Development of a nomogram for overall survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma:A prospective cohort study in China

BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma(EC)presents a significant public health issue in China,with its prognosis impacted by myriad factors.The creation of a reliable prog-nostic model for the overall survival(OS)of EC patients promises to greatly advance the customization of treatment approaches.AIM To create a more systematic and practical model that incorporates clinically significant indicators to support decision-making in clinical settings.METHODS This study utilized data from a prospective longitudinal cohort of 3127 EC patients treated at Chongqing University Cancer Hospital between January 1,2018,and December 12,2020.Utilizing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression alongside multivariate Cox regression analyses helped pinpoint pertinent variables for constructing the model.Its efficacy was assessed by concordance index(C-index),area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).RESULTS Nine variables were determined to be significant predictors of OS in EC patients:Body mass index(BMI),Karnofsky performance status,TNM stage,surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,immunotherapy,platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,and albumin-to-globulin ratio(ALB/GLB).The model demonstrated a C-index of 0.715(95%CI:0.701-0.729)in the training cohort and 0.711(95%CI:0.689-0.732)in the validation cohort.In the training cohort,AUCs for 1-year,3-year,and 5-year OS predictions were 0.773,0.787,and 0.750,respectively;in the validation cohort,they were 0.772,0.768,and 0.723,respectively,illustrating the model's precision.Calibration curves and DCA verified the model's predictive accuracy and net benefit.CONCLUSION A novel prognostic model for determining the OS of EC patients was successfully developed and validated to help clinicians in devising individualized treatment schemes for EC patients.

Activin A receptor type 1C single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Chinese population

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)superfamily plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis.Activin A receptor type 1C(ACVR1C)is a TGF-βtype I receptor that is involved in tumorigenesis through binding to dif-ferent ligands.AIM To evaluate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of ACVR1C and susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)in Chinese Han population.METHODS In this hospital-based cohort study,1043 ESCC patients and 1143 healthy controls were enrolled.Five SNPs(rs4664229,rs4556933,rs77886248,rs77263459,rs6734630)of ACVR1C were assessed by the ligation detection reaction method.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test,genetic model analysis,stratified analysis,linkage disequi-librium test,and haplotype analysis were conducted.RESULTS Participants carrying ACVR1C rs4556933 GA mutant had significantly decreased risk of ESCC,and those with rs77886248 TA mutant were related with higher risk,especially in older male smokers.In the haplotype analysis,ACVR1C Trs4664229Ars4556933Trs77886248Crs77263459Ars6734630 increased risk of ESCC,while Trs4664229Grs4556933Trs77886248Crs77263459Ars6734630 was associated with lower susceptibility to ESCC.CONCLUSION ACVR1C rs4556933 and rs77886248 SNPs were associated with the susceptibility to ESCC,which could provide a potential target for early diagnosis and treatment of ESCC in Chinese Han population.

BIBR1532 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cancer cells by inducing telomere dysregulation

BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality,and easy to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes located at the termini of chro-mosomes in eukaryotic cells,which are unreplaceable in maintaining the stability and integrity of genome.Telomerase,an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase,play vital role in telomere length maintain,targeting telomerase is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells were cultured and exposed to various concentrations of BIBR1532.Cell viability was assessed at 48 hours and 72 hours to determine the IC50 values.The effects of BIBR1532 on ESCC cell proliferation,migration,and cellular senescence were evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 assay,plate colony formation assay,scratch assay,transwell assay,andβ-galactosidase staining,respectively.Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of RESULTS The IC50 values for KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells after 48 hours of BIBR1532 exposure were 48.53μM and 39.59μM,respectively.These values decreased to 37.22μM and 22.71μM,respectively,following a longer exposure of 72 hours.BIBR1532 exhibited dose-dependent effects on KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells,including decreased hTERT expression,inhibition of proliferation and metastasis,and induction of cellular senescence.Mechanistically,BIBR1532 upregulated the expression of the DDR protein,γ-H2AX,and activated the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein(ATR)/check point kinase 1(CHK-1)and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene(ATM)/CHK2 pathways.BIBR1532 downregulated the expression of telomere-binding proteins,including telomeric-repeat binding factor 1(TRF1),TRF2,protection of telomeres 1,and TIN2-interacting protein 1.In a nude mouse xenograft model,BIBR1532 significantly suppressed tumor growth,reduced hTERT expression,and increasedγ-H2AX protein levels.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of various organs,including the heart,liver,spleen,lungs,and kidneys,revealed no apparent adverse effects.CONCLUSION BIBR1532 exerts anti-cancer effects on ESCC by inducing DDR through the ATR/CHK1 and ATM/CHK2 pathways and downregulating the expression of telomere-binding proteins.

Latest insights into the global epidemiological features,screening,early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

As a highly invasive carcinoma,esophageal cancer(EC)was the eighth most prevalent malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020.Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is the major histological subtype of EC,and its incidence and mortality rates are decreasing globally.Due to the lack of specific early symptoms,ESCC patients are usually diagnosed with advanced-stage disease with a poor prognosis,and the incidence and mortality rates are still high in many countries,especially in China.Therefore,enormous challenges still exist in the management of ESCC,and novel strategies are urgently needed to further decrease the incidence and mortality rates of ESCC.Although the key molecular mechanisms underlying ESCC pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated,certain promising biomarkers are being investigated to facilitate clinical decision-making.With the advent and advancement of highthroughput technologies,such as genomics,proteomics and metabolomics,valuable biomarkers with high sensitivity,specificity and stability could be identified for ESCC.Herein,we aimed to determine the epidemiological features of ESCC in different regions of the world,especially in China,and focused on novel molecular biomarkers associated with ESCC screening,early diagnosis and prognosis prediction.

MicroRNAs:A novel signature in the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant epithelial tumor,characterized by squamous cell differentiation,it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.The increased mortality rate of ESCC patients is predominantly due to the advanced stage of the disease when discovered,coupled with higher risk of metastasis,which is an exceedingly malignant charac-teristic of cancer,frequently leading to a high mortality rate.Unfortunately,there is currently no specific and effective marker to predict and treat metastasis in ESCC.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules,approximately 22 nucleotides in length.miRNAs are vital in modulating gene expression and serve pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence,progression,and prognosis of cancer.Here,we have examined the literature to highlight the intimate correlations between miRNAs and ESCC metastasis,and show that ESCC metastasis is predominantly regulated or regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors.This review proposes a potential role for miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for metastasis in ESCC metastasis,with the ultimate aim of reducing the mortality rate among patients with ESCC.

Novel milestones for early esophageal carcinoma:From bench to bed

Esophageal cancer(EC)is the seventh most common cancer worldwide,and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)accounts for the majority of cases of EC.To effectively diagnose and treat ESCC and improve patient prognosis,timely diagnosis in the initial phase of the illness is necessary.This article offers a detailed summary of the latest advancements and emerging technologies in the timely identification of ECs.Molecular biology and epigenetics approaches involve the use of molecular mechanisms combined with fluorescence quanti-tative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),high-throughput sequencing technology(next-generation sequencing),and digital PCR technology to study endogenous or exogenous biomolecular changes in the human body and provide a decision-making basis for the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of diseases.The invest-igation of the microbiome is a swiftly progressing area in human cancer research,and microorganisms with complex functions are potential components of the tumor microenvironment.The intratumoral microbiota was also found to be connected to tumor progression.The application of endoscopy as a crucial technique for the early identification of ESCC has been essential,and with ongoing advancements in technology,endoscopy has continuously improved.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,the utilization of AI in the detection of gastrointestinal tumors has become increasingly prevalent.The implementation of AI can effectively resolve the discrepancies among observers,improve the detection rate,assist in predicting the depth of invasion and differentiation status,guide the pericancerous margins,and aid in a more accurate diagnosis of ESCC.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor dynamics in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:From immune modulation to therapeutic opportunities

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a substantial global health burden.Immune escape mechanisms are important in ESCC progression,enabling cancer cells to escape the surveillance of the host immune system.One key player in this process is the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(AhR),which influences multiple cellular processes,including proliferation,differentiation,metabolism,and immune regulation.Dysregulated AhR signaling participates in ESCC development by stimulating carcinogenesis,epithelial-mesenchymal transition,and immune escape.Targeting AhR signaling is a potential therapeutic approach for ESCC,with AhR ligands showing efficacy in preclinical studies.Additionally,modification of AhR ligands and combination therapies present new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.This review aims to address the knowledge gap related to the role of AhR signaling in ESCC pathogenesis and immune escape.

Nomograms and prognosis for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

In recent years,endoscopic resection,particularly endoscopic submucosal dis-section,has become increasingly popular in treating non-metastatic superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).In this evolving paradigm,it is crucial to identify factors that predict higher rates of lymphatic invasion and poorer outcomes.Larger tumor size,deeper invasion,poorer differentiation,more infiltrative growth patterns(INF-c),higher-grade tumor budding,positive lymphovascular invasion,and certain biomarkers have been associated with lymph node metastasis and increased morbidity through retrospective reviews,leading to the construction of comprehensive nomograms for outcome prediction.If validated by future prospective studies,these nomograms would prove highly applicable in guiding the selection of treatment for superficial ESCC.

Plasma DNA methylation detection for early screening,diagnosis,and monitoring of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND The early diagnosis rate of esophageal cancer(EC),one of the most prevalent digestive tract cancers worldwide,remains low.AIM To investigate the utility of plasma SHOX2,SEPTIN9,EPO,and RNF180 methylation in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of EC.Plasma samples were collected from 210 patients at Hubei Cancer Hospital,and TaqMan polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect plasma SHOX2,SEPTIN9,RNF180,and EPO methylation.The area under the curve was used to estimate their diagnostic value for EC.Cox and logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the independent screening risk factors for patients with EC.RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of combined assessment of plasma SHOX2,SEPTIN9,RNF180,and EPO methylation for adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma(SCC),and EC detection were 66.67%and 86.27%,77.40%and 85.29%,and 76.19%and 86.27%,respectively;the area under the curve values for diagnosing adenocarcinoma,SCC,and EC were 0.737[95%confidence interval(CI):0.584–0.89],0.824(95%CI:0.775–0.891),and 0.864(95%CI:0.809–0.92),respectively.CONCLUSION According to our findings,plasma SHOX2,SEPTIN9,RNF180,and EPO methylation exhibits appreciated sensitivity for diagnosing EC.The precise measurement of plasma SHOX2,SEPTIN9,RNF180,and EPO methylation can improve EC diagnosis and therapy efficacy monitoring.

Role of deubiquitinase JOSD2 in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options.Deubiquitinases(DUBs)have been confirmed to play a crucial role in the development of malignant tumors.JOSD2 is a DUB involved in con-trolling protein deubiquitination and influencing critical cellular processes in cancer.AIM To investigate the impact of JOSD2 on the progression of ESCC.METHODS Bioinformatic analyses were employed to explore the expression,prognosis,and enriched pathways associated with JOSD2 in ESCC.Lentiviral transduction was utilized to manipulate JOSD2 expression in ESCC cell lines(KYSE30 and RESULTS )Preliminary research indicated that JOSD2 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues,which was associated with poor prognosis.Further analysis demonstrated that JOSD2 was upregulated in ESCC cell lines compared to normal esophageal cells.JOSD2 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell activity,including proliferation and colony-forming ability.Moreover,JOSD2 knockdown decreased the drug resistance and migration of ESCC cells,while JOSD2 overexpression enhanced these phenotypes.In vivo xenograft assays further confirmed that JOSD2 promoted tumor proliferation and drug resistance in ESCC.Mechanistically,JOSD2 appears to activate the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.Mass spectrometry was used to identify crucial substrate proteins that interact with JOSD2,which identified the four primary proteins that bind to JOSD2,namely USP47,IGKV2D-29,HSP90AB1,and PRMT5.CONCLUSION JOSD2 plays a crucial role in enhancing the proliferation,migration,and drug resistance of ESCC,suggesting that JOSD2 is a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.

Microvascular structural changes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma pathology according to intrapapillary capillary loop types under magnifying endoscopy

BACKGROUND The intrapapillary capillary loop(IPCL)characteristics,visualized using magnifying endoscopy,are commonly assessed for preoperative evaluation of the infiltration depth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Japan Esophageal Society(JES)classification is the most widely used classification.Microvascular structural changes are evaluated by magnifying endoscopy for the presence or absence of each morphological factor:tortuosity,dilatation,irregular caliber,and different shapes.However,the pathological characteristics of IPCLs have not been thoroughly investigated,especially the microvascular structures corresponding to the deepest parts of the lesions'infiltration.AIM To investigate differences in pathological microvascular structures of ESCC,which correspond to the deepest parts of the lesions'infiltration.METHODS Patients with ESCC and precancerous lesions diagnosed at Peking University Third Hospital were enrolled between January 2019 and April 2023.Patients first underwent magnified endoscopic examination,followed by endoscopic submucosal dissection or surgical treatment.Pathological images were scanned using a threedimensional slice scanner,and the pathological structural differences in different types,according to the JES classification,were analyzed using nonparametric tests and t-tests.RESULTS The 35 lesions were divided into four groups according to the JES classification:A,B1,B2,and B3.Statistical analyses revealed significant differences(aP<0.05)in the short and long calibers,area,location,and density between types A and B.Notably,there were no significant differences in these parameters between types B1 and B2 and between types B2 and B3(P>0.05).However,significant differences in the short calibers,long calibers,and area of IPCL were observed between types B1 and B3(aP<0.05);no significant differences were found in the density or location(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Pathological structures of IPCLs in the deepest infiltrating regions differ among various IPCL types classified by the JES classification under magnifying endoscopy,especially between the types A and B.

Cetuximab combined with chemotherapy for simultaneous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Multiple primary carcinomas(MPCs)are defined as two or more independent primary cancers that occur simultaneously or sequentially in the same individual.Synchronous MPCs are rarer than solitary cancers or metachronous MPCs.Accurate diagnoses of synchronous MPCs and the choice of treatment are critical for successful outcomes in these cases.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old patient presented with dysphagia,without obvious cause.A diagnosis of synchronous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis was confirmed based on examination and laboratory results.After multi-disciplinary consultations,combination chemotherapy(a 3-wk cycle with oxaliplatin 212 mg administered on day 1 and capecitabine 1.5 g twice daily on days 1-14)and esophageal cancer radiotherapy were initiated.Based on the results of genetic testing,we switched to a regimen of leucovorin+fluorouracil+oxaliplatin and cetuximab regimen for 8 cycles.Subsequently,capecitabine and bevacizumab were administered until the most recent follow-up,at which the tumor remained stable.CONCLUSION Successful cetuximab chemotherapy treatment provides a reference for the nonoperative and homogeneous treatment of different pathological types of synchronous MCPs.

Impact of baseline steroids on the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Immunochemotherapy involving the combination of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors with chemotherapy has advanced the treatment of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).The use of corticosteroids as pretreatment might reduce immunotherapy efficacy.AIM To investigate the impact of baseline corticosteroid use on neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy(nIC)outcomes in locally advanced ESCC patients.METHODS Patients with locally advanced ESCC who received nIC at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were included.Patients were divided into dexamethasone and antihistamine groups on the basis of the administered pretreatment.Antiallergic efficacy and safety were evaluated,as well as its impact on short-term efficacy[complete pathological response(pCR),major pathological response(MPR)]and long-term efficacy[overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS)]of nIC.RESULTS From September 2019 to September 2023,142 patients were analyzed.No severe treatment-related adverse events or deaths were observed.Allergy occurrence was greater in the antihistamine group(P=0.014).Short-term efficacy was not significantly different:The pCR rates were 29.9%and 40.0%,and the MPR rates were 57.9%and 65.7%in the dexamethasone and antihistamine groups,respectively.The long-term efficacy was not significantly different:The 2 years OS rates were 95.2%and 93.5%,and the 2 years PFS rates were 90.3%and 87.8%.Subgroup analysis revealed no difference in OS between the 20 mg dexamethasone group and the<20 mg dexamethasone group,but PFS was significantly greater in the 20 mg dexamethasone group(93.9%vs 56.4%,P=0.001).CONCLUSION Dexamethasone or antihistamines can be used before nIC in locally advanced ESCC without affecting short-or long-term efficacy.Administering 20 mg dexamethasone before nIC may improve PFS in ESCC.

Artificial intelligence enhances the management of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the precision oncology era

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer with a poor prognosis.Early diagnosis and prognosis assessment are crucial for improving the survival rate of ESCC patients.With the advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology and the proliferation of medical digital information,AI has demonstrated promising sensitivity and accuracy in assisting precise detection,treatment decision-making,and prognosis assessment of ESCC.It has become a unique opportunity to enhance comprehen-sive clinical management of ESCC in the era of precision oncology.This review examines how AI is applied to the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis assessment of ESCC in the era of precision oncology,and analyzes the challenges and potential opportunities that AI faces in clinical translation.Through insights into future prospects,it is hoped that this review will contribute to the real-world application of AI in future clinical settings,ultimately alleviating the disease burden caused by ESCC.

Revaluation of Helicobacter pylori's role in esophageal carcinoma: A call for comprehensive research

The study by López-Gómez et al,reports a significantly low prevalence(4.5%)of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection in esophageal cancer patients,contrasting sharply with the general population's infection rate.This finding challenges the established negative association between H.pylori and gastric malignancies,suggesting a potential protective role of H.pylori against esophageal carcinoma,particularly in the context of widespread proton pump inhibitor use.However,the study’s retrospective nature,single-center design,and small sample size limit the generalizability of the findings and raise concerns about selection bias and statistical power.Diagnostic methods primarily based on histology may not detect all cases,especially those with prior antibiotic or proton pump inhibitor use.Additionally,the study does not account for various confounding factors such as dietary habits,socio-economic status,and genetic predispositions that could affect the association between H.pylori and esophageal carcinoma.Further research with larger,more diverse cohorts and comprehensive data collection is necessary to clarify the complex relationship between H.pylori and esophageal carcinoma and substantiate these preliminary findings.

Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Wang et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2023.We focused on identifying risk factors for lymph node metastasis(LNM)in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC)patients and how to construct a simple and reliable clinical prediction model to assess the risk of LNM in SESCC patients,thereby helping to guide the selection of an appropriate treatment plan.The current standard treatment for SESCC is radical esophagectomy with lymph node dissection.However,esophagectomy is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.Endoscopic resection(ER)offers a safer and less invasive alternative to surgical resection and can enable the patient's quality of life to be maintained while providing a satisfactory outcome.However,since ER is a localized treatment that does not allow for lymph node dissection,the risk of LNM in SESCC limits the effectiveness of ER.Understanding LNM status can aid in determining whether patients with SESCC can be cured by ER without the need for additional esophagectomy.Previous studies have shown that tumor size,macroscopic type of tumor,degree of differentiation,depth of tumor invasion,and lymphovascular invasion are factors associated with LNM in patients with SESCC.In addition,tumor budding is commonly associated with LNM,recurrence,and distant metastasis,but this topic has been less covered in previous studies.By comprehensively evaluating the above risk factors for LNM,useful evidence can be obtained for doctors to select appropriate treatments for SESCC patients.

Tumor-derived DEFB1 induces immune tolerance by inhibiting maturation of dendritic cell and impairing CD8+T cell function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Objective:CD8+T cells are the key effector cells in the anti-tumor immune response.The mechanism underlying the infiltration of CD8+T cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)has not been clearly elucidated.Methods:Fresh ESCC tissues were collected and grouped according to the infiltration density of CD8+T cells.After the transcriptome sequencing on these samples and the combined analyses with The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)ESCC data,a secreted protein DEFB1 was selected to explore its potential role in the infiltration of CD8+T cells.Bioinformatics analyses,histological verification and in vitro experiments were then performed.Results:DEFB1 was highly expressed in ESCC,and the high expression of DEFB1 was an independent risk factor for overall survival.Since the up-regulation or down-regulation of DEFB1 did not affect the proliferation,migration and apoptosis of ESCC cells,we speculated that the oncogenic effect of DEFB1 was achieved by regulating microenvironmental characteristics.Bioinformatics analyses suggested that DEFB1 might play a major role in the inflammatory response and anti-tumor immune response,and correlate to the infiltration of immature dendritic cell(imDC)in ESCC.Histological analyses further confirmed that there were less CD8+T cells infiltrated,less CD83+mature DC(mDC)infiltrated and more CD1a+imDC infiltrated in those ESCC samples with high expression of DEFB1.After the treatment with recombinant DEFB1 protein,the maturation of DC was hindered significantly,followed by the impairment of the killing effects of T cells in both 2D and 3D culture in vitro.Conclusions:Tumor-derived DEFB1 can inhibit the maturation of DC and weaken the function of CD8+T cells,accounting for the immune tolerance in ESCC.The role of DEFB1 in ESCC deserves further exploration.

Rare esophageal carcinoma-primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus: A case report

BACKGROUND Esophageal adenoid cystic carcinoma(EACC)is an exceedingly rare malignant tumor of the esophagus,posing significant challenges in the clinic.CASE SUMMARY This report detailed the case of a 72-year-old male whose diagnosis of EACC was confirmed through postoperative histopathological examination.The patient underwent thoracoscopy-assisted radical resection of the esophageal tumor,coupled with lymph node dissection.Pathological findings revealed an adenoid cystic carcinoma infiltrating the entire layer of the muscularis propria,locally extending into the outer membrane of the esophageal fiber,involving the cardia and exhibiting no lymph node metastasis.The patient’s condition was classified as primary EACC,T3N0M0,per the American Joint Committee on Cancer(2017;8th edition).One month after surgery,the patient received postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy.CONCLUSION In addressing the rarity and high potential for biopsy misdiagnosis of EACC,this study delved into its diagnostic methods and treatment.

Long-term survival and risk factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:A Kaplan-Meier and cox regression study

BACKGROUND The global incidence of esophageal cancer(EC)remains high.Despite advan-cements in medical technology and deeper research into the causes and treatment methods of EC,the effectiveness of treatment for EC is still unsatisfactory.Therefore,it is crucial to address the urgent problem of improving the long-term survival rate of EC patients and providing personalized treatment.AIM To analyze the survival prognosis and influencing factors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 115 patients with pT3N0M0 ESCC who underwent radical surgery alone from January 1,2013,to December 31,2019.The Kaplan–Meier method was used to evaluate the 1-year,3-year,and 5-year survival rates and median survival time of the patients.The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)of risk factors.RESULTS The 1-year,3-year,and 5-year overall survival(OS)rates for the 115 EC patients analyzed were 85.22%,50.43%,and 37.48%,respectively.The median OS was 37.00(95%CI:24.93-49.07)months,and the median disease-free survival was 21.00(95%CI:14.71-27.29)months.Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that high body mass index(BMI;HR=1.137,95%CI:1.054-1.226),positive perineural invasion(PNI;HR=13.381,95%CI:4.899-36.547),and smoking(HR=2.415,95%CI:1.388-4.203)were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis.In contrast,compared to the upper thoracic location of the tumor,middle thoracic(HR=0.441,95%CI:0.240-0.810)and lower thoracic(HR=0.328,95%CI:0.144-0.750)locations were protective factors.CONCLUSION BMI,tumor location,PNI,and smoking are associated with the prognosis of ESCC patients.This study highlights the prognostic risk factors for T3N0M0 ESCC patients and offers personalized insights for clinical treatment.

Long noncoding RNA steroid receptor RNA activator 1 inhibits proliferation and glycolysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND The clinical effects and detailed roles of long non-coding RNA(LncRNA)steroid receptor RNA activator 1(SRA1)in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)remain ambiguous.In the present study,the complementary sites between lncRNA SRA1,miRNA-363-5p,and phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase(LHPP)predicted via bioinformatics analysis stimulated us to hypothesize that miRNA-363-5p/LHPP axis might be required for SRA1-mediated ESCC progression.AIM To investigate the molecular events of SRA1 in the malignant behavior in ESCC.METHODS Thirty-eight ESCC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues were acquired.SRA1 expression was detected in ESCC tissues and cell lines using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Cell counting Kit-8 assay,transwell invasion assay,glycolysis assay,and xenograft tumor model were performed to address the malignant biological behaviors of ESCC cells after the introduction of SRA1.The t-test and theχ2 test were used for comparison between groups.Survival curve analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.RESULTS SRA1 downregulation was identified in ESCC.ESCC patients exhibiting a low SRA1 expression faced shorter overall survival than those with a high SRA1 expression.The introduction of SRA1 inhibited cell proliferation,glucose uptake,and lactate production in ESCC.In vivo,the growth of ESCC was hindered by SRA1 overexpression.Then,SRA1 overexpresses the LHPP by inhibiting miRNA-363-5p.Lastly,the introduction of small interfering RNA si-LHPP or miRNA-363-5p mimic could abrogate the inhibition roles triggered by SRA1.CONCLUSION SRA1 inhibits the oncogenicity of ESCC via miRNA-363-5p/LHPP axis.The SRA1/miRNA-363-5p/LHPP pathway may be a therapeutic target for ESCC.