment related issues.A comparison of research from six typical countries revealed the differences in research priorities and techniques advantages.Scholars from the USA and Britain initiated MW research earlier than other countries and investigated management issues in depth,such as public behavior and willingness to pay.Meanwhile,Japanese,German,and Swedish scholars conducted extensive studies on advanced waste treatment technologies,such as disposal and recycling,risk assessment,and waste-to-energy techniques.Chinese scholars placed particular emphasis on end-of-pipe treatments and their associated environmental impacts.Hotspots and poten-tial future frontiers were identified by burst detection analysis.Keywords with high value of burst index(BI)worldwide are food waste and circular economy.Chinese scholars have put great efforts on waste environmental impact and its recycling technologies,while we’re expecting to further investigating vulnerable population.Furthermore,this study contributes to bridging the regional gap of scientific research among different countries and fostering international collaboration.

平“语”近人中课程思政元素comparison的应用及分析

文章的研究目的是理解平“语”近人中comparison(比喻)的用法,平“语”近人中课程思政的内容和其背后的真实含义具有重要的教育意义。文章以话语中课程思政元素的comparison主要例子作为研究对象,来探讨和研究平“语”近人话语中的关于comparison的应用并且加以分析。

Multiomics comparison among populations of three plant sources of Amomi Fructus

Amomi Fructus(Sharen,AF)is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)from three source species(or varieties),including Wurfbainia villosa var.villosa(WVV),W.villosa var.xanthioides(WVX),or W.longiligularis(WL).Among them,WVV has been transplanted from its top-geoherb region,Guangdong,to its current main production area,Yunnan,for>50 years in China.However,the genetic and transcriptomic differentiation among multiple AF source species(or varieties)and between the origin and transplanted populations of WVV is unknown.In our study,the observed overall higher expression of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in WVV than in WVX provided possible evidence for the better pharmacological effect of WVV.We also screened six candidate borneol dehydrogenases(BDHs)that potentially catalyzed borneol into camphor in WVV and functionally verified them.Highly expressed genes at the P2 stage of WVV,Wv05G1424 and Wv05G1438,were capable of catalyzing the formation of camphor from(+)-borneol,(-)-borneol and DL-isoborneol.Moreover,the BDH genes may experience independent evolution after acquiring the ancestral copies,and the following tandem duplications might account for the abundant camphor content in WVV.Furthermore,four populations of WVV,WVX,and WL are genetically differentiated,and the gene flow from WVX to WVV in Yunnan contributed to the greater genetic diversity in the introduced population(WVV-JH)than in its top-geoherb region(WVV-YC),which showed the lowest genetic diversity and might undergo genetic degradation.In addition,terpene synthesis(TPS)and BDH genes were selected among populations of multiple AF source species(or varieties)and between the top-and non-top-geoherb regions,which might explain the difference in metabolites between these populations.Our findings provide important guidance for the conservation,genetic improvement,and industrial development of the three source species(or varieties)and for identifying top-geoherbalism with molecular markers,and proper clinical application of AF.

Natural gas characteristics and gas-source comparisons of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation,Eastern Sichuan Basin,China

There is great controversy regarding the origin and source of natural gas in the Lower Triassic Feix-ianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin.This seriously restricts the study of natural gas dy-namics in the Feixianguan Formation and thus hampers natural gas exploration in the region,so further study is urgently required.Using experimental tests of natural gas composition,stable isotopes,and noble gas isotopes with gas chromatography(GC)and mass spectrometry(MS)studies of source rock and reservoir asphalt saturated hydrocarbons,the natural gas geochemical characteristics,the genetic identification and a gas-source comparison of the Feixianguan Formation were studied.Then,con-strained by the thermal history,the histories of gas generation and expulsion were restored by basin simulation technology.Finally,a gas accumulation model was established for the Feixianguan Formation.The results showed that(1)the H_(2)S-rich and H2S-poor gas reservoirs of the Feixianguan Formation are distributed on the east and west sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough in the Eastern Sichuan Basin,respectively.The carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of the natural gas in the gas reservoirs are generally heavy and have typical characteristics of high-maturity dry gas reservoirs.(2)The natural gas of the Feixianguan Formation is organic thermogenic gas,which is mainly oil-type gas generated by the secondary cracking of crude oil.The gas-generating parent material is mainly type II kerogen.(3)The natural gas of the Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin was mainly generated by argil-laceous source rocks of the Upper Permian Longtan Formation.(4)Natural gas accumulation occurred as follows:the paleo-structure heights were filled with crude oil in the Early Jurassic,and paleo-oil res-ervoirs were formed in the Feixianguan Formation;during the Middle-Late Jurassic,the paleo-oil res-ervoirs were cracked when the reservoir temperatures rose above 160 C,and paleo-gas reservoirs were formed.Since the end of the Late Jurassic,the paleo-gas reservoirs have been adjusted and reformed to form the present-day natural gas reservoirs.These results provide a basis for studying natural gas accumulation dynamics of the Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin.

An Effective Security Comparison Protocol in Cloud Computing

With the development of cloud computing technology,more and more data owners upload their local data to the public cloud server for storage and calculation.While this can save customers’operating costs,it also poses privacy and security challenges.Such challenges can be solved using secure multi-party computation(SMPC),but this still exposes more security issues.In cloud computing using SMPC,clients need to process their data and submit the processed data to the cloud server,which then performs the calculation and returns the results to each client.Each client and server must be honest.If there is cooperation or dishonest behavior between clients,some clients may profit from it or even disclose the private data of other clients.This paper proposes the SMPC based on a Partially-Homomorphic Encryption(PHE)scheme in which an addition homomorphic encryption algorithm with a lower computational cost is used to ensure data comparability and Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)is used to limit the client’s malicious behavior.In addition,the introduction of Oblivious Transfer(OT)technology also ensures that the semi-honest cloud server knows nothing about private data,so that the cloud server of this scheme can calculate the correct data in the case of malicious participant models and safely return the calculation results to each client.Finally,the security analysis shows that the scheme not only ensures the privacy of participants,but also ensures the fairness of the comparison protocol data.

A comparison study of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control rates of hypertension and associated factors among adults in China and the United States based on national survey data

Objective:This study compared the prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension and associated factors in China and the United States(US).Methods:Adult data from nationally representative samples were derived from the Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance in 2010 and 2013 in China and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010 and 2013 in the US.Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analysis were conducted to assess associations of the four outcomes with body weight status and behavioral factors.Results:Age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension was 35.7%(95%confidence interval[CI]:35.4%to 36.1%)in 2010 and 29.8%(95%CI:29.4%to 30.2%)in 2013 in China,and 35.3%(95%CI:33.6%to 37.1%)in 2010 and 37.9%(95%CI:36.0%to 39.7%)in 2013 in the US.Among hypertensive participants,the age-standardized rates of treatment were 18.4%(95%CI:17.9%to 1&9%)in 2010 and 23.8%(95%CI:23.1%to 24.6%)in 2013 in China and 54.5%(95%CI:50.3%to 5&7%)in 2010 and 50.9%(95%CI:46.5%to 55.3%)in 2013 in the US;the age-standardized hypertension control rates were 3.2%(95%CI:3.0%to 3.5%)and 5.7%(95%CI:5.3%to 6.0%)in 2010 and 2013 in China and 50.6%(95%CI:46.2%to 55.0%)and 55.3%(95%CI:50.3%to 60.3%)in the US.Obesity was significantly associated with prevalence,awareness and control rates in both countries.Different from the US,obesity was negatively associated with hypertension control in China.Conclusion:Hypertension prevalence in China is similar to that in the US,but the control rate in China was significantly lower.Obesity was a critical risk factor for poor hypertension control in China.

Typhoon Case Comparison Analysis Between Heterogeneous Many-Core and Homogenous Multicore Supercomputing Platforms

In this paper,a typical experiment is carried out based on a high-resolution air-sea coupled model,namely,the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport(COAWST)model,on both heterogeneous many-core(SW)and homogenous multicore(Intel)supercomputing platforms.We construct a hindcast of Typhoon Lekima on both the SW and Intel platforms,compare the simulation results between these two platforms and compare the key elements of the atmospheric and ocean modules to reanalysis data.The comparative experiment in this typhoon case indicates that the domestic many-core computing platform and general cluster yield almost no differences in the simulated typhoon path and intensity,and the differences in surface pressure(PSFC)in the WRF model and sea surface temperature(SST)in the short-range forecast are very small,whereas a major difference can be identified at high latitudes after the first 10 days.Further heat budget analysis verifies that the differences in SST after 10 days are mainly caused by shortwave radiation variations,as influenced by subsequently generated typhoons in the system.These typhoons generated in the hindcast after the first 10 days attain obviously different trajectories between the two platforms.

A modified EDAS model for comparison of mobile wallet service providers in India

The present paper has two-fold purposes.First,the current work provides an integrated theoretical framework to compare popular mobile wallet service providers based on users’views in the Indian context.To this end,we propose a new grey correlationbased Picture Fuzzy-Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution(GCPF-EDAS)framework for the comparative analysis.We integrate the fundamental framework of the Technology Acceptance Model and Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology vis-a-vis service quality dimensions for criteria selection.For comparative ranking,we conduct our analysis under uncertain environments using picture fuzzy numbers.We find that user-friendliness,a wide variety of use,and familiarity and awareness about the products help reduce the uncertainty factors and obtain positive impressions from the users.It is seen that PhonePe(A3),Google Pay(A2),Amazon Pay(A4)and PayTM(A1)hold top positions.For validation of the result,we first compare the ranking provided by our proposed model with that derived by using picture fuzzy score based extensions of EDAS and another widely used algorithm such as The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution.We observe a significant consistency.We then carry out rank reversal test for GCPF-EDAS model.We notice that our proposed GCPF-EDAS model does not suffers from rank reversal phenomenon.To examine the stability in the result for further validation,we carry out the sensitivity analysis by varying the differentiating coefficient and exchanging the criteria weights.We find that our proposed method provides stable result for the present case study and performs better as ranking order does not get changed significantly with the changes in the given conditions.

First acceptance testing of multiple A10 absolute gravimeters in China and analysis of the comparison results

Three A10 absolute gravimeters(AGs) were first acquired in China by the Hubei Earthquake Agency under the Belt and Road Seismic Monitoring Network Project. Although AG measuring and testing technique is not new, the purchase and simultaneous testing of 3 A10 absolute gravimeters is unprecedented in China. This study conducted the first acceptance testing of the AGs at 3 locations(the Jiufengshan Gravity Observation Station, the Global Navigation Satellite System Observation Station in Wuhan, and the Jiugongshan Observation Station in Xianning). The results were compared using a method based on expert validation, and the acceptance testing scheme was formulated by referring to the Technical Regulations for Tectonic Environment Monitoring Networks in China and Specifications for Gravimetry Control. Based on the repeatability, precision, and consistency of the measured g values, the results from each instrument were evaluated using the air pressure precision test. Comparing the instrument reference values, the final test results can identify the indicator parameters for 3 A10 AGs, the effects of the surrounding environment, and the related parameters on measurement precision. The precision of A10-059, A10-058, and A10-057 exceeded 0.78 μGal, 0.79 μGal, and 0.42 μGal, respectively.This testing scheme can be used as a reference for conducting acceptance testing of AGs in the future and obtaining absolute gravimetric measurements.

Social Comparison Orientation Associated with Psychological Well Being:The Mediated Role of Self-efficacy

The paper focused on how social comparison orientation people apply influences their psychological well-being and how self-efficacy plays an important role in buffering some negative influence from upward social comparison compared with someone better in one domain.In Festinger’s(1954)social comparison theory,the social comparison orientation instructed how people process the information they compared for,and related emotion was induced differently.In this paper,2,000 college students in Boston were proposed to participate in two experiments that discuss how different social comparison orientations affect their perception of life satisfaction.For the hypothetical result,we proposed that a high level of engagement in social comparison and ability-based social comparison was associated with less life satisfaction than the participants who had a low level of social comparison and opinion-based social comparison.In terms of coping strategy,we assumed that a high level of self-efficacy,which is the belief in capability to achieve a certain goal,will buffer the negative impact from upward comparison and improve the life satisfaction of those participants who like to engage with social comparison and ability-based comparison orientation.

A Comparison of Different Values of Freedom Reflected in the Characters of Sun Wukong and Dean

Both the characters of Sun Wukong in The Journey to the West,which is a traditional Chinese fiction,and Dean in On the Road,which is a typical American Beat Generation novel,have been pursuing a carefree lifestyle based on their living environments respectively,but their values of freedom bear quite different meanings:Sun Wukong tries his best to struggle for a happy life for all his family and his friends as well as for himself with little consideration of the risk of his own life,while Dean is always on his way at random for his own personal happiness with little consideration for anybody else.Therefore,Sun Wukong’s behavior represents a kind of collectivism within his individualism,while Dean’s act reflects his American free life style of individualism to a certain extent.

Brain Abscess Surgery Outcome: A Comparison between Craniotomy with Membrane Excision versus Burr Hole Aspiration

Introduction: Brain abscess represents 8% of intracranial masses in developing countries. Despite the advances in neuro-imaging, still, the diagnosis of brain abscess is difficult and may need a biopsy in most cases to verify the diagnosis because may even lead to death. CT scan with contrast is a good tool for diagnosing and localizing brain abscesses in late stages, however, it is difficult to diagnose them in the early stages. The development of MRI helps to more accurately diagnose brain abscess. Surgical management of brain abscesses is either medical or surgical through craniotomy or burr holes. Indications of each are still a point of debate among most neurosurgeons. Methodology: This is a descriptive longitudinal prospective study to compare the outcomes of two surgical procedures used in The National Centre for Neurological Sciences-Khartoum-Sudan (NCNS) from 2012 to 2015, craniotomy and excision of the abscess membrane versus burr hole and aspiration of brain abscess in terms of duration of hospitalization, length of antibiotic use, recurrence rate, number of images needed for follow-up, and the final postoperative early and late outcomes. The data was collected through a designed questionnaire and was then analyzed using SPSS version 20. No significant ethical approval was required for this study. Results: Fifty-four patients were operated on through craniotomy (29/54) and burr hole (25/54). Their ages ranged from 1 year to 53 years with an average presentation at 13 years of age. Most patients presented with fever (23.1%), convulsions (16%), vomiting (16.7%) and headache (15.4%). The mean of illness for both groups was almost 2 months. The majority of patients in this study were having no risk factors (38.9%) while the major risk factors seen were cardiac diseases (14.8%), neurosurgical procedures (13%) and otitis media (11.1%). As most patients presented late, the diagnosis of most was made using CT brain with contrast (83.3%). In most of the patients (85.2%) there were no organisms separated in the culture. 8/54 patients had positive cultures, 7/8 were bacterial and only one (1/8) was fungal. Most patients received antibiotics for 45 days postoperatively in both craniotomy and burr hole groups. When both groups were compared, those operated with craniotomy were found to have a relatively higher length of hospital stay, however, no significant difference was found between both groups. Also, it was found that those operated on with craniotomy had a high cure rate and less recurrence in comparison with burr hole group. Deterioration and death were significantly higher among craniotomy group. Only CT brain was used as the imaging modality of choice for follow-up in both groups for 4 months’ duration and it was noted that complete evacuation was significantly higher among craniotomy group while remnants were higher among burr hole group. Conclusion: Brain abscess is still a challenging condition for neurosurgeons in Sudan. The limited number of Sudanese neurosurgeons, neurosurgical centers and diagnostic facilities contributed to delay in diagnosing brain abscess in most patients. It is important to design a strict protocol and precautions for any neurosurgical operation or bedside procedure to prevent infection and subsequent brain abscess development. CT brain with contrast is a good imaging tool for assessing the size, site and stage of brain abscesses. No significant difference between craniotomy or burr hole for clearance from brain abscess in terms of antibiotic used or duration of hospital stay. However, burr hole aspiration is associated with higher rates of recurrences. On the other hand, craniotomy and excision have relatively higher neurologic morbidity postoperative with expectantly higher post-operative hospitalization but no differences in the final outcome. Therefore, the selection of surgical technique should be individualized in each case based on the abscess site size source patient fitness for surgery and neurosurgeon’s preference.

可级联组网的无线时间比对系统设计

随着科技的发展,越来越多的场合需要实现多个终端间的纳秒量级高精度时间比对,例如现代化军事靶场、战场、雷达观测基地等。现阶段常用的纳秒量级多终端间的时间比对方法是导航卫星共视法,该方法需要搭建数据交换链路,应用的灵活性受限。本文基于无线伪随机码测距原理、双向时间比对原理和码分多址技术,设计出一套可以自适应组网的高精度时间比对系统,不需要额外搭建数据交互通路即可实现级联节点之间的纳秒量级时间比对。其次,分析了利用该系统实现纳秒量级时间比对的技术难点,并提出了相应的解决方法。最后,搭建实验平台对设计的时间比对系统进行验证。实验结果表明,在500 m的无线比对基线下,可以实现优于0.5 ns的静态时间比对精度。

国内外碳化硅标准比对分析

为了探明碳化硅国内外标准的情况和差异,本文调研、分析并选择了中国国家标准和行业标准、国际标准及美国、欧洲、日本、俄罗斯、罗马尼亚相关标准,选择碳化硅物理特性、碳化硅磨料化学分析方法、含碳化硅耐火材料化学分析方法、碳化硅晶片产品规格进行标准比对。通过比对,得出结论:(1)国外有关碳化硅标准,都制定了碳化硅产品的理化性能标准,有些指标我国国家标准和部分企业实际质量控制中未列入检测控制指标,如:振实密度、比表面积、清洁度、韧性、电导率;(2)针对碳化硅粒度砂与微粉产品,发达国家根据其用途不同,按照对口专用、精密化、综合利用原则,分成了多种牌号专用产品,专用产品的企业标准指标要求也不同,使生产者和使用者找到了最佳结合点,产品产生了最大效益;(3)从碳化硅磨料的化学分析方法标准比对和含碳化硅耐火材料化学分析方法标准比对结果看,我国国家标准的比对指标相较于美国、欧盟及日本等发达国家及地区而言较为完整;(4)从碳化硅晶片产品相关标准比对结果看,我国国家标准对碳化硅单晶抛光片以及晶片检测方面制定了相关标准,而美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家及地区没有涉及。针对碳化硅外延片表面缺陷的测试环境,我国国家标准相较于欧盟以及日本标准要求更高。

瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚在无痛胃肠镜患者中的麻醉比较

目的探讨瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚用于无痛胃肠镜患者中的麻醉优势比较。方法选取2021年10月至12月接受无痛胃肠镜检查的64例患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(P组)和实验组(R组),两组均给予瑞芬太尼0.5ug/kg静脉注射后以0.05ug/kg/min持续静脉泵注,P组静脉注射丙泊酚1.5mg/kg,每5min追加0.3mg/kg,R组静脉注射瑞马唑仑0.2mg/kg,每5min追加0.05mg/kg。Ramsay镇静评分6分时开始进镜检查,若评分不足6分,间隔1min追加1次,直至评分达6分后开始内镜检查。记录给药前、给药后1min、2min、3min、5min及离室时收缩压、心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度;记录麻醉诱导起效时间、苏醒时间、离室时间;记录追加给药次数、补救给药次数、体动次数;记录注射痛、低氧血症、呼吸抑制、低血压、心动过缓、恶心、呕吐、眩晕发生情况。结果R组诱导时间低于P组,离室时间高于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);R组注射痛、低血压、呼吸抑制、心率减慢发生率均低于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。R组T3、T5收缩压高于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与T0及R组比较,P组T1、T3、T4心率均较低,P组T2呼吸频率较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在无痛胃肠镜检查镇静中,当瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚达到相同的镇静效果时,瑞马唑仑更加优于丙泊酚。

标准钢卷尺计量比对关键技术研究

标准钢卷尺是线纹计量器具检定系统中的三等线纹标准,用于我国大量钢卷尺等带状工作线纹尺的量值传递。为了保障我国标准钢卷尺的量值一致性,并科学评估我国计量机构标准钢卷尺的测量校准能力(CMC),中国计量科学研究院主导组织了首次全国标准钢卷尺计量比对(项目编号2019-B-05)。介绍了比对的基本情况、方案及比对结果,分析了比对结果及参比装置,研究了标准钢卷尺校准中关键技术问题及主要误差来源,提出了解决问题的方法,以推动标准钢卷尺量值校准能力的提升。

4个北美冬青品种对干旱胁迫的应激反应及耐旱性比较

为研究北美冬青(Ilex verticillata)品种的耐旱性,以4个北美冬青品种‘Red Sprite’(Rp)、‘Gray’(Gr),‘Oosterwijk’(Os)、‘Winter Gold’(Gd) 2年生扦插苗为试验材料,分别干旱处理6 d(轻度干旱)和12 d(重度干旱),研究北美冬青对干旱胁迫的生理反应及抗氧化机制,并通过主成分分析法综合评价4个北美冬青品种的耐旱性。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,4个北美冬青品种的叶片含水量、光合色素质量分数均逐渐降低,相对电导率和丙二醛质量分数均逐渐增加。干旱强度大,这些指标的变化幅度也大,其中,Os的相对电导率、Gd的丙二醛质量分数的增幅最大。干旱胁迫也导致了活性氧的激增,特别是重度干旱情况时,4个品种体内的活性氧质量分数(超氧阴离子自由基、H_(2)O_(2))显著增加,其中,Gr的H_(2)O_(2)与Os的超氧阴离子自由基质量分数增幅最大。干旱情况,各品种的抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶)活性显著增强,抗氧化物(抗坏血酸和还原型谷胱甘肽)质量分数也都出现显著增加,其中,Gr的谷胱甘肽还原酶活性、还原型谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸质量分数3个指标在严重干旱情况时,上升幅度更加显著,分别比对照提高了225.4%、274.3%、174.8%,说明Gr的AsA-GSH循环在抗氧化系统中起着更重要的作用,能够使其体内的应激反应与活性氧清除处于动态平衡状态,因而,Gr更加耐旱些。通过主成分分析进行耐旱性综合评价,4个品种的耐旱性从强到弱依次为Gr、Rp、Os、Gd。

不同类型多肉植物的花粉活力检测方法筛选及活力鉴定

以3个科6个属的13种多肉植物种质资源为材料,对比亚历山大染色法和碘-碘化钾(I2-KI)染色法染色后花粉活力的差异,筛选适宜不同类型多肉植物花粉活力的测定方法。结果表明,两种染色法对不同科属的多肉植物花粉染色结果差异极显著,I2-KI染色法检测的花粉活力平均值显著低于亚历山大染色法;种质资源的花粉活力普遍高于杂交组合,聚类分析结合差异显著性分析将26种目标种质资源及杂交组合的花粉活力划分为5个等级;显微镜下花粉形状呈现圆形、方形、椭圆形和不规则形,且同一品种存在一种到多种的花粉萌发孔形态。

冲击加速度国际关键比对与参考值确定

介绍了中国计量科学研究院主导的冲击加速度国际关键比对(CCAUV.V-K4)。分析了比对样品冲击测量链各部分动态特性,并与实验室实际校准的冲击加速度激励信号相结合,说明了作为测量结果的冲击灵敏度与冲击激励的关系。针对比对参考值及其相应不确定度计算的问题,详细说明了3种方法的计算过程,包括国际比对推荐的计算方法和2种基于贝叶斯推断的计算方法。特别对基于贝叶斯统计的方法,结合实际校准过程的信息,采用了不同的统计模型和先验分布,利用马尔科夫链-蒙特卡洛(MCMC)数值计算方法得到了比对参考值的后验分布。对3种方法计算结果的进行了比较,并说明了3种方法的统一性及优缺点。

试论唐甄与柳馨远的政治革新思想

明末清初的思想家唐甄与同时代朝鲜思想家柳馨远在政治革新思想方面有较多相似之处,这是目前所见的文献中几乎没有深入论及之处。他们虽处于不同的国度,但重塑政府组织结构却是二人政治革新的共同选择;在重塑过程中,都更加注重各个部门和机构的“实权”;为了让政府组织更高效地运行,二人都选择了“省官”这一办法;二人对于官员的选拔与任用,都把“实功”作为最核心的指标。他们之间存在着这样的相似之处与二人所处的相似的社会现实和刻在他们骨子里的儒家民本思想有关;相似的社会现实是外因,儒家民本思想是内因。对其二人的政治革新思想进行比较分析,可以为学术界研究唐甄与柳馨远的思想提供一定的启发。