Impacts of changing scale on Getis-Ord Gi* hotspots of CPUE:a case study of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii)in the northwest Pacific Ocean

We examined the scale impacts on spatial hot and cold spots of CPUE for Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The original fishery data were tessellated to 18 spatial scales from 5′×5′ to 90′×90′ with a scale interval of 5′ to identify the local clusters. The changes in location, boundaries, and statistics regarding the Getis-Ord Gi＊ hot and cold spots in response to the spatial scales were analyzed in detail. Several statistics including Min, mean, Max, SD, CV, skewness, kurtosis, first quartile（Q1）, median, third quartile（Q3）, area and centroid were calculated for spatial hot and cold spots. Scaling impacts were examined for the selected statistics using linear, logarithmic, exponential, power law and polynomial functions. Clear scaling relations were identified for Max, SD and kurtosis for both hot and cold spots. For the remaining statistics, either a difference of scale impacts was found between the two clusters, or no clear scaling relation was identified. Spatial scales coarser than 30′ are not recommended to identify the local spatial patterns of fisheries because the boundary and locations of hot and cold spots at a coarser scale are significantly different from those at the original scale.

Landslide characteristics and its impact on tourism for two roadside towns along the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway

Frequent landslide events affect the Kathmandu Kyirong Highway(KKH),one of the most strategic Sino-Nepal highways,with multiple social effects.Amongst them,the impacts on local tourism,although being substantial,have not been studied so far.The aim of this research is to analyze the characteristics of such landslides and their influence on road damages and/or blockages as well as on local tourism industry.We analyzed the co-seismic landslides triggered by the Gorkha Earthquake,2015(7.8 Mw),the post-seismic landslides that occurred during the monsoons following the earthquake,as well as landslides which occurred or reactivated in 2018,with relation to the damage that they caused to the highway.High resolution satellite images from 2015 to 2018,and field data were used for the analysis.The Langtang avalanche that locates off the highway was also mapped due to its high impacts on tourism.Between 2015 and 2018,the number of road damaging landslides in the Betrawati-Rasuwagadhi section of KKH(where Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns are located)was 101 in the main track(MT)and 103 in the new track(NT),with respective average density of 1.46/km and 3.63/km.The dominant observed landslide types were debris slides and rock falls.Landslides were mostly concentrated in the locations with the following characteristics:1)having higher elevated area,2)being located with the‘main central thrust’and other lineaments’belts,3)belonging to the Proterozoic lesser Himalayan rocks,4)having a slope gradient of 25°-45°,5)having northern,western and southern slope aspect,6)being subjected to average annual rainfall of higher than 1,000 mm,and 7)having less than 4 km distance from the past earthquake epicenters.The results further indicated that 7 rain-induced and 4 co-and post-seismic landslides have great impact on tourist flows.An impact analysis was also assessed through a door to door questionnaire survey with local hotel operators from Dhunche and Syafrubesi towns(n=29+31).The results reveal that out of six rigorously affected sectors by landslides leading to road blockage,tourism business is the most impacted livelihood sector in these towns.The reduction of visitors in different hotels ranged from 50%-100%in Dhunche and 70%-100%in Syafrubesi for the first year aftermath of the tremor.This is higher than the respective 5%-50%tourist reduction due to raininduced landslides.Using as a reference the base year 2014,the income loss of hotels in both towns was found to be 50%-100%in 2015,20%-100%in 2016,5%-75%in 2017,and similar to 35%in 2018.These results provide insights on the synergic effect of contributing factors for cut slope as well as down slope instability along mountainous motorways and their impact on income sources for local communities.

Genetically Modified Doubts Imported GM soybeans impact China’s local farmers and create food safety concerns

The cooking oil made from the imported soybeans does not contain transgenic proteins. So there will be no food safety threat.

Individual and local scale interactions and adaptations to wind energy development:A case study of Oklahoma,USA

Wind energy development receives broad support but is often opposed at the local level due to nuisance concerns and uncertainties about how it affects the landowners living due to the turbines and the broader community.Lo-cal opposition to wind energy development can be a powerful force slowing or even ending its implementation in a given region.Oklahoma,USA is currently ranked as 4^(th)in the United States in current wind energy production and has seen significant pushback from some local communities as a renewable energy resource.Previous studies have examined wind energy development’s impact on rural education income,and property values of different communities in Oklahoma.However,funding information on how wind energy development affects the individu-als living alongside the turbines are limited.Using fifteen interviews with landowners,site-managers,community representatives,and pro-wind non-profit organization representatives,this study finds that individuals who live in proximity to wind energy development,particularly those involved in the agricultural industry,have created novel and unique uses for wind farm infrastructure.It also finds that local perceptions of wind energy production are mostly positive and provides increased knowledge of how wind energy development affects the individuals and communities that are hosting the turbines and related infrastructure.

Impact Localization of CFRP Structure Based on FBG Sensor Network

Low energy impact can induce invisible damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP).The damage can seriously affect the safety of the CFRP structure.Therefore,damage detection is crucial to the CFRP structure.Impact location information is the premise of damage detection.Hence,impact localization is the primary issue.In this paper,an impact localization system,based on the fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensor network,is proposed for impact detection and localization.For the completed impact signal,the FBG sensor and narrow-band laser demodulation technology are applied.Wavelet packet decomposition is introduced to extract available frequency band signals and attenuate noise.According to the energy of the available frequency band signal,an impact localization model,based on the extreme learning machine(ELM),is established with the faster training speed and less parameters.The above system is verified on the 500 mm×500 mm×2 mm CFRP plate.The maximum localization error and the minimum localization error are 30.4 mm and 6.7 mm,respectively.The average localization error is 14.7 mm,and training time is 0.7 s.Compared with the other machine learning methods,the localization system,proposed in this paper,has higher accuracy and faster training speed.This paper provides a practical system for impact localization of the CFRP structure.

Aluminum Alloy Material Structure Impact Localization by Using FBG Sensors

The aluminum alloy structure impact localization system by using fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensors and impact localization algorithm was investigated. A four-FBG sensing network was established. And the power intensity demodulation method was initialized employing the narrow-band tunable laser. The wavelet transform was used to weaken the impact signal noise. And the impact signal time difference was extracted to build the time difference localization algorithm. At last, a fiber Bragg grating impact localization system was established and experimentally verified. The experimental results showed that in the aluminum alloy plate with the 500mm＊500mm＊2mm test area, the maximum and average impact abscissa localization errors were 11 mm and 6.25mm, and the maximum and average impact ordinate localization errors were 9 mm and 4.25 mm, respectively. The fiber Bragg grating sensors and demodulation system are feasible to realize the aviation aluminum alloy material structure impact localization. The research results provide a reliable method for the aluminum alloy material structure impact localization.