Chain Rule for Extracting Resilience Procurement Costs from Locational Marginal Prices

Power system resilience procurement costs in N-k contingencies have gained more prominence as number of extreme events continues to increase.A chain rule is presented in this paper for extracting resilience procurement costs from a fully decomposed locational marginal price(LMP)model.First,power transfer distribution factor(PTDF)matrices with AC power flow(i.e.,AC-PTDF)are determined.AC-PTDF and AC-LODF(line outage distribution factor)equations are derived for N-k contingencies and a fully decomposed LMP model is developed where generation and transmission security components are established for specific contingencies.Furthermore,resilience procurement costs can be measured at different buses for the proposed security components.Impact of N-k contingencies on resilience procurement costs at specific buses can be determined as proposed security components will gain more insight for resilience procurement in power systems.The modified IEEE 6-bus and 118-bus systems are adopted to verify effectiveness of the proposed resilience procurement method.

Formulation of Locational Marginal Electricity-carbon Price in Power Systems

Decarbonisation of power systems is essential for realising carbon neutrality,in which the economic cost caused by carbon needs to be qualified.Based on the formulation of locational marginal price(LMP),this paper proposes a locational marginal electricity-carbon price(EC-LMP)model to reveal carbon-related costs caused by power consumers.A carbon-priceintegrated optimal power flow(C-OPF)is then developed to maximise economic efficiency of the power system considering the costs of electricity and carbon.Case studies are presented to demonstrate the new formulation and results demonstrate the efficacy of the EC-LMP-based C-OPF on decarbonisation and economy.

Distribution Locational Marginal Pricing Based Equilibrium Optimization Strategy for Data Center Park with Spatial-temporal Demand-side Resources

This paper proposes a distribution locational marginal pricing(DLMP) based bi-level Stackelberg game framework between the internet service company(ISC) and distribution system operator(DSO) in the data center park. To minimize electricity costs, the ISC at the upper level dispatches the interactive workloads(IWs) across different data center buildings spatially and schedules the battery energy storage system temporally in response to DLMP. Photovoltaic generation and static var generation provide extra active and reactive power. At the lower level, DSO calculates the DLMP by minimizing the total electricity cost under the two-part tariff policy and ensures that the distribution network is uncongested and bus voltage is within the limit. The equilibrium solution is obtained by converting the bi-level optimization into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming optimization using the strong duality theorem and the binary expansion method. Case studies verify that the proposed method benefits both the DSO and ISC while preserving the privacy of the ISC. By taking into account the uncertainties in IWs and photovoltaic generation, the flexibility of distribution networks is enhanced, which further facilitates the accommodation of more demand-side resources.

计及电能量-备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法

针对光储充电站大规模接入给配电网带来的调控压力,提出一种计及电能量和备用耦合的配电网与光储充电站协调优化调度方法。首先,建立基于随机机会约束的光储充电站经济调度模型,得到光储充电站与配电网的电能交互方案和备用需求;随后,采用鲁棒经济调度-线性潮流方法,建立计及不确定性的配电网优化调度模型,并根据Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)条件推导得到配电节点边际电价和节点备用边际电价,通过电能量和备用价格引导光储充电站友好互动,挖掘站内储能在削峰填谷和备用调节上的潜力。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

Impact of power system network topology errors on real-time locational marginal price

This paper examines the impact of power transmission network topology change on locational marginal price(LMP) in real-time power markets. We consider the case where the false status of circuit breakers(CBs) that bypass topology error processing can generate an incorrect power system network topology, subsequently distorting the results of the state estimation and economic dispatch.The main goal of this paper is to assess the economic impact of this misconfigured network topology on realtime LMP in an entire power system with network congestion. To this end, we start with our prior result, a simple and analytical congestion price equation, which can be applied to any single line congestion scenario. This equation can be extended to better understand the degree to which the LMP at any bus changes due to any line status error. Furthermore, it enables a rigorous analysis of the relationship between the change in LMP at any bus with respect to any line error and various physical/economical grid conditions such as the bidding prices for marginal generators and the locations of the congested/erroneous lines. Numerical examples on the impact analysis of this topology error are illustrated in IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus systems.

Locational marginal price share: a new structural market power index

Market power is known as the ability of units and generation companies(GenCos)to change electricity price profitably.As cleared in the definition,locational marginal price(LMP)is the most important key in market power evaluation.Therefore,the main objective of the paper is to analyze market power of units and GenCos based on their abilities to change electricity price.At the first step,using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions of Lagrangian method,LMP is decomposed into four main components.These components indicate the share of each unit at the LMP of each bus.These values are calculated by the proposed analytical method,and cannot be obtained using simulation methods.At the second step,"unit-based LMP share(LMP_S)"index,which indicates the contribution factor of each unit at LMP of each bus,is proposed as a new structural market power index.This index is also used as an effective tool to determine the most profitable coalition between two units.Using that,the market operator can predict highly potential collusions.Moreover,"GenCosbased LMP_S"index is proposed.Using this effective tool,the contribution of each GenCo,which owns multiple units at various buses,at the LMP of each bus is discovered.The proposed market power indices are calculated on the IEEE24-bus test system and compared with some conventional structural market power indices.Incremental profits of units due to change of unit’s strategies verify the accuracy of the proposed method.

Shapley value cooperative game theory-based locational marginal price computation for loss and emission reduction

An iterative method based on Shapley Value Cooperative Game Theory is proposed for the calculation of local marginal price (LMP) for each Distributed Generator (DG) bus on a network. The LMP value is determined for each DG on the basis of its contribution to reduce loss and emission reduction, which is assessed using the Shapley Value approach. The proposed approach enables the Distribution Company (DISCO) decision-maker to operate the network optimally in terms of loss and emission. The proposed method is implemented in the Taiwan Power Company distribution network 7 warnings consisting of 84 buses and 11 feeders in the MATLAB environment. The results show that the proposed approach allows DISCO to operate the network on the basis of its priority between the reduction of active power loss and emission in the network.

基于藤Copula理论的海上风电建模及电力市场运行分析

海上风电因具有更高的发电利用小时数,将成为中国实现“碳中和·碳达峰”的重要技术选项。随着海上风电装机容量的不断提升,其出力的间歇性、波动性将对电力系统的安全稳定和电力市场的经济运行造成显著影响。为刻画不同站点间风速的相关性,基于藤Copula理论对海上风电的出力进行建模,并利用C藤Copula函数构建多风电场出力的联合分布模型。在此基础上,提出基于共识聚类的电力市场典型阻塞场景构建方法,并采用简化的中国广东省电网架构数据开展算例仿真计算,对大规模海上风电并网前后电力系统的发电结构、碳排放量、市场电价等关键指标的变化进行实证分析。

基于利用Aumann-Shapley值分摊网损和排放减少量的DLMP计算研究

分布式电源(DG)接入配电网后对系统运行带来影响,提出一种含DG的配电网节点边际电价(DLMP)计算方法。该方法主要包含2个部分:一是通过Aumann-Shapley值法计算网损和排放减少分摊量,得到各DG的有功和无功DLMP值;二是通过迭代计算DG的最优发电出力,保证DG收益的最大化。算例仿真分析表明:基于Aumann-Shapley值分摊的DLMP迭代算法不仅能保证网损和排放减少量在各DG间的公平分摊,还能克服组合爆炸问题;与传统的DLMP计算模型相比,所提出的DLMP计算模型能更大限度地对各DG提供电价激励,减少系统网损和排放量,同时还能实现分摊方案的零销售盈余。

新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场定价研究

新能源的零边际成本和间歇性出力为传统节点边际电价模型带来了新的挑战。“双随机”,特别是新能源供给的随机性会导致现货市场价格波动大,无法为市场参与者带来正确的价格信号。针对高比例新能源系统,提出了一种基于连续节点边际电价(continuous locational marginal pricing, CLMP)的出清机制的市场模型。首先计及了电力系统、储能系统和数据中心的运行约束,利用CLMP的定价机理构建了高比例新能源系统能量定价模型。然后考虑了发电机组与储能系统、数据中心提供运行灵活性爬坡服务,建立了高比例新能源电力系统能量-灵活爬坡市场协同定价模型。最后,算例测试定量分析了新能源渗透率与储能对系统电价的影响,量化了储能和数据中心的运行灵活性。

含储能参与的日前市场价值公平分配机制

现有的节点边际电价机制中,由于传统发电商具有市场操控力,当储能独立参与市场出清时,各发电商采取策略性报价,打压并挤占储能电站的市场份额,阻碍了储能电站参与市场出清,间接导致市场出清总成本增大。为此,文中提出一种包含传统机组以及储能电站参与的市场竞争机制。首先,分析现有市场结算机制的弊端以及阻碍储能参与市场出清的原因;其次,建立含储能参与的市场出清模型,采用样本均值近似法求解二阶段随机规划模型;然后,基于Vickrey-Clarke-Groves(VCG)结算机制,提出适应储能参与的日前市场价值分配机制;最后,提出解决激励相容而造成的系统收支不平衡问题的策略。文中采用IEEE 30节点系统为例,证明该机制满足激励相容、收支平衡以及削弱传统发电商的市场操控力等要求,同时储能的参与将会减小系统出清总成本,降低市场价格剧烈波动的风险。

山东电力现货市场“五一”假期长时间负电价现象分析及启示

负电价是高比例新能源电力系统中出现的新现象。针对“五一”期间山东电力现货市场出现的长时间负电价现象,结合山东电力系统运行特点、市场出清与定价模型,围绕供需关系、参与主体、报价情况等各方面因素,系统分析了负电价产生机理以及负电价对煤电机组、新能源、电力用户收益和购电成本的影响。分析结果表明,山东出现的长时间负电价现象反映了整体上供大于求的关系,是新能源消纳需求对市场价格影响的体现。同时,配合中长期差价合约机制,负电价对发用电两侧市场主体的经济收益影响有限。在此基础上,提出了完善电力市场机制设计的相关建议。

LMP计算中网损处理方法的研究

针对节点边际价格(LMP)的求解,着重讨论了经典LMP计算模型及其改进模型对网络传输损耗的处理方法,提出了将支路有功网损折算到支路潮流的注入节点的方法,由该节点用户来承担网损费用,因而能够很好地符合网络潮流分布。同时采用交流潮流公式精确计算支路网损,然后将其代入网络传输约束方程,以显性的方式表达出来。最后以9节点系统为例,利用4种网损折算方法,求解不同负荷水平下各节点LMP及其分量,并对求解结果进行了比较。

考虑市场分时节点价格的新能源经济开发潜力多维评估

为了提升新型电力系统框架下新能源资源评估和场站选址的科学性、经济性,结合新能源参与电力市场交易对上网电价的影响及电力市场环境中分时节点价格的差异性,从新能源资源特性和电力市场环境中新能源市场价值特征出发,建立涵盖市场价值能力、主动支撑能力和环境生存能力等方面的多维价值评估指标体系;针对新能源资源的波动性、间歇性特征,考虑到电力市场环境下新能源等多种市场主体参与电力市场电力出清特点,建立基于生产-市场协同时序模拟的资源经济开发潜力评估算法,并采用广东省某地实测新能源资源数据评估电力现货市场场景下的新能源开发经济性。结果表明,本文中所提多维度评估指标具有良好的实用性,能够合理评估新能源资源的时空价值,所提算法能够准确评估现货市场背景下不同年度新能源开发经济性。

LMP机制下可中断负荷用于阻塞管理的最优调度方法

节点边际价格LMP(Locational Marginal Price)在解决交易的公平性和电网阻塞方面具有很大的优势,它从时间和空间两个层面反映电力系统的运行成本。可中断负荷作为需求侧管理的重要手段,可以有效地缓解阻塞。文中对发电出力再调度和可中断负荷量进行了均衡分析,提出了LMP机制下可中断负荷用于阻塞管理的最优调度原则。验证了可中断负荷在降低节点电价、增加社会效益以及解决阻塞方面的优势。文中采用IEEE30节点系统进行仿真,证明了该理论的正确性和合理性。

考虑LMP的城市电动汽车充电站优化配置

基于双层规划理论提出一种考虑节点边际电价(LMP)的电动汽车充电站双层优化模型。上层模型的决策者以充电站的年总投资收益为目标函数,并用LMP模型确定购电电价;下层模型的决策者用户满意度为目标函数,将用户在充电站接受充电服务的等待时间用凹凸效用函数来量化用户对充电服务的满意程度。最后,以中国西部某局部配电系统作为算例进行分析,得到了规划区域内电动汽车充电站的最优规划方案,并讨论了电网阻塞现象对充电站规划的影响。结果验证了所提模型的合理性和有效性。

Locational Marginal Pricing Mechanism for Uncertainty Management Based on Improved Multi-ellipsoidal Uncertainty Set

The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) brings huge challenges to the power system. A cost-effective reserve deployment and uncertainty pricing mechanism are critical to deal with the uncertainty and variability of RES. To this end, this paper proposes a novel locational marginal pricing mechanism in day-ahead market for managing uncertainties from RES. Firstly, an improved multi-ellipsoidal uncertainty set (IMEUS) considering the temporal correlation and conditional correlation of wind power forecasting is formulated to better capture the uncertainty of wind power. The dimension of each ellipsoidal subset is optimized based on a comprehensive evaluation index to reduce the invalid region without large loss of modeling accuracy, so as to reduce the conservatism. Then, an IMEUS-based robust unit commitment (RUC) model and a robust economic dispatch (RED) model are established for the day-ahead market clearing. Both the reserve cost and ramping constraints are considered in the overall dispatch process. Furthermore, based on the Langrangian function of the RED model, a new locational marginal pricing mechanism is developed. The uncertainty locational marginal price (ULMP) is introduced to charge the RES for its uncertainties and reward the generators who provide reserve to mitigate uncertainties. The new pricing mechanism can provide effective price signals to incentivize the uncertainty management in the day-ahead market. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism is verified via numerous simulations on the PJM 5-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system.

基于iDLMP方法的用户侧灵活性资源电能-备用优化运行

充分利用用户侧分布式能源(DER)的灵活性是改善以新能源为主体的新型电力系统灵活性不足的有效途径之一。搭建含有高比例DER的电力系统市场化运行框架;基于通用虚拟电池模型,建立含有分布式储能系统、电动汽车与光伏的聚合商优化运行模型,进一步考虑配电网安全运行约束,建立配电系统运营商优化运行模型,基于此,提出协调优化聚合商能量计划与备用容量计划的迭代型配电网节点边际价格方法。算例结果表明,所提模型和方法可以在考虑用户设备资源信息安全的前提下有效解决DER因电力市场能量价格与备用容量价格过高或过低引起的线路双向过载问题。

基于直流最优潮流LMP算法的改进模型

提出一个基于直流最优潮流的改进模型来计算LMP新模型通过引入一个损耗分布因子矢量,将原本集中在参考节点的系统损耗明确的分布到某些节点上。新模型采用迭代的计算方法计算非线性的系统损耗。

考虑灵活性供给约束的区域综合能源系统节点边际能价分解分析

高比例分布式可再生能源接入给区域综合能源系统(RIES)的灵活、经济运行带来了巨大挑战。为探究RIES运行灵活性与经济性间的内在机理联系,提出了一种考虑灵活性供给约束的RIES节点边际能价求解方法。首先,构建了市场环境下RIES日前调度模型,该模型重点考虑机组运行灵活性供给约束,包括多能能量供给及多能调节容量约束;然后,基于该模型求解RIES的节点边际能价,并对其进行分解,分析了热电联产机组运行灵活性供给约束对多能能价耦合的影响机理及尖峰价格形成机理;最后,采用电热联合RIES仿真算例进行多场景对比分析,结果表明,所提方法量化了多能运行灵活性供给对节点边际能价的多重影响,有效确定了机组多能灵活性供给的边际成本。